grok-4.3 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
incorrect 7_Conv1d_Depthwise_Separable.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
9 / 15
tool calls
9
tokens (total)
67895
wall clock
625.2s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
—
ref runtime
0.56 μs
speedup
—
started
2026-05-11T19:40:03Z
correctness issue: Output mismatch
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
—
ref runtime
0.56 μs
speedup
—
kernel mean / median / std
—
ref mean / median / std
0.56 / — / 0.01 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.505
dram util %
29.4%
compute util %
50.5%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
985.35 GB/s
dram util %
29.4%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
186.1%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
50.5%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
154.8%
ld sectors / req
5.44
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
64
smem / block
2048 B
block size
512
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
mio_throttle
1344.0%
long_scoreboard
1241.1%
short_scoreboard
77.0%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Performs a depthwise-separable 1D convolution: a depthwise Conv1d (each channel independently)
    followed by a pointwise Conv1d (1x1, mixes channels). Used in Enformer and genomic sequence
    models for efficient spatial+channel factorized processing.

    Args:
        in_channels (int): Number of channels in the input.
        out_channels (int): Number of channels produced by the pointwise convolution.
        kernel_size (int): Kernel size of the depthwise convolution.
        stride (int, optional): Stride of the depthwise convolution. Defaults to 1.
        padding (int, optional): Padding for the depthwise convolution. Defaults to 0.
        bias (bool, optional): If True, adds a learnable bias. Defaults to False.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)
        self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self.depthwise(x)
        x = self.pointwise(x)
        return x

batch_size = 32
in_channels = 256
out_channels = 512
kernel_size = 9
seq_len = 4096
stride = 1
padding = 4

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), in_channels, popcorn_pri.jitter_int(seq_len))]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding]
turn 029.4s turn · 5.3s LLM · 24.0s tools · tokens in=2,170 · out=6 · total=2,471
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model is a depthwise-separable 1D convolution: depthwise Conv1d followed by pointwise Conv1d.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 192.3s turn · 15.6s LLM · 76.7s tools · tokens in=2,704 · out=934 · total=3,874
reasoning
It's an H100, high bandwidth, tensor cores, etc. But since it's fp32, probably no tensor cores unless using TF32, but for custom kernel, stick to FP32.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias, // not used if no bias\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n dw_sum += input[b * in_channels * seq_len + ic * seq_len + in_pos] * \n dw_weight[ic * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n sum += dw_sum * pw_weight[oc * in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b * out_channels * seq_len + oc * seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;\n auto output = torch::zeros({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n const int block_size = 256;\n int grid_size = (total + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n\n depthwise_pointwise_conv1d<<<grid_size, block_size>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size,\n in_channels,\n out_channels,\n seq_len,\n kernel_size,\n stride,\n padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_channels = in_channels\n self.out_channels = out_channels\n self.fused = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.fused.fused_conv1d_cuda(\n x,\n self.depthwise.weight,\n self.pointwise.weight,\n self.stride,\n self.padding,\n self.kernel_size,\n self.in_channels,\n self.out_channels\n )\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 287.8s turn · 12.3s LLM · 75.6s tools · tokens in=3,891 · out=935 · total=4,833
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias, // not used if no bias\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n dw_sum += input[b * in_channels * seq_len + ic * seq_len + in_pos] * \n dw_weight[ic * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n sum += dw_sum * pw_weight[oc * in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b * out_channels * seq_len + oc * seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;\n auto output = torch::zeros({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n const int block_size = 256;\n int grid_size = (total + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n\n depthwise_pointwise_conv1d<<<grid_size, block_size>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size,\n in_channels,\n out_channels,\n seq_len,\n kernel_size,\n stride,\n padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_channels = in_channels\n self.out_channels = out_channels\n self.fused = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.fused.fused_conv1d_cuda(\n x,\n self.depthwise.weight,\n self.pointwise.weight,\n self.stride,\n self.padding,\n self.kernel_size,\n self.in_channels,\n self.out_channels\n )\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559'] avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 388.8s turn · 12.6s LLM · 76.2s tools · tokens in=4,906 · out=923 · total=6,135
reasoning
There's a small mismatch, max diff ~5e-4, which is a bit over 1e-4 tolerance? The spec says atol=rtol=1e-4 for fp32.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n double dw_sum = 0.0;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n dw_sum += (double)input[b * in_channels * seq_len + ic * seq_len + in_pos] * \n (double)dw_weight[ic * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n sum += (float)(dw_sum * pw_weight[oc * in_channels + ic]);\n }\n output[b * out_channels * seq_len + oc * seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;\n auto output = torch::zeros({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n const int block_size = 256;\n int grid_size = (total + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n\n depthwise_pointwise_conv1d<<<grid_size, block_size>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size,\n in_channels,\n out_channels,\n seq_len,\n kernel_size,\n stride,\n padding\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor fused_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n int kernel_size,\n int in_channels,\n int out_channels\n);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.depthwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pointwise = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_channels = in_channels\n self.out_channels = out_channels\n self.fused = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.fused.fused_conv1d_cuda(\n x,\n self.depthwise.weight,\n self.pointwise.weight,\n self.stride,\n self.padding,\n self.kernel_size,\n self.in_channels,\n self.out_channels\n )\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559'] avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 492.6s turn · 18.8s LLM · 73.8s tools · tokens in=6,208 · out=1,059 · total=7,644
reasoning
Still same. Using double for dw didn't help enough. I’ve been working on replacing the forward computation of this PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel for the ModelNew class.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 512.7s turn · 12.2s LLM · 0.5s tools · tokens in=7,661 · out=1,060 · total=8,724
reasoning
Now test.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559'] avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 691.1s turn · 16.7s LLM · 74.5s tools · tokens in=8,797 · out=1,068 · total=9,911
reasoning
Same issue. The pointwise accumulation of 256 terms causes FP error compared to cuDNN or PyTorch.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n double sum = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559'] avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 104.2s turn · 18.4s LLM · tokens in=9,984 · out=1,067 · total=11,362 · 6,526 chars (click to expand)
turn 7104.2s turn · 18.4s LLM · 85.7s tools · tokens in=9,984 · out=1,067 · total=11,362
reasoning
Still same. The difference is likely from the depthwise part too, or the reference uses different padding impl or fused internally. I notice the differences between the custom CUDA kernel implementation and the reference PyTorch convolution are small, around 5.5e-4, but the spec requires atol=rtol=1e-4 for fp32, so it might not pass.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n double sum = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 11620.0μs (66%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty 6104.0μs (34%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 9397.12 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 979.0/3350 GB/s (29.2%) read=510.9 write=468.1 GB/s Hit rates: L2=154.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=50.5% Pipe util: FMA=50.5%, Tensor=1.5% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 186.1% Eligible warps/cycle: 7.90 Launch: regs/thread=64, smem/blk=2048B, block=512, grid=393216 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 5.44 sectors/req (5.4x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- mio_throttle 1344.0% #################### long_scoreboard 1239.6% #################### short_scoreboard 77.0% ############### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1344% stalls: memory-instruction throttle. Too many outstanding memory ops; batch loads, reduce address divergence. -> Global load coalescing=5.4x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 826.2s turn · 11.4s LLM · 14.8s tools · tokens in=11,784 · out=1,067 · total=12,941 · FINAL
reasoning
The profile shows it's slower probably, and lots of empty.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(\n const float* __restrict__ dw_out,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);\n int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;\n int pos = idx % seq_len;\n double sum = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {\n sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];\n }\n output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor dw_weight,\n torch::Tensor pw_weight,\n int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;\n auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;\n int block = 256;\n depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding\n );\n\n int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;\n pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(\n dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len\n );\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n self.kernel_size = kernel_size\n self.in_c = in_channels\n self.out_c = out_channels\n self.mod = module\n def forward(self, x):\n return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (fail)
failsubmit_kernel submit_kernel FAILED: correctness check did not pass ((0 / 3) trials). correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000554', '0.000562', '0.000559'] avg_difference: ['0.000073', '0.000073', '0.000073']
final submitted kernel (98 lines, 3,864 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void depthwise_conv1d(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,
    float* __restrict__ dw_out,
    int batch_size, int channels, int seq_len, int kernel_size, int stride, int padding
) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;
    if (idx >= total) return;
    int b = idx / (channels * seq_len);
    int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;
    int pos = idx % seq_len;
    float sum = 0.0f;
    for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {
        int in_pos = pos * stride + k - padding;
        if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {
            sum += input[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + in_pos] * dw_weight[c*kernel_size + k];
        }
    }
    dw_out[b*channels*seq_len + c*seq_len + pos] = sum;
}

