grok-4.3 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
correct 28_DirichletMultinomialLogLikelihood.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
4 / 15
tool calls
4
tokens (total)
16720
wall clock
731.3s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.30 μs
ref runtime
0.13 μs
speedup
0.43x
started
2026-05-11T17:36:20Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.30 μs
ref runtime
0.13 μs
speedup
0.43x
kernel mean / median / std
0.30 / — / 0.00 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.13 / — / 0.01 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
9.77e-04
mean abs error
3.46e-04
max rel error
1.68e-07
mean rel error
5.42e-08
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
0.51 MB
ref peak
1.51 MB
kernel / ref
0.34x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
7
ref launches
18
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
2.57x
total cuda time
173 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.054
dram util %
0.6%
compute util %
5.5%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
18.94 GB/s
dram util %
0.6%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
21.7%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
5.5%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
267.2%
ld sectors / req
36.50
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
104
smem / block
3456 B
block size
448
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
759.2%
short_scoreboard
570.5%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Log-likelihood under the Dirichlet-Multinomial (Polya) distribution.
    Given count vectors n and concentration parameters alpha, computes
    log p(n | alpha) using the log-gamma formulation.  Core computation
    in Bayesian topic models and mixed-membership models.
    """

    def __init__(self, vocab_size):
        super().__init__()
        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
        self.log_alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(vocab_size))

    def forward(self, counts: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            counts: (B, V) – integer count vectors (as float for differentiability)
        Returns:
            log_lik: (B,) – log p(counts | alpha) for each sample
        """
        alpha = torch.exp(self.log_alpha).unsqueeze(0)  # (1, V)
        N = counts.sum(-1)  # (B,)
        alpha_sum = alpha.sum(-1)  # (1,)

        # log p(n | alpha) = log Gamma(alpha_sum) - log Gamma(N + alpha_sum)
        #                   + sum_v [ log Gamma(n_v + alpha_v) - log Gamma(alpha_v) ]
        log_lik = (
            torch.lgamma(alpha_sum)
            - torch.lgamma(N + alpha_sum)
            + (torch.lgamma(counts + alpha) - torch.lgamma(alpha)).sum(-1)
        )
        return log_lik


vocab_size = 256
batch_size = 512


def get_inputs():
    bs = popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size)
    counts = torch.randint(0, 10, (bs, vocab_size)).float()
    return [counts]


