FW-GLM-5-1 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
correct 21_TriangularMultiplicativeUpdateIncoming.py
model
FW-GLM-5-1
turns / max
15 / 15
tool calls
16
tokens (total)
528938
wall clock
4091.9s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.93 μs
ref runtime
0.34 μs
speedup
0.37x
started
2026-05-11T17:58:03Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.93 μs
ref runtime
0.34 μs
speedup
0.37x
kernel mean / median / std
0.93 / — / 0.87 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.34 / — / 0.16 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
6.56e-07
mean abs error
6.69e-08
max rel error
1.82
mean rel error
6.85e-06
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
35.63 MB
ref peak
36.13 MB
kernel / ref
0.99x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
8
ref launches
101
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
12.62x
total cuda time
86 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.146
dram util %
6.8%
compute util %
14.6%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
226.33 GB/s
dram util %
6.8%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
140.6%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
14.6%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
515.8%
ld sectors / req
88.80
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
191
smem / block
6144 B
block size
1536
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
27478.6%
short_scoreboard
856.3%
mio_throttle
135.1%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Triangular multiplicative update – incoming edges.
    Mirror of the outgoing variant: updates pair (i,j) by aggregating over
    the shared index k via edges (k,i) and (k,j).
    """

    def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)
        self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)
        self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)

    def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)
            pair_mask: (B, N, N)
        Returns:
            updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)
        """
        mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)
        x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)

        a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask  # (B, N, N, H)
        b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask

        # Incoming: aggregate over k with a[k,i] * b[k,j]
        out = torch.einsum("bkih,bkjh->bijh", a, b)

        out = self.layer_norm_out(out)
        out = self.out_proj(out)
        out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out
        return out


pair_dim = 64
hidden_dim = 32
seq_len = 32
batch_size = 2


def get_inputs():
    p = popcorn_pri
    pair_repr = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(seq_len), pair_dim)
    pair_mask = torch.ones(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(seq_len))
    return [pair_repr, pair_mask]


def get_init_inputs():
    return [pair_dim, hidden_dim]
turn 0286.8s turn · 7.9s LLM · 278.9s tools · tokens in=2,296 · out=643 · total=2,939
reasoning
Let me analyze the reference implementation to understand what I need to optimize. The model does: 1. Layer norm on input 2. Two projections with gating (proj_a, gate_a, proj_b, gate_b) 3. A complex einsum: `bkih,bkjh->bijh` - this aggregates over k dimension 4. Layer norm on output 5. Output projection with gating The key challenge is the einsum: `torch.einsum("bkih,bkjh->bijh", a, b)` - Input `a`: shape (B, N, N, H) - but indexed as `bkih` so it's (B, K, I, H) - Input `b`: shape (B, N, N, H) - indexed as `bkjh` so it's (B, K, J, H) - Output: shape (B, I, J, H) So this computes: `out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k(a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h])` This is a "triangle multiplication" where for each output position (i,j), we sum over k the product of a[k,i] and b[k,j]. Let me think about how to optimize this: 1. The layer norms and linear projections can be fused 2. The main bottleneck is likely the einsum - it's O(N^3 * H) operations 3. With N=32 and H=32, this is 32^3 * 32 = ~1M operations, not huge but still worth optimizing Let me write an initial kernel that: 1. Fuses the input projections (layer_norm + linear + gate) 2. Implements the einsum efficiently 3. Fuses the output path (layer_norm + linear + gate) For the einsum, I need to compute: `out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k(a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h])` This resembles a batched matrix multiplication across the hidden dimension. If I treat a and b as batched matrices of shape (B, H, N, N), then for each hidden dimension h, the operation becomes a matrix multiplication: out_h = a_h^T @ b_h, where a_h and b_h are both (B, N, N) matrices. This gives me an efficient way to parallelize across batches and hidden dimensions. The computation multiplies across the k dimension and sums, which is mathematically equivalent to matmul: for each h, a_h[b,i,k] and b_h[b,k,j] combine to produce out_h[b,i,j] = sum_k(a_h[b,i,k] * b_h[b,k,j]). So the operation reduces to a batch of transposed matrix multiplications. I'll start with a basic kernel implementation that handles the layer norms and einsum, then look for optimization opportunities.