__global__ void pointwise_conv1d(
    const float* __restrict__ dw_out,
    const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int batch_size, int in_channels, int out_channels, int seq_len
) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = batch_size * out_channels * seq_len;
    if (idx >= total) return;
    int b = idx / (out_channels * seq_len);
    int oc = (idx / seq_len) % out_channels;
    int pos = idx % seq_len;
    double sum = 0.0;
    for (int ic = 0; ic < in_channels; ++ic) {
        sum += (double)dw_out[b*in_channels*seq_len + ic*seq_len + pos] * (double)pw_weight[oc*in_channels + ic];
    }
    output[b*out_channels*seq_len + oc*seq_len + pos] = (float)sum;
}

torch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input,
    torch::Tensor dw_weight,
    torch::Tensor pw_weight,
    int stride, int padding, int kernel_size, int in_channels, int out_channels
) {
    int batch_size = input.size(0);
    int seq_len = input.size(2);
    int out_seq_len = (seq_len + 2*padding - kernel_size)/stride + 1;
    auto dw_out = torch::empty({batch_size, in_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());
    auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, out_channels, out_seq_len}, input.options());

    int total_dw = batch_size * in_channels * out_seq_len;
    int block = 256;
    depthwise_conv1d<<<(total_dw + block-1)/block, block>>>(
        input.data_ptr<float>(), dw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), dw_out.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, in_channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding
    );

    int total_pw = batch_size * out_channels * out_seq_len;
    pointwise_conv1d<<<(total_pw + block-1)/block, block>>>(
        dw_out.data_ptr<float>(), pw_weight.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, in_channels, out_channels, out_seq_len
    );
    return output;
}
'''

cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor fused_sepconv_cuda(torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, torch::Tensor, int, int, int, int, int);
'''

module = load_inline(name='sepconv', cpp_sources=cpp_source, cuda_sources=cuda_source, functions=['fused_sepconv_cuda'], verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super().__init__()
        self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=in_channels, bias=bias)
        self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, 1, bias=bias)
        self.stride = stride
        self.padding = padding
        self.kernel_size = kernel_size
        self.in_c = in_channels
        self.out_c = out_channels
        self.mod = module
    def forward(self, x):
        return self.mod.fused_sepconv_cuda(x, self.dw.weight, self.pw.weight, self.stride, self.padding, self.kernel_size, self.in_c, self.out_c)