incorrect
7_Conv1d_Depthwise_Separable.py
started
2026-05-11T19:40:03Z
correctness issue: Output mismatch
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
—
ref mean / median / std
0.56 / — / 0.01 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
985.35 GB/s
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
Performs a depthwise-separable 1D convolution: a depthwise Conv1d (each channel independently)
followed by a pointwise Conv1d (1x1, mixes channels). Used in Enformer and genomic sequence
models for efficient spatial+channel factorized processing.
Args:
in_channels (int): Number of channels in the input.
out_channels (int): Number of channels produced by the pointwise convolution.
kernel_size (int): Kernel size of the depthwise convolution.
stride (int, optional): Stride of the depthwise convolution. Defaults to 1.
padding (int, optional): Padding for the depthwise convolution. Defaults to 0.
bias (bool, optional): If True, adds a learnable bias. Defaults to False.
"""
def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
super(Model, self).__init__()
self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)
self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
x = self.depthwise(x)
x = self.pointwise(x)
return x
batch_size = 32
in_channels = 256
out_channels = 512
kernel_size = 9
seq_len = 4096
stride = 1
padding = 4
def get_inputs():
return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), in_channels, popcorn_pri.jitter_int(seq_len))]
def get_init_inputs():
return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding]turn 029.4s turn · 5.3s LLM · 24.0s tools · tokens in=2,170 · out=6 · total=2,471
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model is a depthwise-separable 1D convolution: depthwise Conv1d followed by pointwise Conv1d.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 192.3s turn · 15.6s LLM · 76.7s tools · tokens in=2,704 · out=934 · total=3,874
reasoning
It's an H100, high bandwidth, tensor cores, etc. But since it's fp32, probably no tensor cores unless using TF32, but for custom kernel, stick to FP32.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias, // not used if no bias\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n dw_sum += input[b * in_channels * seq_len + ic * seq_len + in_pos] * \n dw_weight[ic * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n sum += dw_sum * pw_weight[oc * in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b * out_channels * seq_len + oc * seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;\n auto output = torch::zeros({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n const int block_size = 256;\n int grid_size = (total + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n\n depthwise_pointwise_conv1d<<<grid_size, block_size>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size,\n in_channels,\n out_channels,\n seq_len,\n kernel_size,\n stride,\n padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_channels = in_channels\n self.out_channels = out_channels\n self.fused = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.fused.fused_conv1d_cuda(\n x,\n self.depthwise.weight,\n self.pointwise.weight,\n self.stride,\n self.padding,\n self.kernel_size,\n self.in_channels,\n self.out_channels\n )\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 287.8s turn · 12.3s LLM · 75.6s tools · tokens in=3,891 · out=935 · total=4,833
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias, // not used if no bias\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n dw_sum += input[b * in_channels * seq_len + ic * seq_len + in_pos] * \n dw_weight[ic * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n sum += dw_sum * pw_weight[oc * in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b * out_channels * seq_len + oc * seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;\n auto output = torch::zeros({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n const int block_size = 256;\n int grid_size = (total + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n\n depthwise_pointwise_conv1d<<<grid_size, block_size>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size,\n in_channels,\n out_channels,\n seq_len,\n kernel_size,\n stride,\n padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_channels = in_channels\n self.out_channels = out_channels\n self.fused = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.fused.fused_conv1d_cuda(\n x,\n self.depthwise.weight,\n self.pointwise.weight,\n self.stride,\n self.padding,\n self.kernel_size,\n self.in_channels,\n self.out_channels\n )\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness
run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match.
correctness_issue: Output mismatch
max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559']
avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 388.8s turn · 12.6s LLM · 76.2s tools · tokens in=4,906 · out=923 · total=6,135
reasoning
There's a small mismatch, max diff ~5e-4, which is a bit over 1e-4 tolerance? The spec says atol=rtol=1e-4 for fp32.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n double dw_sum = 0.0;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n dw_sum += (double)input[b * in_channels * seq_len + ic * seq_len + in_pos] * \n (double)dw_weight[ic * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n sum += (float)(dw_sum * pw_weight[oc * in_channels + ic]);\n }\n output[b * out_channels * seq_len + oc * seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;\n auto output = torch::zeros({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n const int block_size = 256;\n int grid_size = (total + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n\n depthwise_pointwise_conv1d<<<grid_size, block_size>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size,\n in_channels,\n out_channels,\n seq_len,\n kernel_size,\n stride,\n padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_channels = in_channels\n self.out_channels = out_channels\n self.fused = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.fused.fused_conv1d_cuda(\n x,\n self.depthwise.weight,\n self.pointwise.weight,\n self.stride,\n self.padding,\n self.kernel_size,\n self.in_channels,\n self.out_channels\n )\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness
run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match.