assistantI'll analyze this model and create an optimized CUDA kernel. Let me start by understanding the GPU specs and then build the kernel step by step.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
call → ert_roofline
callert_roofline {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
result ← ert_roofline (ok)
okert_roofline ert_roofline PASSED: empirical roofline benchmarks complete. === Empirical Roofline Model === Device: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 --- Measured Bandwidth --- L1 13.6 GB/s (working set: 32 KB) L2 927.6 GB/s (working set: 2048 KB) DRAM 2577.3 GB/s (working set: 262144 KB) --- Measured Compute Throughput --- FP32 51.85 TFLOPS FP16 (tensor core) 758.77 TFLOPS Ridge point (FP32): 20.12 FLOPs/byte Kernels with arithmetic intensity below the ridge point are memory-bound; above it they are compute-bound.
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 288.2s turn · 39.8s LLM · tokens in=2,759 · out=4,537 · total=7,296 · 29,361 chars (click to expand)
turn 1288.2s turn · 39.8s LLM · 248.4s tools · tokens in=2,759 · out=4,537 · total=7,296
reasoning
Good, I have the GPU specs. Now let me analyze the model structure: 1. LayerNorm on input (pair_dim=64) 2. Linear projections: proj_a, gate_a, proj_b, gate_b (each 64 -> 32) 3. Sigmoid on gates 4. Element-wise multiply with projections and mask 5. Einsum: "bkih,bkjh->bijh" - this aggregates over k dimension 6. LayerNorm on output (hidden_dim=32) 7. Linear projections: out_proj (32 -> 64), out_gate (64 -> 64) 8. Sigmoid on out_gate 9. Element-wise multiply The key bottleneck is the einsum operation. Let me think about this: - a has shape (B, N, N, H) = (2, 32, 32, 32) - b has shape (B, N, N, H) = (2, 32, 32, 32) - The einsum "bkih,bkjh->bijh" means: - For each (b, i, j, h) output element: - Sum over k: a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h] So for output[b, i, j, h] = sum_k (a[b, k, i, h] * b[b, k, j, h]) This is a reduction over the k dimension (N=32 values per output element). Total output size: B * N * N * H = 2 * 32 * 32 * 32 = 65536 elements Each output element requires N=32 multiply-adds. Let me write an optimized kernel. I'll need to: 1. Fuse the initial LayerNorm + Linear + Sigmoid + Mask operations 2. Implement the einsum efficiently 3. Fuse the output LayerNorm + Linear + Sigmoid operations Let me start with a basic kernel structure and then optimize it.
assistantNow let me write the initial kernel. The key computational bottleneck is the einsum `bkih,bkjh->bijh` which aggregates over the k dimension. I'll create a fused kernel that handles all operations efficiently.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int BLOCK_SIZE = 256;\n\n// LayerNorm kernel: normalized over last dimension\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n // Each block handles one (batch, seq) position\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int b = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (b >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n // Compute mean\n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n // Compute variance\n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n // Normalize and apply affine transform\n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int b = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (b >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= out_dim) return;\n \n int in_base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * out_dim + idx * out_dim;\n \n // Compute projection\n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Compute gate\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n // Apply mask and store\n float m = mask[(b * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base + d] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n// a: (B, N, N, H), b: (B, N, N, H) -> out: (B, N, N, H)\n// out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int h = threadIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int b = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (b >= batch_size || i >= seq_len || j >= seq_len || h >= hidden_dim) return;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((b * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((b * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b[b_idx];\n }\n \n int out_idx = ((b * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output layer norm kernel\n__global__ void layer_norm_out_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int b = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (b >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int b = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (b >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= pair_dim) return;\n \n int norm_base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n int out_base = (b * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n // Compute out_proj\n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n // Compute out_gate\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[out_base + d] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host functions\nvoid launch_layer_norm_in(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* weight, const float* bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps, cudaStream_t stream) {\n \n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1, 0, stream>>>(input, output, weight, bias, batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_fused_proj_gate(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* proj_weight, const float* proj_bias,\n const float* gate_weight, const float* gate_bias,\n const float* mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim, cudaStream_t stream) {\n \n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(out_dim);\n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(\n input, output, proj_weight, proj_bias, gate_weight, gate_bias, output, mask,\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n}\n\nvoid launch_einsum(\n const float* a, const float* b, float* out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, cudaStream_t stream) {\n \n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(a, b, out, batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n}\n\nvoid launch_layer_norm_out(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* weight, const float* bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps, cudaStream_t stream) {\n \n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_out_kernel<<<grid, 1, 0, stream>>>(input, output, weight, bias, batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_output_proj(\n const float* normed, float* output,\n const float* out_proj_weight, const float* out_proj_bias,\n const float* pair_repr,\n const float* out_gate_weight, const float* out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim, cudaStream_t stream) {\n \n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(pair_dim);\n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(\n normed, output, out_proj_weight, out_proj_bias,\n pair_repr, out_gate_weight, out_gate_bias, output,\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\nvoid launch_layer_norm_in(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* weight, const float* bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps, cudaStream_t stream);\n\nvoid launch_fused_proj_gate(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* proj_weight, const float* proj_bias,\n const float* gate_weight, const float* gate_bias,\n const float* mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim, cudaStream_t stream);\n\nvoid launch_einsum(\n const float* a, const float* b, float* out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, cudaStream_t stream);\n\nvoid launch_layer_norm_out(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* weight, const float* bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps, cudaStream_t stream);\n\nvoid launch_output_proj(\n const float* normed, float* output,\n const float* out_proj_weight, const float* out_proj_bias,\n const float* pair_repr,\n const float* out_gate_weight, const float* out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim, cudaStream_t stream);\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n launch_layer_norm_in(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps,\n c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n launch_fused_proj_gate(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim,\n c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n launch_einsum(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim,\n c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n launch_layer_norm_out(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps,\n c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n launch_output_proj(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim,\n c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_in_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', \n 'layer_norm_out_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n # Ensure inputs are contiguous and on same device\n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Move parameters to device and ensure contiguous\n ln_in_weight = self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous()\n ln_in_bias = self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_in_cuda(\n pair_repr, ln_in_weight, ln_in_bias, B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n ln_out_weight = self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous()\n ln_out_bias = self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous()\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_out_cuda(\n out, ln_out_weight, ln_out_bias, B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_update': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:6:54: error: 'cudaStream_t' has not been declared 6 | int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps, cudaStream_t stream); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:13:59: error: 'cudaStream_t' has not been declared 13 | int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim, cudaStream_t stream); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:17:50: error: 'cudaStream_t' has not been declared 17 | int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, cudaStream_t stream); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:22:54: error: 'cudaStream_t' has not been declared 22 | int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps, cudaStream_t stream); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:29:64: error: 'cudaStream_t' has not been declared 29 | int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim, cudaStream_t stream); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, float)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:40:20: error: 'getCurrentCUDAStream' is not a member of 'c10::cuda' 40 | c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, int)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:57:20: error: 'getCurrentCUDAStream' is not a member of 'c10::cuda' 57 | c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor einsum_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:69:20: error: 'getCurrentCUDAStream' is not a member of 'c10::cuda' 69 | c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, float)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:82:20: error: 'getCurrentCUDAStream' is not a member of 'c10::cuda' 82 | c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor output_proj_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, int)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/main.cpp:98:20: error: 'getCurrentCUDAStream' is not a member of 'c10::cuda' 98 | c10::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(104): error: "b" has already been declared in the current scope int b = blockIdx.z; ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(112): error: expression must have pointer-to-object type but it has type "int" sum += a[a_idx] * b[b_idx]; ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(214): error: argument of type "const float *" is incompatible with parameter of type "float *" input, output, proj_weight, proj_bias, gate_weight, gate_bias, output, mask, ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(214): error: argument of type "const float *" is incompatible with parameter of type "int" input, output, proj_weight, proj_bias, gate_weight, gate_bias, output, mask, ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(215): error: too many arguments in function call batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim); ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(247): error: argument of type "const float *" is incompatible with parameter of type "float *" pair_repr, out_gate_weight, out_gate_bias, output, ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(247): error: argument of type "float *" is incompatible with parameter of type "int" pair_repr, out_gate_weight, out_gate_bias, output, ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu(248): error: too many arguments in function call batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim); ^ 8 errors detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_849803177e7e/triangular_update/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 2 · 1 tool call(s) · 328.7s turn · 26.5s LLM · tokens in=10,103 · out=3,281 · total=13,384 · 32,798 chars (click to expand)
turn 2328.7s turn · 26.5s LLM · 302.2s tools · tokens in=10,103 · out=3,281 · total=13,384
reasoning
I have several errors to fix: 1. Variable naming conflict - "b" is both a parameter and a local variable 2. Argument order mismatch in kernel launch functions 3. Need to include CUDA headers properly Let me rewrite the kernel more carefully.
