grok-4.3 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
correct 49_sum_gelu_across_virtual_ranks.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
8 / 15
tool calls
8
tokens (total)
34999
wall clock
557.7s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.01 μs
ref runtime
0.01 μs
speedup
1.53x
started
2026-05-11T19:36:24Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.01 μs
ref runtime
0.01 μs
speedup
1.53x
kernel mean / median / std
0.01 / — / 1.72e-04 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.01 / — / 5.46e-04 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
4.77e-07
mean abs error
2.90e-08
max rel error
2.91e-05
mean rel error
1.21e-07
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
33.01 MB
ref peak
33.02 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
3
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
3.00x
total cuda time
29 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.001
dram util %
0.1%
compute util %
0.0%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe
None
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
4.30 GB/s
dram util %
0.1%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
11.0%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe %
—
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
98.1%
ld sectors / req
3.89
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
31
smem / block
1024 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
538.3%
short_scoreboard
72.6%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
"""
Order-sensitive virtual collective: out = sum_r GELU(x_r), same shape as one rank slice (B, D).

Note: this is not equal to GELU(sum_r x_r).
"""

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

from kernelbench.distributed_collectives import default_device

R = 4
B = 14
D = 40


class Model(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return F.gelu(x).sum(dim=0)


def get_inputs():
    dev = default_device()
    p = popcorn_pri
    return [torch.randn(p.jitter_int(R), p.jitter_int(B), p.jitter_int(D, align=8), device=dev)]


def get_init_inputs():
    return []
turn 07.2s turn · 7.2s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=1,946 · out=6 · total=2,292
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model sums GELU activations over the first dimension.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1121.0s turn · 8.1s LLM · 112.9s tools · tokens in=2,525 · out=498 · total=3,079
reasoning
GPU is H100, high bandwidth, but data is tiny: 4*14*40*4bytes ~ 9KB, so memory bound but tiny.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {\n const float sqrt_2_over_pi = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float coeff = 0.044715f;\n float x3 = x * x * x;\n float inner = sqrt_2_over_pi * (x + coeff * x3);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + tanhf(inner));\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * D;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {\n float val = x[r * total + idx];\n sum += gelu(val);\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n int R = x.size(0);\n int B = x.size(1);\n int D = x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n int total = B * D;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_sum\",\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=[\"gelu_sum_cuda\"],\n verbose=True,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"]\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 281.5s turn · 4.8s LLM · 76.7s tools · tokens in=3,096 · out=499 · total=3,602
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {\n const float sqrt_2_over_pi = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float coeff = 0.044715f;\n float x3 = x * x * x;\n float inner = sqrt_2_over_pi * (x + coeff * x3);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + tanhf(inner));\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * D;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {\n float val = x[r * total + idx];\n sum += gelu(val);\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n int R = x.size(0);\n int B = x.size(1);\n int D = x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n int total = B * D;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_sum\",\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=[\"gelu_sum_cuda\"],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"]\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000863', '0.000863', '0.000863'] avg_difference: ['0.000299', '0.000299', '0.000299']
turn 384.2s turn · 8.7s LLM · 75.4s tools · tokens in=3,675 · out=463 · total=4,303
reasoning
GELU mismatch. PyTorch's GELU uses a slightly different constant or erf?
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + tanhf(0.7978845608028654f * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x)));\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * D;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {\n float val = x[r * total + idx];\n sum += gelu(val);\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n int R = x.size(0);\n int B = x.size(1);\n int D = x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n int total = B * D;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_sum\",\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=[\"gelu_sum_cuda\"],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"]\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000863', '0.000863', '0.000863'] avg_difference: ['0.000299', '0.000299', '0.000299']
turn 43.9s turn · 3.9s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=4,376 · out=44 · total=4,539
reasoning
Still same. Let's find PyTorch's exact GELU.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nprint(torch.__version__)\nx = torch.tensor([1.0], device='cuda')\nprint(torch.nn.functional.gelu(x, approximate='tanh'))" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: ModelNew class not found or syntax error prevented execution. 2.11.0+cu128 tensor([0.8412], device='cuda:0')
turn 582.7s turn · 6.4s LLM · 76.3s tools · tokens in=4,583 · out=481 · total=5,098
reasoning
Not helpful. I know the issue is the constant: it's 0.797884560802865355879892119868763075
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.79788456080286535587989211986876f;\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + tanhf(kAlpha * (x + 0.044715f * x * x * x)));\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * D;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {\n float val = x[r * total + idx];\n sum += gelu(val);\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n int R = x.size(0);\n int B = x.size(1);\n int D = x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n int total = B * D;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_sum\",\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=[\"gelu_sum_cuda\"],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"]\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000863', '0.000863', '0.000863'] avg_difference: ['0.000299', '0.000299', '0.000299']
turn 683.6s turn · 8.3s LLM · 75.3s tools · tokens in=5,171 · out=449 · total=5,769
reasoning
Still. Perhaps use erf for exact, but PyTorch default is tanh.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {\n return x * 0.5f * (1.0f + erff(x * 0.7071067811865475f));\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * D;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {\n float val = x[r * total + idx];\n sum += gelu(val);\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n int R = x.size(0);\n int B = x.size(1);\n int D = x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n int total = B * D;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_sum\",\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=[\"gelu_sum_cuda\"],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"]\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.77e-07 mean_abs_err=2.90e-08 max_rel_err=2.91e-05
turn 793.6s turn · 4.8s LLM · 88.7s tools · tokens in=5,829 · out=448 · total=6,317 · FINAL
reasoning
Great, now correct. I can submit, as it's faster surely, being a fused kernel vs two ops.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {\n return x * 0.5f * (1.0f + erff(x * 0.7071067811865475f));\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * D;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {\n float val = x[r * total + idx];\n sum += gelu(val);\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n int R = x.size(0);\n int B = x.size(1);\n int D = x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());\n int total = B * D;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_sum\",\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=[\"gelu_sum_cuda\"],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"]\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.01 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.01μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.77e-07 mean_abs_err=2.90e-08 max_rel_err=2.91e-05 Memory: 33.01 MB peak (ref: 33.02 MB, ratio: 0.9997x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 3, fusion ratio: 3.0) SOL score: 0.0013
final submitted kernel (59 lines, 1,504 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = """
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float x) {
    return x * 0.5f * (1.0f + erff(x * 0.7071067811865475f));
}

__global__ void gelu_sum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out, int R, int B, int D) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = B * D;
    if (idx >= total) return;
    float sum = 0.0f;
    for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {
        float val = x[r * total + idx];
        sum += gelu(val);
    }
    out[idx] = sum;
}

torch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {
    int R = x.size(0);
    int B = x.size(1);
    int D = x.size(2);
    auto out = torch::empty({B, D}, x.options());
    int total = B * D;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
    gelu_sum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), R, B, D);
    return out;
}
"""

cpp_source = """
torch::Tensor gelu_sum_cuda(torch::Tensor x);
"""

module = load_inline(
    name="gelu_sum",
    cpp_sources=[cpp_source],
    cuda_sources=[cuda_source],
    functions=["gelu_sum_cuda"],
    verbose=False,
    extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3"]
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.module = module

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.module.gelu_sum_cuda(x)