correctness_issue: Output mismatch
max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559']
avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 492.6s turn · 18.8s LLM · 73.8s tools · tokens in=6,208 · out=1,059 · total=7,644
reasoning
Still same. Using double for dw didn't help enough.
I’ve been working on replacing the forward computation of this PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel for the ModelNew class.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 512.7s turn · 12.2s LLM · 0.5s tools · tokens in=7,661 · out=1,060 · total=8,724
reasoning
Now test.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness
run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match.
correctness_issue: Output mismatch
max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559']
avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 691.1s turn · 16.7s LLM · 74.5s tools · tokens in=8,797 · out=1,068 · total=9,911
reasoning
Same issue. The pointwise accumulation of 256 terms causes FP error compared to cuDNN or PyTorch.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n double sum = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness
run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match.
correctness_issue: Output mismatch
max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559']
avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 104.2s turn · 18.4s LLM · tokens in=9,984 · out=1,067 · total=11,362 · 6,526 chars (click to expand)
turn 7104.2s turn · 18.4s LLM · 85.7s tools · tokens in=9,984 · out=1,067 · total=11,362
reasoning
Still same. The difference is likely from the depthwise part too, or the reference uses different padding impl or fused internally.
I notice the differences between the custom CUDA kernel implementation and the reference PyTorch convolution are small, around 5.5e-4, but the spec requires atol=rtol=1e-4 for fp32, so it might not pass.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n double sum = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 11620.0μs (66%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 6104.0μs (34%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 9397.12 μs
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 979.0/3350 GB/s (29.2%)
read=510.9 write=468.1 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=154.5%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=50.5%
Pipe util: FMA=50.5%, Tensor=1.5%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 186.1%
Eligible warps/cycle: 7.90
Launch: regs/thread=64, smem/blk=2048B, block=512, grid=393216
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 5.44 sectors/req (5.4x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
mio_throttle 1344.0% ####################
long_scoreboard 1239.6% ####################
short_scoreboard 77.0% ###############
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 1344% stalls: memory-instruction throttle. Too many outstanding memory ops; batch loads, reduce address divergence.
-> Global load coalescing=5.4x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
-> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 826.2s turn · 11.4s LLM · 14.8s tools · tokens in=11,784 · out=1,067 · total=12,941 · FINAL
reasoning
The profile shows it's slower probably, and lots of empty.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n double sum = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (fail)
failsubmit_kernel
submit_kernel FAILED: correctness check did not pass ((0 / 3) trials).
correctness_issue: Output mismatch
max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559']
avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
final submitted kernel (98 lines, 3,864 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
cuda_source = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(
const float* __restrict__ input,
const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,
float* __restrict__ dw_out,
int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding
) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;
if (idx >= total) return;
int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);
int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;
int pos = idx % seq_len;
float sum = 0.0f;
for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {
int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;
if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {
sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];
}
}
dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;
}
__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(
const float* __restrict__ dw_out,
const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,
float* __restrict__ output,
int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len
) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;
if (idx >= total) return;
int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);
int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;
int pos = idx % seq_len;
double sum = 0.0;
for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {
sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];
}
output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;
}
torch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(
torch::Tensor input,
torch::Tensor dw_weight,
torch::Tensor pw_weight,
int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels
) {
int batch_size = input.size(0);
int seq_len = input.size(2);
int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;
auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());
auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());
int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;
int block = 256;
depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(
input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),
batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding
);
int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;
pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(
dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),
batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len
);
return output;
}
'''
cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);
'''
module = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
super().__init__()
self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)
self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)
self.stride = stride
self.padding = padding
self.kernel_size = kernel_size
self.in_c = in_channels
self.out_c = out_channels
self.mod = module
def forward(self, x):
return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)