assistantI need to fix several issues in my kernel. Let me rewrite it more carefully:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n// LayerNorm kernel: normalized over last dimension\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n // Each thread handles one (batch, i, j) position\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n // Compute mean\n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n // Compute variance\n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n // Normalize and apply affine transform\n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= out_dim) return;\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * out_dim + idx * out_dim;\n \n // Compute projection\n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Compute gate\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n // Apply mask and store\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base + d] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n// a: (B, N, N, H), b_in: (B, N, N, H) -> out: (B, N, N, H)\n// out[batch,i,j,h] = sum_k a[batch,k,i,h] * b_in[batch,k,j,h]\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int h = threadIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || i >= seq_len || j >= seq_len || h >= hidden_dim) return;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= pair_dim) return;\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n // Compute out_proj\n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n // Compute out_gate\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[out_base + d] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\n// CUDA kernel declarations\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* input, float* output,\n const float* weight, const float* bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* input, const float* proj_weight, const float* proj_bias,\n const float* gate_weight, const float* gate_bias,\n float* output, const float* mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* a, const float* b_in, float* out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* normed, const float* out_proj_weight, const float* out_proj_bias,\n const float* pair_repr, const float* out_gate_weight, const float* out_gate_bias,\n float* output, int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\n// Host functions\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(out_dim);\n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(pair_dim);\n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_in_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', \n 'layer_norm_out_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n # Ensure inputs are contiguous and on same device\n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Move parameters to device and ensure contiguous\n ln_in_weight = self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous()\n ln_in_bias = self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_in_cuda(\n pair_repr, ln_in_weight, ln_in_bias, B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n ln_out_weight = self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous()\n ln_out_bias = self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous()\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_out_cuda(\n out, ln_out_weight, ln_out_bias, B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_update_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:6:1: error: '__global__' does not name a type 6 | __global__ void layer_norm_kernel( | ^~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:11:1: error: '__global__' does not name a type 11 | __global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel( | ^~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:17:1: error: '__global__' does not name a type 17 | __global__ void einsum_kernel( | ^~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:21:1: error: '__global__' does not name a type 21 | __global__ void output_proj_kernel( | ^~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, float)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:32:5: error: 'dim3' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'dim'? 32 | dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size); | ^~~~ | dim /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:33:5: error: 'layer_norm_kernel' was not declared in this scope 33 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:33:24: error: expected primary-expression before '<' token 33 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:33:25: error: 'grid' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'c10::attr::grid'? 33 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^~~~ | c10::attr::grid In file included from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/jit/ir/ir.h:19, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/jit/api/function_impl.h:5, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/jit/api/method.h:8, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/jit/api/object.h:6, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/jit/api/module.h:5, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/serialize/input-archive.h:6, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/serialize/archive.h:4, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/data/samplers/serialize.h:5, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/data/samplers.h:9, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/data/datasets/chunk.h:7, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/data/datasets.h:5, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/data.h:5, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include/torch/all.h:10, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/extension.h:6, from /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:1: /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/ATen/core/interned_strings.h:353:1: note: 'c10::attr::grid' declared here 353 | FORALL_NS_SYMBOLS(DEFINE_SYMBOL) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:33:34: error: expected primary-expression before '>' token 33 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, int)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:46:5: error: 'dim3' was not declared in this scope 46 | dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size); | ^~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:47:9: error: expected ';' before 'block' 47 | dim3 block(out_dim); | ^~~~~~ | ; /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:48:5: error: 'fused_proj_gate_kernel' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'fused_proj_gate_cuda'? 