correct
7_GaussianProcessRegression.py
started
2026-05-11T19:56:59Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
0.82 / — / 0.05 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.87 / — / 0.07 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.28x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
757.01 GB/s
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
Gaussian Process posterior predictive distribution via Cholesky
decomposition. Computes the predictive mean and variance at test
points given training data and an RBF kernel. The Cholesky solve
is the computational bottleneck in exact GP inference.
"""
def __init__(self, input_dim, noise=0.01, lengthscale=1.0, variance=1.0):
super().__init__()
self.noise = noise
self.log_lengthscale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(lengthscale).log())
self.log_variance = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(variance).log())
def _rbf_kernel(self, X1, X2):
l2 = self.log_lengthscale.exp() ** 2
var = self.log_variance.exp()
dist_sq = ((X1.unsqueeze(2) - X2.unsqueeze(1)) ** 2).sum(-1)
return var * torch.exp(-0.5 * dist_sq / l2)
def forward(
self, X_train: torch.Tensor, Y_train: torch.Tensor, X_test: torch.Tensor
) -> tuple:
"""
Args:
X_train: (B, N, D)
Y_train: (B, N, 1)
X_test: (B, M, D)
Returns:
(mean, var):
mean: (B, M, 1) – predictive mean
var: (B, M) – predictive variance
"""
K_nn = self._rbf_kernel(X_train, X_train)
K_nn = K_nn + self.noise * torch.eye(K_nn.shape[-1], device=K_nn.device).unsqueeze(0)
K_nm = self._rbf_kernel(X_train, X_test)
K_mm = self._rbf_kernel(X_test, X_test)
L = torch.linalg.cholesky(K_nn)
alpha = torch.cholesky_solve(Y_train, L)
mean = K_nm.transpose(-1, -2) @ alpha
v = torch.linalg.solve_triangular(L, K_nm, upper=False)
var = K_mm.diagonal(dim1=-2, dim2=-1) - (v ** 2).sum(dim=-2)
var = var.clamp(min=1e-6)
return mean, var
input_dim = 4
num_train = 128
num_test = 32
batch_size = 8
def get_inputs():
p = popcorn_pri
X_train = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(num_train), input_dim)
Y_train = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(num_train), 1)
X_test = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(num_test), input_dim)
return [X_train, Y_train, X_test]
def get_init_inputs():
return [input_dim]
turn 0292.4s turn · 9.4s LLM · 283.0s tools · tokens in=2,363 · out=6 · total=2,971
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of this Gaussian Process model with a custom CUDA kernel that's faster than the PyTorch reference.
The task requires replacing the forward computation of a Gaussian Process model in PyTorch with a custom CUDA kernel. The new ModelNew class must take the train_inputs, train_targets, test_inputs, and possibly other arguments like lengthscale and outputscale, though they're hardcoded or passed through __init__. The forward method signature remains the same: def forward(self, x_new): return mean, var
No, let's correct that.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1454.2s turn · 14.8s LLM · 439.3s tools · tokens in=3,204 · out=869 · total=4,285
reasoning
It's an H100, very fast GPU. The operations are tiny, so reference time is probably microseconds.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void rbf_kernel_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ X1,\n const float* __restrict__ X2,\n float* __restrict__ K,\n int B, int N1, int N2, int D,\n float l2, float var) {\n\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (N1 * N2);\n int rem = idx % (N1 * N2);\n int i = rem / N2;\n int j = rem % N2;\n\n float dist_sq = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < D; d++) {\n float diff = X1[b * N1 * D + i * D + d] - X2[b * N2 * D + j * D + d];\n dist_sq += diff * diff;\n }\n K[idx] = var * expf(-0.5f * dist_sq / l2);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance) {\n auto B = X1.size(0);\n auto N1 = X1.size(1);\n auto N2 = X2.size(1);\n auto D = X1.size(2);\n\n auto K = torch::zeros({B, N1, N2}, X1.options());\n\n float l2 = lengthscale * lengthscale;\n float var = variance;\n\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n rbf_kernel_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n X1.data_ptr<float>(), X2.data_ptr<float>(),\n K.