grok-4.3 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
correct 1_Conv1d_Depthwise.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
8 / 15
tool calls
8
tokens (total)
46931
wall clock
962.3s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.82 μs
ref runtime
1.30 μs
speedup
1.58x
started
2026-05-11T18:26:47Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.82 μs
ref runtime
1.30 μs
speedup
1.58x
kernel mean / median / std
0.82 / — / 0.37 μs
ref mean / median / std
1.30 / — / 0.07 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
1057.01 MB
ref peak
1057.01 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
9
ref launches
12
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.33x
total cuda time
214 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.487
dram util %
48.8%
compute util %
20.9%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
1633.24 GB/s
dram util %
48.8%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
77.0%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
20.9%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
52.7%
ld sectors / req
2.83
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
24
smem / block
1024 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
1196.0%
short_scoreboard
153.4%
mio_throttle
43.8%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Performs a depthwise 1D convolution where each input channel is convolved with its own filter.
    Fundamental primitive in Hyena, Mamba, and genomic sequence models (Enformer, HyenaDNA).

    Args:
        channels (int): Number of input/output channels.
        kernel_size (int): Size of the convolution kernel.
        stride (int, optional): Stride of the convolution. Defaults to 1.
        padding (int, optional): Padding applied to the input. Defaults to 0.
        bias (bool, optional): If True, adds a learnable bias. Defaults to False.
    """
    def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.conv1d(x)

batch_size = 32
channels = 512
kernel_size = 3
seq_len = 8192
stride = 1
padding = 1

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), channels, popcorn_pri.jitter_int(seq_len))]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [channels, kernel_size, stride, padding]
turn 016.2s turn · 5.0s LLM · 11.2s tools · tokens in=2,077 · out=6 · total=2,299
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a depthwise 1D convolution with a custom CUDA kernel that's faster than PyTorch's reference.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 189.4s turn · 12.6s LLM · 76.8s tools · tokens in=2,532 · out=762 · total=3,490
reasoning
It's an H100. High bandwidth, 3.35 TB/s.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int s = idx % seq_len;\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + c * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) {\n sum += bias[c];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=True,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 283.4s turn · 6.8s LLM · 76.6s tools · tokens in=3,507 · out=763 · total=4,277
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int s = idx % seq_len;\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + c * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) {\n sum += bias[c];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 3184.2s turn · 8.3s LLM · 175.9s tools · tokens in=4,337 · out=762 · total=5,173
reasoning
Correct, but probably slow because naive kernel with one thread per output, and small block size.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int s = idx % seq_len;\n int c = (idx / seq_len) % channels;\n int b = idx / (seq_len * channels);\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[b * channels * seq_len + c * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) {\n sum += bias[c];\n }\n output[idx] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n int total = batch_size * channels * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 68961.0μs (100%) calls=1 #2: aten::to 68.0μs (0%) calls=1 #3: aten::_to_copy 60.0μs (0%) calls=1 #4: aten::empty 24.0μs (0%) calls=1 #5: aten::copy_ 19.0μs (0%) calls=1 ... +4 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 817.54 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1294.8/3350 GB/s (38.7%) read=656.8 write=638.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=55.1% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=37.0% Pipe util: FMA=37.0%, Tensor=1.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 84.2% Eligible warps/cycle: 3.28 Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=524288 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 2.83 sectors/req (2.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 611.0% #################### short_scoreboard 76.9% ############### mio_throttle 12.0% ## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 611% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=2.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=2.8x (ideal=1.0) -> 3x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 4149.8s turn · 9.2s LLM · 140.6s tools · tokens in=5,664 · out=786 · total=6,539
reasoning
The kernel itself runs in ~800us? But profiling shows empty taking time? Anyway, it's memory bound with poor coalescing.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int c = blockIdx.y;\n int s = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.z * blockDim.x;\n\n if (s >= seq_len) return;\n\n float w0 = weight[c * kernel_size + 0];\n float w1 = weight[c * kernel_size + 1];\n float w2 = weight[c * kernel_size + 2];\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) sum += bias[c];\n output[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + s] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n dim3 threads(256);\n dim3 blocks(batch_size, channels, (seq_len + 255) / 256);\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d_v2',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 583.5s turn · 6.1s LLM · 77.4s tools · tokens in=6,556 · out=745 · total=7,305
reasoning
Now test correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int c = blockIdx.y;\n int s = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.z * blockDim.x;\n\n if (s >= seq_len) return;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) sum += bias[c];\n output[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + s] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n dim3 threads(256);\n dim3 blocks(batch_size, channels, (seq_len + 255) / 256);\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d_v2',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 6176.9s turn · 4.6s LLM · 172.4s tools · tokens in=7,365 · out=744 · total=8,131
reasoning
Good. Now, to check speed, I could profile or just submit if faster.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int c = blockIdx.y;\n int s = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.z * blockDim.x;\n\n if (s >= seq_len) return;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) sum += bias[c];\n output[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + s] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n dim3 threads(256);\n dim3 blocks(batch_size, channels, (seq_len + 255) / 256);\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d_v2',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 2631.0μs (93%) calls=1 #2: aten::to 70.0μs (2%) calls=1 #3: aten::_to_copy 57.0μs (2%) calls=1 #4: aten::empty 25.0μs (1%) calls=1 #5: aten::copy_ 19.0μs (1%) calls=1 ... +4 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 676.48 μs [↓141.1μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1628.5/3350 GB/s (48.6%) [↑10.0% ok] read=856.6 write=771.9 GB/s Hit rates: L2=52.7% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=20.9% [↓16.1% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=20.9%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 77.1% [↓7.2% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 1.37 Launch: regs/thread=24, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=524288 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 2.83 sectors/req (2.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1201.7% #################### short_scoreboard 153.7% #################### mio_throttle 44.0% ######## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1202% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=2.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=2.8x (ideal=1.0) -> 3x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 817.54→676.48μs (↓141.06) ok DRAM BW%: 38.65→48.61% (↑9.96) ok Compute%: 36.98→20.86% (↓16.11) REGRESSED Occupancy: 84.22→77.06% (↓7.16) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 3.28→1.37 (↓1.90) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 55.11→52.74% (↓2.37) REGRESSED
turn 7178.9s turn · 7.8s LLM · 171.2s tools · tokens in=8,799 · out=744 · total=9,717 · FINAL
reasoning
Still poor coalescing because consecutive threads read consecutive s, so loads are coalesced for input if stride=1.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size,\n int channels,\n int seq_len,\n int kernel_size,\n int stride,\n int padding,\n bool has_bias\n) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int c = blockIdx.y;\n int s = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.z * blockDim.x;\n\n if (s >= seq_len) return;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {\n int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;\n if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {\n sum += input[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];\n }\n }\n if (has_bias) sum += bias[c];\n output[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + s] = sum;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride,\n int padding\n) {\n int batch_size = input.size(0);\n int channels = input.size(1);\n int seq_len = input.size(2);\n int kernel_size = weight.size(2);\n bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;\n\n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());\n\n dim3 threads(256);\n dim3 blocks(batch_size, channels, (seq_len + 255) / 256);\n\n depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias\n );\n\n return output;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='depthwise_conv1d_v2',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride = stride\n self.padding = padding\n\n def forward(self, x):\n weight = self.conv1d.weight\n bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)\n return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.82 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.82μs median=?μs std=0.37μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 1057.01 MB peak (ref: 1057.01 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 9 (ref: 12, fusion ratio: 1.3333) SOL score: 0.4875
final submitted kernel (94 lines, 2,765 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = '''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    const float* __restrict__ weight,
    const float* __restrict__ bias,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int batch_size,
    int channels,
    int seq_len,
    int kernel_size,
    int stride,
    int padding,
    bool has_bias
) {
    int b = blockIdx.x;
    int c = blockIdx.y;
    int s = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.z * blockDim.x;