48 | fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | fused_proj_gate_cuda /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:48:29: error: expected primary-expression before '<' token 48 | fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:48:30: error: 'grid' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'c10::attr::grid'? 48 | fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~ | c10::attr::grid /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/ATen/core/interned_strings.h:353:1: note: 'c10::attr::grid' declared here 353 | FORALL_NS_SYMBOLS(DEFINE_SYMBOL) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:48:36: error: 'block' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'clock'? 48 | fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~~ | clock /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:48:43: error: expected primary-expression before '>' token 48 | fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor einsum_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:61:5: error: 'dim3' was not declared in this scope 61 | dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size); | ^~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:62:9: error: expected ';' before 'block' 62 | dim3 block(hidden_dim); | ^~~~~~ | ; /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:63:5: error: 'einsum_kernel' was not declared in this scope 63 | einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:63:20: error: expected primary-expression before '<' token 63 | einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:63:21: error: 'grid' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'c10::attr::grid'? 63 | einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~ | c10::attr::grid /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/ATen/core/interned_strings.h:353:1: note: 'c10::attr::grid' declared here 353 | FORALL_NS_SYMBOLS(DEFINE_SYMBOL) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:63:27: error: 'block' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'clock'? 63 | einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~~ | clock /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:63:34: error: expected primary-expression before '>' token 63 | einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, float)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:74:5: error: 'dim3' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'dim'? 74 | dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size); | ^~~~ | dim /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:75:5: error: 'layer_norm_kernel' was not declared in this scope 75 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:75:24: error: expected primary-expression before '<' token 75 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:75:25: error: 'grid' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'c10::attr::grid'? 75 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^~~~ | c10::attr::grid /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/ATen/core/interned_strings.h:353:1: note: 'c10::attr::grid' declared here 353 | FORALL_NS_SYMBOLS(DEFINE_SYMBOL) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:75:34: error: expected primary-expression before '>' token 75 | layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(), | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp: In function 'at::Tensor output_proj_cuda(at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, at::Tensor, int, int, int, int)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:87:5: error: 'dim3' was not declared in this scope 87 | dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size); | ^~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:88:9: error: expected ';' before 'block' 88 | dim3 block(pair_dim); | ^~~~~~ | ; /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:89:5: error: 'output_proj_kernel' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'output_proj_cuda'? 89 | output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | output_proj_cuda /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:89:25: error: expected primary-expression before '<' token 89 | output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:89:26: error: 'grid' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'c10::attr::grid'? 89 | output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~ | c10::attr::grid /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/ATen/core/interned_strings.h:353:1: note: 'c10::attr::grid' declared here 353 | FORALL_NS_SYMBOLS(DEFINE_SYMBOL) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:89:32: error: 'block' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'clock'? 89 | output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^~~~~ | clock /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/main.cpp:89:39: error: expected primary-expression before '>' token 89 | output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>( | ^ [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_b7c6d8e6cf95/triangular_update/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 279.3s turn · 23.4s LLM · tokens in=18,855 · out=2,925 · total=21,780 · 17,538 chars (click to expand)
turn 3279.3s turn · 23.4s LLM · 255.9s tools · tokens in=18,855 · out=2,925 · total=21,780
reasoning
The issue is that I'm declaring the CUDA kernels in the C++ source which doesn't understand CUDA syntax. I need to separate the declarations properly - all CUDA-specific code should only be in the CUDA source. The cpp_source should only contain host-side wrappers, not kernel declarations. Let me simplify and just put everything together in one file that gets compiled with nvcc.
