correct
23_virtual_all_reduce_mean.py
started
2026-05-11T10:47:21Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
0.01 / — / 1.28e-04 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.01 / — / 5.94e-04 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
2.00x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
"""
Virtual ranks: input packs R per-rank tensors along dim 0. Output is the mean over ranks (B, D).
No distributed runtime required; the reference always reduces along dim 0.
"""
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from kernelbench.distributed_collectives import default_device
R = 4
B = 16
D = 48
class Model(nn.Module):
"""x shape (R, B, D) -> mean over R -> (B, D)."""
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
return x.mean(dim=0)
def get_inputs():
dev = default_device()
p = popcorn_pri
return [torch.randn(p.jitter_int(R), p.jitter_int(B), p.jitter_int(D, align=8), device=dev)]
def get_init_inputs():
return []
turn 06.2s turn · 6.1s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=1,429 · out=133 · total=1,562
reasoning
Let me analyze this task. I need to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model is very simple - it just computes the mean along dimension 0 of a tensor with shape (R, B, D) = (4, 16, 48).
So the input is shape (R, B, D) = (4, 16, 48) and the output is (B, D) = (16, 48), which is the mean along the R dimension.
Let me start by getting the GPU specs to understand the hardware I'm working with.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1193.6s turn · 20.2s LLM · 173.4s tools · tokens in=1,677 · out=1,068 · total=2,745
reasoning
Let me design a CUDA kernel for this mean reduction operation. The input is (R=4, B=16, D=48) and we need to compute mean along dim 0.
Key considerations:
1. The total elements per output are B*D = 16*48 = 768
2. Each output element requires summing R=4 values and dividing by R
3. We need 768 output elements
A simple approach:
- Launch 768 threads (one per output element)
- Each thread iterates over R=4 elements and computes the mean
- This is memory-bound since we're just reading R values per thread
Let me write an optimized kernel:
```python
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
# Compile the CUDA kernel
cuda_source = """
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void mean_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output,
int R, int B, int D) {
const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
const int total = B * D;
if (idx < total) {
const int b = idx / D;
const int d = idx % D;
float sum = 0.0f;
for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {
sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];
}
output[b * D + d] = sum / R;
}
}
torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {
const int R = x.size(0);
const int B = x.size(1);
const int D = x.size(2);
auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());
const int total = B * D;
const int threads = 256;
const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
mean_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D
);
return output;
}
"""
cpp_source = "torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);"
mean_extension = load_inline(
name='mean_reduce',
cpp_sources=cpp_source,
cuda_sources=cuda_source,
functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],
verbose=True
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)
```
Let me write a more optimized version with vectorized loads:
assistantNow let me design and implement a CUDA kernel for the mean reduction operation. The input is (R, B, D) = (4, 16, 48), and we need to compute the mean along dimension 0, producing output (B, D) = (16, 48).
Let me start with a baseline kernel:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int total = B * D;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 2271.4s turn · 5.4s LLM · 266.0s tools · tokens in=2,182 · out=436 · total=2,618
reasoning
Good, the kernel compiled. Now let me check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int total = B * D;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 3175.0s turn · 6.1s LLM · 168.8s tools · tokens in=2,663 · out=604 · total=3,267
reasoning
The kernel is correct. Now let me optimize it further. For such a small problem (B*D = 768 elements), the baseline kernel might already be quite efficient, but let me try some optimizations:
1. Use shared memory for better memory access patterns
2. Vectorized loads
3. Loop unrolling
Since each thread handles one (b, d) element and loops over R values, the memory access pattern is already strided (every thread accesses addresses separated by B*D). We could try:
- Having threads cooperatively load and reduce using shared memory
- Vectorized loads to improve memory throughput
Let me try a vectorized approach using float4 loads.
assistantThe kernel is correct. Let me now optimize it further. Given the small problem size (B*D = 768 elements), I'll try vectorized memory access for better throughput:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int total = B * D;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_opt',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 4258.2s turn · 7.2s LLM · 250.9s tools · tokens in=3,143 · out=613 · total=3,756
reasoning
Let me run correctness again and then think about further optimizations. Given that R=4 is small, we could potentially use shared memory to cache the entire input, but the input size is 4*16*48 = 3072 floats = 12KB, which could fit in shared memory per block.
But actually, let me think about this more carefully. The current approach has threads iterating over R elements that are not contiguous in memory. Each thread accesses elements with stride B*D between each read.
A better approach might be to have threads process contiguous elements along the D dimension, which would have better memory access patterns. Or we could use shared memory to transpose and then do the reduction.
Actually, for small sizes like this, the simplest approach might be best - just unroll and let the compiler optimize. Let me try vectorized loads (float4) if D is divisible by 4.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int total = B * D;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_opt',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 5243.8s turn · 8.1s LLM · 235.7s tools · tokens in=3,631 · out=787 · total=4,418
reasoning
Now let me try a more optimized version with vectorized loads. Since D = 48, which is divisible by 4, I can use float4 loads to read 4 elements at a time, improving memory throughput. This would give us 12 float4 vectors per B dimension element.
