grok-4.3 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
incorrect 39_Fused1DTemporalConvolution.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
10 / 15
tool calls
10
tokens (total)
78839
wall clock
2102.5s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
—
ref runtime
0.08 μs
speedup
—
started
2026-05-11T22:23:27Z
correctness issue: Output mismatch
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
—
ref runtime
0.08 μs
speedup
—
kernel mean / median / std
—
ref mean / median / std
0.08 / — / 0.01 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.219
dram util %
0.2%
compute util %
21.9%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
6.38 GB/s
dram util %
0.2%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
73.2%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
21.9%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
98.2%
ld sectors / req
2.72
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
36
smem / block
1024 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
193.4%
short_scoreboard
105.9%
mio_throttle
42.0%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

# Default ModelNew is PyTorch-only. run_and_check: use check_kernel=False with backend=cuda
# until the candidate file contains a real CUDA kernel (see kernel_static_checker).


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    **Fused depthwise–pointwise 1D temporal convolution** on ``(B, C, T)`` sequences.

    Fuses a **temporal depthwise** ``k``-tap conv (per-channel along time) with
    **SiLU** and a **pointwise** ``1×1`` mix—standard in temporal encoders for
    proprio, audio, or token-wise time series in robotics / VLA backbones.

    Padding uses dilated effective radius so length is unchanged for odd
    ``kernel_size``.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        in_channels: int,
        out_channels: int,
        kernel_size: int,
        dilation: int = 1,
    ):
        super().__init__()
        assert kernel_size % 2 == 1, "odd kernel_size keeps T unchanged with symmetric padding"
        assert dilation >= 1
        self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2
        self.dw = nn.Conv1d(
            in_channels,
            in_channels,
            kernel_size,
            padding=self.padding,
            dilation=dilation,
            groups=in_channels,
            bias=False,
        )
        self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            x: (B, C_in, T) temporal features.
        Returns:
            (B, C_out, T)
        """
        x = self.dw(x)
        x = F.silu(x)
        return self.pw(x)


class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    """KernelBench candidate entry point; default delegates to ``Model``."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        in_channels: int,
        out_channels: int,
        kernel_size: int,
        dilation: int = 1,
    ):
        super().__init__()
        self._impl = Model(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=dilation)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self._impl(x)


batch_size = 16
in_channels = 128
out_channels = 128
kernel_size = 5
dilation = 2
seq_len = 2048


def get_inputs():
    p = popcorn_pri
    x = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), in_channels, p.jitter_int(seq_len))
    return [x]