def get_init_inputs():
    return [vocab_size]
turn 0241.3s turn · 21.0s LLM · 220.3s tools · tokens in=2,133 · out=601 · total=3,178
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of this PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model computes the log-likelihood under the Dirichlet-Multinomial distribution. I need to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model computes the log-likelihood under the Dirichlet-Multinomial distribution. It takes counts of shape (B, V) and a parameter log_alpha of shape (V,), and outputs log_likelihood of shape (B,).
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik(\n const float* __restrict__ counts,\n const float* __restrict__ alpha,\n float* __restrict__ log_lik,\n int B,\n int V,\n float alpha_sum,\n const float* __restrict__ log_alpha // unused, alpha precomputed\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (b >= B) return;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) {\n float count = counts[b * V + v];\n float a = alpha[v];\n sum += lgammaf(count + a) - lgammaf(a);\n }\n float N = 0.0f; // will recompute? wait better pass or compute\n // Actually compute N here too? or pre-sum\n for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) {\n N += counts[b * V + v];\n }\n log_lik[b] = lgammaf(alpha_sum) - lgammaf(N + alpha_sum) + sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha) {\n int B = counts.size(0);\n int V = counts.size(1);\n auto alpha = torch::exp(log_alpha);\n float alpha_sum = alpha.sum().item<float>();\n auto log_lik = torch::empty({B}, counts.options());\n \n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((B + 255) / 256);\n \n dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik<<<grid, block>>>(\n counts.data_ptr<float>(),\n alpha.data_ptr<float>(),\n log_lik.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, V, alpha_sum,\n log_alpha.data_ptr<float>()\n );\n return log_lik;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='dirichlet_multinomial',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['dirichlet_multinomial_forward'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, vocab_size):\n super().__init__()\n self.vocab_size = vocab_size\n self.log_alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(vocab_size))\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, counts: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.dirichlet_multinomial_forward(counts, self.log_alpha)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 196.1s turn · 5.4s LLM · 90.7s tools · tokens in=3,195 · out=530 · total=3,732
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik(\n const float* __restrict__ counts,\n const float* __restrict__ alpha,\n float* __restrict__ log_lik,\n int B,\n int V,\n float alpha_sum\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (b >= B) return;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float N = 0.0f;\n for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) {\n float count = counts[b * V + v];\n float a = alpha[v];\n sum += lgammaf(count + a) - lgammaf(a);\n N += count;\n }\n log_lik[b] = lgammaf(alpha_sum) - lgammaf(N + alpha_sum) + sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha) {\n int B = counts.size(0);\n int V = counts.size(1);\n auto alpha = torch::exp(log_alpha);\n float alpha_sum = alpha.sum().item<float>();\n auto log_lik = torch::empty({B}, counts.options());\n \n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((B + 255) / 256);\n \n dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik<<<grid, block>>>(\n counts.data_ptr<float>(),\n alpha.data_ptr<float>(),\n log_lik.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, V, alpha_sum\n );\n return log_lik;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='dirichlet_multinomial',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['dirichlet_multinomial_forward'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, vocab_size):\n super().__init__()\n self.vocab_size = vocab_size\n self.log_alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(vocab_size))\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, counts: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.dirichlet_multinomial_forward(counts, self.log_alpha)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.46e-03 mean_abs_err=5.56e-04 max_rel_err=2.42e-07
turn 2119.7s turn · 8.0s LLM · 111.7s tools · tokens in=3,792 · out=539 · total=4,546
reasoning
Correctness passed, though error is a bit high for fp32 atol=1e-4, but 1.46e-3 is larger, wait it passed? The tolerance in tool is probably loose, but spec says atol=rtol=1e-4.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik(\n const float* __restrict__ counts,\n const float* __restrict__ alpha,\n float* __restrict__ log_lik,\n int B,\n int V,\n float alpha_sum\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (b >= B) return;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float N = 0.0f;\n for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) {\n float count = counts[b * V + v];\n float a = alpha[v];\n sum += lgammaf(count + a) - lgammaf(a);\n N += count;\n }\n log_lik[b] = lgammaf(alpha_sum) - lgammaf(N + alpha_sum) + sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha) {\n int B = counts.size(0);\n int V = counts.size(1);\n auto alpha = torch::exp(log_alpha);\n auto alpha_sum_t = alpha.sum();\n float alpha_sum = alpha_sum_t.item<float>();\n auto log_lik = torch::empty({B}, counts.options());\n \n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((B + 255) / 256);\n \n dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik<<<grid, block>>>(\n counts.data_ptr<float>(),\n alpha.data_ptr<float>(),\n log_lik.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, V, alpha_sum\n );\n return log_lik;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='dirichlet_multinomial',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['dirichlet_multinomial_forward'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, vocab_size):\n super().__init__()\n self.vocab_size = vocab_size\n self.log_alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(vocab_size))\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, counts: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.dirichlet_multinomial_forward(counts, self.log_alpha)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.46e-03 mean_abs_err=5.56e-04 max_rel_err=2.42e-07
turn 3274.2s turn · 5.8s LLM · 268.5s tools · tokens in=4,606 · out=552 · total=5,264 · FINAL
reasoning
Still same error. The issue is likely the accumulation of lgamma in float, or difference in lgamma implementation between torch and CUDA.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik(\n const float* __restrict__ counts,\n const float* __restrict__ alpha,\n float* __restrict__ log_lik,\n int B,\n int V,\n float alpha_sum\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (b >= B) return;\n\n double sum = 0.0;\n double N = 0.0;\n for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) {\n float count = counts[b * V + v];\n float a = alpha[v];\n sum += lgamma(static_cast<double>(count + a)) - lgamma(static_cast<double>(a));\n N += count;\n }\n log_lik[b] = static_cast<float>(lgamma(static_cast<double>(alpha_sum)) - lgamma(static_cast<double>(N + alpha_sum)) + sum);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha) {\n int B = counts.size(0);\n int V = counts.size(1);\n auto alpha = torch::exp(log_alpha);\n auto alpha_sum_t = alpha.sum();\n float alpha_sum = alpha_sum_t.item<float>();\n auto log_lik = torch::empty({B}, counts.options());\n \n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((B + 255) / 256);\n \n dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik<<<grid, block>>>(\n counts.data_ptr<float>(),\n alpha.data_ptr<float>(),\n log_lik.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, V, alpha_sum\n );\n return log_lik;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha);\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='dirichlet_multinomial',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['dirichlet_multinomial_forward'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, vocab_size):\n super().__init__()\n self.vocab_size = vocab_size\n self.log_alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(vocab_size))\n self.module = module\n\n def forward(self, counts: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return self.module.dirichlet_multinomial_forward(counts, self.log_alpha)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.30 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.30μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=9.77e-04 mean_abs_err=3.46e-04 max_rel_err=1.68e-07 Memory: 0.51 MB peak (ref: 1.51 MB, ratio: 0.3351x) Kernel launches: 7 (ref: 18, fusion ratio: 2.5714) SOL score: 0.0545
final submitted kernel (75 lines, 2,131 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = """
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cmath>

__global__ void dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik(
    const float* __restrict__ counts,
    const float* __restrict__ alpha,
    float* __restrict__ log_lik,
    int B,
    int V,
    float alpha_sum
) {
    int b = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (b >= B) return;

    double sum = 0.0;
    double N = 0.0;
    for (int v = 0; v < V; ++v) {
        float count = counts[b * V + v];
        float a = alpha[v];
        sum += lgamma(static_cast<double>(count + a)) - lgamma(static_cast<double>(a));
        N += count;
    }
    log_lik[b] = static_cast<float>(lgamma(static_cast<double>(alpha_sum)) - lgamma(static_cast<double>(N + alpha_sum)) + sum);
}

torch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha) {
    int B = counts.size(0);
    int V = counts.size(1);
    auto alpha = torch::exp(log_alpha);
    auto alpha_sum_t = alpha.sum();
    float alpha_sum = alpha_sum_t.item<float>();
    auto log_lik = torch::empty({B}, counts.options());
    
    dim3 block(256);
    dim3 grid((B + 255) / 256);
    
    dirichlet_multinomial_log_lik<<<grid, block>>>(
        counts.data_ptr<float>(),
        alpha.data_ptr<float>(),
        log_lik.data_ptr<float>(),
        B, V, alpha_sum
    );
    return log_lik;
}
"""

cpp_source = """
torch::Tensor dirichlet_multinomial_forward(torch::Tensor counts, torch::Tensor log_alpha);
"""

module = load_inline(
    name='dirichlet_multinomial',
    cpp_sources=[cpp_source],
    cuda_sources=[cuda_source],
    functions=['dirichlet_multinomial_forward'],
    verbose=False
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size):
        super().__init__()
        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
        self.log_alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(vocab_size))
        self.module = module

    def forward(self, counts: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.module.dirichlet_multinomial_forward(counts, self.log_alpha)