Let me try this approach:
assistantLet me try a vectorized version using float4 for better memory throughput:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_vectorized_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D4) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D4;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D4;\n const int d4 = idx % D4;\n \n float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};\n \n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];\n sum.x += val.x;\n sum.y += val.y;\n sum.z += val.z;\n sum.w += val.w;\n }\n \n float invR = 1.0f / R;\n float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);\n out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int total = B * D;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_vectorized_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_v2',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 6179.5s turn · 6.9s LLM · 172.6s tools · tokens in=4,366 · out=720 · total=5,086
reasoning
Let me check correctness and then try the float4 version.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_vectorized_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D4) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D4;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D4;\n const int d4 = idx % D4;\n \n float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};\n \n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];\n sum.x += val.x;\n sum.y += val.y;\n sum.z += val.z;\n sum.w += val.w;\n }\n \n float invR = 1.0f / R;\n float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);\n out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int total = B * D;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_vectorized_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_v2',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 7367.0s turn · 8.6s LLM · 358.5s tools · tokens in=5,131 · out=853 · total=5,984
reasoning
The kernel is correct. Let me try using the float4 version when D is divisible by 4 (which it is - D=48, so D/4=12). This should give better memory throughput.
assistantLet me now enable the float4 version when D is divisible by 4:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D4) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D4;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D4;\n const int d4 = idx % D4;\n \n float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};\n \n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];\n sum.x += val.x;\n sum.y += val.y;\n sum.z += val.z;\n sum.w += val.w;\n }\n \n float invR = 1.0f / R;\n float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);\n out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int threads = 256;\n \n if (D % 4 == 0) {\n const int D4 = D / 4;\n const int total = B * D4;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D4\n );\n } else {\n const int total = B * D;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n }\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 8194.8s turn · 7.7s LLM · 187.1s tools · tokens in=5,954 · out=801 · total=6,755
reasoning
Let me verify correctness again.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D4) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D4;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D4;\n const int d4 = idx % D4;\n \n float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};\n \n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];\n sum.x += val.x;\n sum.y += val.y;\n sum.z += val.z;\n sum.w += val.w;\n }\n \n float invR = 1.0f / R;\n float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);\n out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int threads = 256;\n \n if (D % 4 == 0) {\n const int D4 = D / 4;\n const int total = B * D4;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D4\n );\n } else {\n const int total = B * D;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n }\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 98.1s turn · 8.1s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=6,838 · out=823 · total=7,661
reasoning
The kernel is correct and working. Let me run a static check before submitting to make sure there are no reward-hacking patterns, then submit.
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D4) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D4;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D4;\n const int d4 = idx % D4;\n \n float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};\n \n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];\n sum.x += val.x;\n sum.y += val.y;\n sum.z += val.z;\n sum.w += val.w;\n }\n \n float invR = 1.0f / R;\n float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);\n out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int threads = 256;\n \n if (D % 4 == 0) {\n const int D4 = D / 4;\n const int total = B * D4;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D4\n );\n } else {\n const int total = B * D;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n }\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 10110.2s turn · 8.3s LLM · 101.9s tools · tokens in=7,678 · out=842 · total=8,520 · FINAL
reasoning
The kernel has passed both correctness checks and static analysis. It's a good time to submit the kernel. The float4 vectorized version should provide good memory throughput for the given dimensions (D=48, which is divisible by 4).
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D;\n const int d = idx % D;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];\n }\n output[b * D + d] = sum / R;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output, \n int R, int B, int D4) {\n const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int total = B * D4;\n \n if (idx < total) {\n const int b = idx / D4;\n const int d4 = idx % D4;\n \n float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};\n \n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];\n sum.x += val.x;\n sum.y += val.y;\n sum.z += val.z;\n sum.w += val.w;\n }\n \n float invR = 1.0f / R;\n float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);\n out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int R = x.size(0);\n const int B = x.size(1);\n const int D = x.size(2);\n \n auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n \n const int threads = 256;\n \n if (D % 4 == 0) {\n const int D4 = D / 4;\n const int total = B * D4;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D4\n );\n } else {\n const int total = B * D;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n mean_reduce_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D\n );\n }\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\"\n\nmean_extension = load_inline(\n name='mean_reduce_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n \n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 0.01 μs
Runtime stats: mean=0.01μs median=?μs std=0.00μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
Memory: 33.01 MB peak (ref: 33.01 MB, ratio: 1.0x)
Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 2, fusion ratio: 2.0)
SOL score: 0.0015
final submitted kernel (99 lines, 2,850 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
cuda_source = """
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void mean_reduce_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output,
int R, int B, int D) {
const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
const int total = B * D;
if (idx < total) {
const int b = idx / D;
const int d = idx % D;
float sum = 0.0f;
#pragma unroll
for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {
sum += input[r * B * D + b * D + d];
}
output[b * D + d] = sum / R;
}
}
__global__ void mean_reduce_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ input, float* __restrict__ output,
int R, int B, int D4) {
const int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
const int total = B * D4;
if (idx < total) {
const int b = idx / D4;
const int d4 = idx % D4;
float4 sum = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
#pragma unroll
for (int r = 0; r < R; ++r) {
const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input)[r * B * D4 + b * D4 + d4];
sum.x += val.x;
sum.y += val.y;
sum.z += val.z;
sum.w += val.w;
}
float invR = 1.0f / R;
float4* out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output);
out4[b * D4 + d4] = {sum.x * invR, sum.y * invR, sum.z * invR, sum.w * invR};
}
}
torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {
const int R = x.size(0);
const int B = x.size(1);
const int D = x.size(2);
auto output = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());
const int threads = 256;
if (D % 4 == 0) {
const int D4 = D / 4;
const int total = B * D4;
const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
mean_reduce_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D4
);
} else {
const int total = B * D;
const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
mean_reduce_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
x.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D
);
}
return output;
}
"""
cpp_source = "torch::Tensor mean_reduce_cuda(torch::Tensor x);"
mean_extension = load_inline(
name='mean_reduce_v3',
cpp_sources=cpp_source,
cuda_sources=cuda_source,
functions=['mean_reduce_cuda'],
verbose=True
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
return mean_extension.mean_reduce_cuda(x)