def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation]
turn 0155.8s turn · 7.8s LLM · 148.0s tools · tokens in=2,342 · out=6 · total=3,002
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model fuses a depthwise 1D convolution, SiLU activation, and a pointwise 1D convolution. The task requires replacing the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The original model performs a depthwise 1D convolution, SiLU activation, fused with a pointwise 1D convolution. For ModelNew, I need to accept the same inputs as Model, implement forward with the same signature 1. Produce numerically ...(2940 chars truncated)...
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1183.1s turn · 7.1s LLM · 176.0s tools · tokens in=3,235 · out=429 · total=3,840
reasoning
GPU is H100, high bandwidth.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_dw_silu_pw_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int C, int T, int K, int D, int P, int OC\n) {\n // Simple implementation: each thread computes one output element\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * OC * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n \n int b = idx / (OC * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % OC;\n int t = idx % T;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C; ++ic) {\n float dw_val = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t + (k - K/2) * D; // wait, padding is already such that?\n // Actually since padding applied in conv, but here x is padded? No, we need to handle padding\n // Better to assume input x has no pad, compute with pad.\n // Padding P, so for output t, input start t - P + k*D or something.\n // Let's recalculate.\n }\n }\n out[idx] = sum;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n\"\"\"\n\n# This is incomplete, I need to write proper kernel later. For now, to test structure." }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: ModelNew class not found or syntax error prevented execution.
turn 2314.7s turn · 10.2s LLM · 304.6s tools · tokens in=3,862 · out=938 · total=5,010
reasoning
I need the full ModelNew class.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n float val = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += x_val * dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n float silu = dw_sum / (1.0f + expf(-dw_sum));\n val += silu * pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::zeros({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=True,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight # shape (C, 1, K) -> we need to view as (C, K)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1) # (C_out, C_in, 1) -> (C_out, C_in)\n dw_w = dw_w.squeeze(1) # (C_in, K)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x, dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 3330.4s turn · 8.6s LLM · 321.8s tools · tokens in=5,027 · out=902 · total=5,936
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n float val = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += x_val * dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n float silu = dw_sum / (1.0f + expf(-dw_sum));\n val += silu * pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::zeros({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=True,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1) # (C_in, K)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1) # (C_out, C_in)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000339', '0.000349', '0.000381'] avg_difference: ['0.000044', '0.000044', '0.000044']
turn 4391.2s turn · 12.6s LLM · 378.6s tools · tokens in=6,009 · out=896 · total=7,461
reasoning
Close but not within 1e-4. Max diff ~3e-4, probably floating point in exp or order. I noticed the forward computation of the PyTorch model needs replacing with a custom CUDA kernel in the ModelNew class. It must accept the same inputs, implement forward with the same signature, and produce numerically close outputs to the reference model, ideally within 1e-4 tolerance.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n float val = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += x_val * dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n float silu = dw_sum * (1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-dw_sum)));\n val += silu * pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n cudaDeviceSynchronize();\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 5288.8s turn · 6.9s LLM · 281.9s tools · tokens in=7,478 · out=897 · total=8,380
reasoning
Now test correctness again.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n float val = 0.0f;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n float dw_sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += x_val * dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n float silu = dw_sum * (1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-dw_sum)));\n val += silu * pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n cudaDeviceSynchronize();\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000339', '0.000349', '0.000381'] avg_difference: ['0.000044', '0.000044', '0.000044']
turn 6163.7s turn · 12.5s LLM · 151.3s tools · tokens in=8,453 · out=890 · total=9,587
reasoning
Still same. Perhaps it's due to different reduction order in pw sum, floating point assoc.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n double val = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n double dw_sum = 0.0;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += (double)x_val * (double)dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n double silu = dw_sum / (1.0 + exp(-dw_sum));\n val += silu * (double)pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = (float)val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n cudaDeviceSynchronize();\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 778.0s turn · 6.1s LLM · 71.9s tools · tokens in=9,604 · out=891 · total=10,497
reasoning
Test.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n double val = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n double dw_sum = 0.0;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += (double)x_val * (double)dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n double silu = dw_sum / (1.0 + exp(-dw_sum));\n val += silu * (double)pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = (float)val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n cudaDeviceSynchronize();\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 3) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000339', '0.000349', '0.000381'] avg_difference: ['0.000044', '0.000044', '0.000044']
turn 896.2s turn · 8.1s LLM · 88.1s tools · tokens in=10,570 · out=890 · total=11,680
reasoning
Still same diff, so the diff is from PyTorch's conv implementation, not my fp error.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n double val = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n double dw_sum = 0.0;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += (double)x_val * (double)dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n double silu = dw_sum / (1.0 + exp(-dw_sum));\n val += silu * (double)pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = (float)val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n cudaDeviceSynchronize();\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 224.0μs (69%) calls=1 #2: aten::squeeze 77.0μs (24%) calls=1 #3: aten::squeeze 12.0μs (4%) calls=1 #4: aten::as_strided 7.0μs (2%) calls=1 #5: aten::as_strided 4.0μs (1%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 3355.71 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 6.4/3350 GB/s (0.2%) read=5.0 write=1.4 GB/s Hit rates: L2=98.6% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=21.9% Pipe util: FMA=21.9%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 73.2% Eligible warps/cycle: 4.61 Launch: regs/thread=36, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=16384 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 2.72 sectors/req (2.7x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 192.1% #################### short_scoreboard 105.9% #################### mio_throttle 42.0% ######## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 192% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=2.7 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=2.7x (ideal=1.0) -> 3x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 9100.6s turn · 11.0s LLM · 89.6s tools · tokens in=12,194 · out=890 · total=13,446 · FINAL
reasoning
The kernel is slow because naive, each thread does 128*5 =640 ops, with poor access, lots of stalls. The thinking trace reveals that the original CUDA kernel is slow due to each thread performing 128*5=640 operations with inefficient memory access and stalls. The GPU time is 3.3ms, while cuDNN is faster at around 0.1ms.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const int B, const int C_in, const int T,\n const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int b = idx / (C_out * T);\n int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;\n int t = idx % T;\n\n double val = 0.0;\n for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {\n double dw_sum = 0.0;\n for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {\n int t_in = t - P + k * D;\n float x_val = 0.0f;\n if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {\n x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];\n }\n dw_sum += (double)x_val * (double)dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];\n }\n double silu = dw_sum / (1.0 + exp(-dw_sum));\n val += silu * (double)pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];\n }\n output[idx] = (float)val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {\n const int B = x.size(0);\n const int C_in = x.size(1);\n const int T = x.size(2);\n const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);\n const int K = kernel_size;\n const int D = dilation;\n const int P = padding;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());\n\n int total = B * C_out * T;\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(),\n dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out\n );\n cudaDeviceSynchronize();\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='fused_conv',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):\n super().__init__()\n assert kernel_size % 2 == 1\n self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2\n self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)\n self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, x):\n dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)\n pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)\n return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (fail)
failsubmit_kernel submit_kernel FAILED: correctness check did not pass ((0 / 3) trials). correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000339', '0.000349', '0.000381'] avg_difference: ['0.000044', '0.000044', '0.000044']
final submitted kernel (97 lines, 3,076 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void fused_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    const float* __restrict__ dw_weight,
    const float* __restrict__ pw_weight,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    const int B, const int C_in, const int T,
    const int K, const int D, const int P, const int C_out
) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = B * C_out * T;
    if (idx >= total) return;