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N1, N2, D, l2, var);\n\n return K;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance);\n'''\n\n# Load the extension\next = load_inline(\n name='rbf_ext',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['rbf_kernel_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_dim, noise=0.01, lengthscale=1.0, variance=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n self.noise = noise\n self.log_lengthscale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(lengthscale).log())\n self.log_variance = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(variance).log())\n self.ext = ext\n\n def forward(self, X_train, Y_train, X_test):\n l = self.log_lengthscale.exp()\n v = self.log_variance.exp()\n\n K_nn = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_train, l.item(), v.item())\n eye = torch.eye(K_nn.shape[-1], device=K_nn.device).unsqueeze(0)\n K_nn = K_nn + self.noise * eye\n K_nm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n K_mm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_test, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n\n L = torch.linalg.cholesky(K_nn)\n alpha = torch.cholesky_solve(Y_train, L)\n\n mean = K_nm.transpose(-1, -2) @ alpha\n\n v_tri = torch.linalg.solve_triangular(L, K_nm, upper=False)\n var = K_mm.diagonal(dim1=-2, dim2=-1) - (v_tri ** 2).sum(dim=-2)\n var = var.clamp(min=1e-6)\n\n return mean, var\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 2366.2s turn · 8.9s LLM · 357.4s tools · tokens in=4,302 · out=865 · total=5,174
reasoning
It compiled. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void rbf_kernel_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ X1,\n const float* __restrict__ X2,\n float* __restrict__ K,\n int B, int N1, int N2, int D,\n float l2, float var) {\n\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (N1 * N2);\n int rem = idx % (N1 * N2);\n int i = rem / N2;\n int j = rem % N2;\n\n float dist_sq = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < D; d++) {\n float diff = X1[b * N1 * D + i * D + d] - X2[b * N2 * D + j * D + d];\n dist_sq += diff * diff;\n }\n K[idx] = var * expf(-0.5f * dist_sq / l2);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance) {\n auto B = X1.size(0);\n auto N1 = X1.size(1);\n auto N2 = X2.size(1);\n auto D = X1.size(2);\n\n auto K = torch::zeros({B, N1, N2}, X1.options());\n\n float l2 = lengthscale * lengthscale;\n float var = variance;\n\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n rbf_kernel_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n X1.data_ptr<float>(), X2.data_ptr<float>(),\n K.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N1, N2, D, l2, var);\n\n return K;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance);\n'''\n\next = load_inline(\n name='rbf_ext',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['rbf_kernel_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_dim, noise=0.01, lengthscale=1.0, variance=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n self.noise = noise\n self.log_lengthscale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(lengthscale).log())\n self.log_variance = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(variance).log())\n self.ext = ext\n\n def forward(self, X_train, Y_train, X_test):\n l = self.log_lengthscale.exp()\n v = self.log_variance.exp()\n\n K_nn = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_train, l.item(), v.item())\n eye = torch.eye(K_nn.shape[-1], device=K_nn.device).unsqueeze(0)\n K_nn = K_nn + self.noise * eye\n K_nm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n K_mm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_test, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n\n L = torch.linalg.cholesky(K_nn)\n alpha = torch.cholesky_solve(Y_train, L)\n\n mean = K_nm.transpose(-1, -2) @ alpha\n\n v_tri = torch.linalg.solve_triangular(L, K_nm, upper=False)\n var = K_mm.diagonal(dim1=-2, dim2=-1) - (v_tri ** 2).sum(dim=-2)\n var = var.clamp(min=1e-6)\n\n return mean, var\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=6.48e-05 mean_abs_err=5.72e-06 max_rel_err=1.51e-02
turn 37.3s turn · 7.3s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=5,234 · out=864 · total=6,163
reasoning
Correct. Now, to submit, I need to check if it's faster, but since submit will do that, and static check.
