grok-4.3 · popcorn · pop_l123_default_gpt
correct 1_Conv1d_Depthwise.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
6 / 12
tool calls
6
tokens (total)
28144
wall clock
2685.2s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.82 μs
ref runtime
1.30 μs
speedup
1.59x
started
2026-05-11T11:22:22Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.82 μs
ref runtime
1.30 μs
speedup
1.59x
kernel mean / median / std
0.82 / — / 0.04 μs
ref mean / median / std
1.30 / — / 0.32 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
1057.01 MB
ref peak
1057.01 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
2
ref launches
12
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
6.00x
total cuda time
26 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.389
dram util %
38.9%
compute util %
37.4%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
1301.79 GB/s
dram util %
38.9%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
84.2%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
37.4%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
55.1%
ld sectors / req
2.83
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
32
smem / block
1024 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
616.9%
short_scoreboard
78.6%
mio_throttle
11.8%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Performs a depthwise 1D convolution where each input channel is convolved with its own filter.
    Fundamental primitive in Hyena, Mamba, and genomic sequence models (Enformer, HyenaDNA).

    Args:
        channels (int): Number of input/output channels.
        kernel_size (int): Size of the convolution kernel.
        stride (int, optional): Stride of the convolution. Defaults to 1.
        padding (int, optional): Padding applied to the input. Defaults to 0.
        bias (bool, optional): If True, adds a learnable bias. Defaults to False.
    """
    def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.conv1d(x)

batch_size = 32
channels = 512
kernel_size = 3
seq_len = 8192
stride = 1
padding = 1

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), channels, popcorn_pri.jitter_int(seq_len))]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [channels, kernel_size, stride, padding]
turn 0163.1s turn · 4.1s LLM · 159.0s tools · tokens in=1,546 · out=6 · total=1,778
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a depthwise 1D convolution with a custom CUDA kernel. The model is nn.Conv1d with groups=channels, which is depthwise conv.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1401.3s turn · 9.1s LLM · 392.2s tools · tokens in=2,011 · out=784 · total=2,955
reasoning
H100, high bandwidth, good for memory-bound ops.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int out_pos = idx % seq_len;\n int ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = out_pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + ch * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[ch * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (bias != nullptr) {\n sum += bias[ch];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n const float* bias_ptr = nullptr;\n if (bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0) {\n bias_ptr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n }\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n bias_ptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.channels = channels\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(channels, 1, kernel_size))\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(channels)) if bias else None\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n bias = self.bias if self.bias is not None else torch.empty(0, device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, self.weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 2793.6s turn · 9.8s LLM · 783.8s tools · tokens in=2,972 · out=785 · total=3,764
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int out_pos = idx % seq_len;\n int ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = out_pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + ch * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[ch * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (bias != nullptr) {\n sum += bias[ch];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n const float* bias_ptr = nullptr;\n if (bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0) {\n bias_ptr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n }\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n bias_ptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.channels = channels\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(channels, 1, kernel_size))\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(channels)) if bias else None\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n bias = self.bias if self.bias is not None else torch.empty(0, device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, self.weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['18.789528', '21.366251', '20.487289', '19.712807', '20.166523'] avg_difference: ['1.506750', '1.506803', '1.506681', '1.506861', '1.506834']
turn 3313.0s turn · 17.4s LLM · 295.6s tools · tokens in=3,861 · out=793 · total=5,646
reasoning
Oh no, mismatch. The weight in reference is Conv1d, which has shape (channels, 1, kernel_size) for groups=channels. I noticed a mismatch in the shapes for the Conv1d weight. The reference Conv1d has a weight shape of (channels, 1, kernel_size) when groups=channels, and I've initialized mine similarly with self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(channels, 1, kernelTaskNew must accept the same 1, kernel_size)). But the correctness check shows a large difference, indicating a bug in the kernel rather than just different random weights. In the kernel, I'm treating the weight as flat with indexing weight[ch * kernel_size + k], which should be fine since the tensor is contiguous. The input indexing seems correct: b = idx / (seq_len * channels), ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels, out_pos = idx % seq_len.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int out_pos = idx % seq_len;\n int ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = out_pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + ch * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[ch * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (bias != nullptr) {\n sum += bias[ch];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n const float* bias_ptr = nullptr;\n if (bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0) {\n bias_ptr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n }\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n bias_ptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n weight = self.conv1d.weight # shape (channels, 1, kernel_size)\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.empty(0, device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.conv1d.stride[0], self.conv1d.padding[0])\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 4590.7s turn · 5.1s LLM · 585.6s tools · tokens in=5,663 · out=794 · total=6,461
reasoning
Now test correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int out_pos = idx % seq_len;\n int ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = out_pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + ch * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[ch * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (bias != nullptr) {\n sum += bias[ch];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n const float* bias_ptr = nullptr;\n if (bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0) {\n bias_ptr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n }\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n bias_ptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n weight = self.conv1d.weight # shape (channels, 1, kernel_size)\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.empty(0, device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.conv1d.stride[0], self.conv1d.padding[0])\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 5423.4s turn · 12.4s LLM · 411.0s tools · tokens in=6,521 · out=793 · total=7,540 · FINAL
reasoning
Great, now it's correct. To submit, I should check if it's faster, but since the task requires faster, and this naive kernel may not be, but let's see, I can submit now? But probably need optimization...
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int out_pos = idx % seq_len;\n int ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = out_pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + ch * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[ch * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (bias != nullptr) {\n sum += bias[ch];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n const float* bias_ptr = nullptr;\n if (bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0) {\n bias_ptr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n }\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n bias_ptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n weight = self.conv1d.weight # shape (channels, 1, kernel_size)\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.empty(0, device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.conv1d.stride[0], self.conv1d.padding[0])\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.82 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.82μs median=?μs std=0.04μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 1057.01 MB peak (ref: 1057.01 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 12, fusion ratio: 6.0) SOL score: 0.3886
final submitted kernel (99 lines, 2,958 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = '''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    const float* __restrict__ weight,
    const float* __restrict__ bias,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int batch_size,
    int channels,
    int seq_len,
    int kernel_size,
    int stride,
    int padding
) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;
    if (idx >= total) return;

    int out_pos = idx % seq_len;
    int ch = (idx / seq_len) % channels;
    int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);

    float sum = 0.0f;
    for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {
        int in_pos = out_pos * stride + k - padding;
        if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {
            sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + ch * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[ch * kernel_size + k];
        }
    }
    if (bias != nullptr) {
        sum += bias[ch];
    }
    output[idx] = sum;
}

torch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input,
    torch::Tensor weight,
    torch::Tensor bias,
    int stride,
    int padding
) {
    int batch_size = input.size(0);
    int channels = input.size(1);
    int seq_len = input.size(2);
    int kernel_size = weight.size(2);

    auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());

    int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;

    const float* bias_ptr = nullptr;
    if (bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0) {
        bias_ptr = bias.data_ptr<float>();
    }

    depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        input.data_ptr<float>(),
        weight.data_ptr<float>(),
        bias_ptr,
        output.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding
    );

    return output;
}
'''

cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);
'''

module = load_inline(
    name='depthwise_conv1d',
    cpp_sources=[cpp_source],
    cuda_sources=[cuda_source],
    functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],
    verbose=False
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        weight = self.conv1d.weight  # shape (channels, 1, kernel_size)
        bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.empty(0, device=x.device)
        return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.conv1d.stride[0], self.conv1d.padding[0])