    int b = idx / (C_out * T);
    int oc = (idx / T) % C_out;
    int t = idx % T;

    double val = 0.0;
    for (int ic = 0; ic < C_in; ++ic) {
        double dw_sum = 0.0;
        for (int k = 0; k < K; ++k) {
            int t_in = t - P + k * D;
            float x_val = 0.0f;
            if (t_in >= 0 && t_in < T) {
                x_val = input[((b * C_in + ic) * T) + t_in];
            }
            dw_sum += (double)x_val * (double)dw_weight[(ic * K) + k];
        }
        double silu = dw_sum / (1.0 + exp(-dw_sum));
        val += silu * (double)pw_weight[(oc * C_in + ic)];
    }
    output[idx] = (float)val;
}

torch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size) {
    const int B = x.size(0);
    const int C_in = x.size(1);
    const int T = x.size(2);
    const int C_out = pw_w.size(0);
    const int K = kernel_size;
    const int D = dilation;
    const int P = padding;

    auto output = torch::empty({B, C_out, T}, x.options());

    int total = B * C_out * T;
    const int threads = 256;
    const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;

    fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        x.data_ptr<float>(),
        dw_w.data_ptr<float>(),
        pw_w.data_ptr<float>(),
        output.data_ptr<float>(),
        B, C_in, T, K, D, P, C_out
    );
    cudaDeviceSynchronize();

    return output;
}
'''

cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor fused_dw_silu_pw(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor dw_w, torch::Tensor pw_w, int padding, int dilation, int kernel_size);
'''

module = load_inline(
    name='fused_conv',
    cpp_sources=cpp_source,
    cuda_sources=cuda_source,
    functions=['fused_dw_silu_pw'],
    verbose=False,
    extra_cflags=['-O3'],
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, dilation=1):
        super().__init__()
        assert kernel_size % 2 == 1
        self.padding = ((kernel_size - 1) * dilation) // 2
        self.dw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, in_channels, kernel_size, padding=self.padding, dilation=dilation, groups=in_channels, bias=False)
        self.pw = nn.Conv1d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
        self.module = module

    def forward(self, x):
        dw_w = self.dw.weight.squeeze(1)
        pw_w = self.pw.weight.squeeze(-1)
        return self.module.fused_dw_silu_pw(x.contiguous(), dw_w, pw_w, self.padding, self.dw.dilation[0], self.dw.kernel_size[0])