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void rbf_kernel_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ X1,\n const float* __restrict__ X2,\n float* __restrict__ K,\n int B, int N1, int N2, int D,\n float l2, float var) {\n\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (N1 * N2);\n int rem = idx % (N1 * N2);\n int i = rem / N2;\n int j = rem % N2;\n\n float dist_sq = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < D; d++) {\n float diff = X1[b * N1 * D + i * D + d] - X2[b * N2 * D + j * D + d];\n dist_sq += diff * diff;\n }\n K[idx] = var * expf(-0.5f * dist_sq / l2);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance) {\n auto B = X1.size(0);\n auto N1 = X1.size(1);\n auto N2 = X2.size(1);\n auto D = X1.size(2);\n\n auto K = torch::zeros({B, N1, N2}, X1.options());\n\n float l2 = lengthscale * lengthscale;\n float var = variance;\n\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n rbf_kernel_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n X1.data_ptr<float>(), X2.data_ptr<float>(),\n K.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N1, N2, D, l2, var);\n\n return K;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance);\n'''\n\next = load_inline(\n name='rbf_ext',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['rbf_kernel_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_dim, noise=0.01, lengthscale=1.0, variance=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n self.noise = noise\n self.log_lengthscale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(lengthscale).log())\n self.log_variance = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(variance).log())\n self.ext = ext\n\n def forward(self, X_train, Y_train, X_test):\n l = self.log_lengthscale.exp()\n v = self.log_variance.exp()\n\n K_nn = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_train, l.item(), v.item())\n eye = torch.eye(K_nn.shape[-1], device=K_nn.device).unsqueeze(0)\n K_nn = K_nn + self.noise * eye\n K_nm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n K_mm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_test, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n\n L = torch.linalg.cholesky(K_nn)\n alpha = torch.cholesky_solve(Y_train, L)\n\n mean = K_nm.transpose(-1, -2) @ alpha\n\n v_tri = torch.linalg.solve_triangular(L, K_nm, upper=False)\n var = K_mm.diagonal(dim1=-2, dim2=-1) - (v_tri ** 2).sum(dim=-2)\n var = var.clamp(min=1e-6)\n\n return mean, var\n"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 4465.5s turn · 8.6s LLM · 456.9s tools · tokens in=6,181 · out=864 · total=7,050 · FINAL
reasoning
Good, now submit.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void rbf_kernel_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ X1,\n const float* __restrict__ X2,\n float* __restrict__ K,\n int B, int N1, int N2, int D,\n float l2, float var) {\n\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (N1 * N2);\n int rem = idx % (N1 * N2);\n int i = rem / N2;\n int j = rem % N2;\n\n float dist_sq = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < D; d++) {\n float diff = X1[b * N1 * D + i * D + d] - X2[b * N2 * D + j * D + d];\n dist_sq += diff * diff;\n }\n K[idx] = var * expf(-0.5f * dist_sq / l2);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance) {\n auto B = X1.size(0);\n auto N1 = X1.size(1);\n auto N2 = X2.size(1);\n auto D = X1.size(2);\n\n auto K = torch::zeros({B, N1, N2}, X1.options());\n\n float l2 = lengthscale * lengthscale;\n float var = variance;\n\n int total = B * N1 * N2;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n rbf_kernel_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n X1.data_ptr<float>(), X2.data_ptr<float>(),\n K.