    if (s >= seq_len) return;

    float sum = 0.0f;
    #pragma unroll
    for (int k = 0; k < kernel_size; ++k) {
        int in_pos = s * stride + k - padding;
        if (in_pos >= 0 && in_pos < seq_len) {
            sum += input[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + in_pos] * weight[c * kernel_size + k];
        }
    }
    if (has_bias) sum += bias[c];
    output[(b * channels + c) * seq_len + s] = sum;
}

torch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input,
    torch::Tensor weight,
    torch::Tensor bias,
    int stride,
    int padding
) {
    int batch_size = input.size(0);
    int channels = input.size(1);
    int seq_len = input.size(2);
    int kernel_size = weight.size(2);
    bool has_bias = bias.defined() && bias.numel() > 0;

    auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, channels, seq_len}, input.options());

    dim3 threads(256);
    dim3 blocks(batch_size, channels, (seq_len + 255) / 256);

    depthwise_conv1d_kernel_v2<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        input.data_ptr<float>(),
        weight.data_ptr<float>(),
        has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,
        output.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, stride, padding, has_bias
    );

    return output;
}
'''

cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor depthwise_conv1d_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int stride, int padding);
'''

module = load_inline(
    name='depthwise_conv1d_v2',
    cpp_sources=[cpp_source],
    cuda_sources=[cuda_source],
    functions=['depthwise_conv1d_cuda'],
    verbose=False,
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)
        self.stride = stride
        self.padding = padding

    def forward(self, x):
        weight = self.conv1d.weight
        bias = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else torch.tensor([], device=x.device)
        return module.depthwise_conv1d_cuda(x, weight, bias, self.stride, self.padding)