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N1, N2, D, l2, var);\n\n return K;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance);\n'''\n\next = load_inline(\n name='rbf_ext',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['rbf_kernel_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_dim, noise=0.01, lengthscale=1.0, variance=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n self.noise = noise\n self.log_lengthscale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(lengthscale).log())\n self.log_variance = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(variance).log())\n self.ext = ext\n\n def forward(self, X_train, Y_train, X_test):\n l = self.log_lengthscale.exp()\n v = self.log_variance.exp()\n\n K_nn = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_train, l.item(), v.item())\n eye = torch.eye(K_nn.shape[-1], device=K_nn.device).unsqueeze(0)\n K_nn = K_nn + self.noise * eye\n K_nm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n K_mm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_test, X_test, l.item(), v.item())\n\n L = torch.linalg.cholesky(K_nn)\n alpha = torch.cholesky_solve(Y_train, L)\n\n mean = K_nm.transpose(-1, -2) @ alpha\n\n v_tri = torch.linalg.solve_triangular(L, K_nm, upper=False)\n var = K_mm.diagonal(dim1=-2, dim2=-1) - (v_tri ** 2).sum(dim=-2)\n var = var.clamp(min=1e-6)\n\n return mean, var\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 0.82 μs
Runtime stats: mean=0.82μs median=?μs std=0.05μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=6.48e-05 mean_abs_err=5.72e-06 max_rel_err=1.51e-02
Memory: 34.75 MB peak (ref: 37.03 MB, ratio: 0.9385x)
Kernel launches: 109 (ref: 140, fusion ratio: 1.2844)
Energy: 241.58 mJ/run (ref: 0.0 mJ, ratio: -1x)
SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (98 lines, 2,845 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
cuda_source = '''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void rbf_kernel_kernel(
const float* __restrict__ X1,
const float* __restrict__ X2,
float* __restrict__ K,
int B, int N1, int N2, int D,
float l2, float var) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int total = B * N1 * N2;
if (idx >= total) return;
int b = idx / (N1 * N2);
int rem = idx % (N1 * N2);
int i = rem / N2;
int j = rem % N2;
float dist_sq = 0.0f;
for (int d = 0; d < D; d++) {
float diff = X1[b * N1 * D + i * D + d] - X2[b * N2 * D + j * D + d];
dist_sq += diff * diff;
}
K[idx] = var * expf(-0.5f * dist_sq / l2);
}
torch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance) {
auto B = X1.size(0);
auto N1 = X1.size(1);
auto N2 = X2.size(1);
auto D = X1.size(2);
auto K = torch::zeros({B, N1, N2}, X1.options());
float l2 = lengthscale * lengthscale;
float var = variance;
int total = B * N1 * N2;
int threads = 256;
int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
rbf_kernel_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
X1.data_ptr<float>(), X2.data_ptr<float>(),
K.data_ptr<float>(),
B, N1, N2, D, l2, var);
return K;
}
'''
cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor rbf_kernel_cuda(torch::Tensor X1, torch::Tensor X2, float lengthscale, float variance);
'''
ext = load_inline(
name='rbf_ext',
cpp_sources=[cpp_source],
cuda_sources=[cuda_source],
functions=['rbf_kernel_cuda'],
verbose=False
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_dim, noise=0.01, lengthscale=1.0, variance=1.0):
super().__init__()
self.noise = noise
self.log_lengthscale = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(lengthscale).log())
self.log_variance = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(variance).log())
self.ext = ext
def forward(self, X_train, Y_train, X_test):
l = self.log_lengthscale.exp()
v = self.log_variance.exp()
K_nn = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_train, l.item(), v.item())
eye = torch.eye(K_nn.shape[-1], device=K_nn.device).unsqueeze(0)
K_nn = K_nn + self.noise * eye
K_nm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_train, X_test, l.item(), v.item())
K_mm = self.ext.rbf_kernel_cuda(X_test, X_test, l.item(), v.item())
L = torch.linalg.cholesky(K_nn)
alpha = torch.cholesky_solve(Y_train, L)
mean = K_nm.transpose(-1, -2) @ alpha
v_tri = torch.linalg.solve_triangular(L, K_nm, upper=False)
var = K_mm.diagonal(dim1=-2, dim2=-1) - (v_tri ** 2).sum(dim=-2)
var = var.clamp(min=1e-6)
return mean, var