assistantI need to keep all CUDA code separate from C++ code. Let me rewrite the kernel properly:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# CUDA source with kernels and host functions combined\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n// LayerNorm kernel: normalized over last dimension\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= out_dim) return;\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * out_dim + idx * out_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base + d] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int h = threadIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || i >= seq_len || j >= seq_len || h >= hidden_dim) return;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= pair_dim) return;\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[out_base + d] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host functions\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(out_dim);\n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(pair_dim);\n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension (only CUDA source, no C++ source)\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v2',\n cpp_sources='',\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_in_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', \n 'layer_norm_out_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n ln_in_weight = self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous()\n ln_in_bias = self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_in_cuda(\n pair_repr, ln_in_weight, ln_in_bias, B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n ln_out_weight = self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous()\n ln_out_bias = self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous()\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_out_cuda(\n out, ln_out_weight, ln_out_bias, B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_update_v2': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update_v2 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update_v2 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp: In function 'void pybind11_init_triangular_update_v2(pybind11::module_&)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp:4:57: error: 'layer_norm_in_cuda' was not declared in this scope 4 | m.def("layer_norm_in_cuda", torch::wrap_pybind_function(layer_norm_in_cuda), "layer_norm_in_cuda"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp:5:59: error: 'fused_proj_gate_cuda' was not declared in this scope 5 | m.def("fused_proj_gate_cuda", torch::wrap_pybind_function(fused_proj_gate_cuda), "fused_proj_gate_cuda"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp:6:50: error: 'einsum_cuda' was not declared in this scope 6 | m.def("einsum_cuda", torch::wrap_pybind_function(einsum_cuda), "einsum_cuda"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp:7:58: error: 'layer_norm_out_cuda' was not declared in this scope 7 | m.def("layer_norm_out_cuda", torch::wrap_pybind_function(layer_norm_out_cuda), "layer_norm_out_cuda"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/main.cpp:8:55: error: 'output_proj_cuda' was not declared in this scope 8 | m.def("output_proj_cuda", torch::wrap_pybind_function(output_proj_cuda), "output_proj_cuda"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_update_v2 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_21_cache/k_963f65066e90/triangular_update_v2/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 417.1s turn · 27.8s LLM · tokens in=23,061 · out=3,220 · total=26,281 · 14,245 chars (click to expand)
turn 4417.1s turn · 27.8s LLM · 389.3s tools · tokens in=23,061 · out=3,220 · total=26,281
reasoning
The issue is that when only CUDA source is provided, the host functions are compiled in the .cu file but they're not visible to the auto-generated main.cpp which tries to bind them. I need to provide proper C++ declarations in cpp_sources that declare these functions for the C++ linker, while the implementations live in the CUDA source. Let me try a different approach - I'll put the host function declarations in the cpp_sources, and the implementations in cuda_sources. The host functions need to be declared but not defined in cpp_sources.
assistantI see the issue - the host functions are defined in CUDA but the auto-generated main.cpp needs to see them. Let me fix this by providing proper declarations in cpp_sources:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with kernels and host function implementations\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n// LayerNorm kernel: normalized over last dimension\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= out_dim) return;\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * out_dim + idx * out_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base + d] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int h = threadIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || i >= seq_len || j >= seq_len || h >= hidden_dim) return;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= pair_dim) return;\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[out_base + d] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(out_dim);\n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(pair_dim);\n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_in_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', \n 'layer_norm_out_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n ln_in_weight = self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous()\n ln_in_bias = self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_in_cuda(\n pair_repr, ln_in_weight, ln_in_bias, B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n ln_out_weight = self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous()\n ln_out_bias = self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous()\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_out_cuda(\n out, ln_out_weight, ln_out_bias, B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 266.2s turn · 24.8s LLM · tokens in=26,186 · out=3,095 · total=29,281 · 13,710 chars (click to expand)
turn 5266.2s turn · 24.8s LLM · 241.4s tools · tokens in=26,186 · out=3,095 · total=29,281
reasoning
The kernel compiled successfully. Now let me test correctness.
assistantNow let me test correctness:
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with kernels and host function implementations\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n// LayerNorm kernel: normalized over last dimension\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= out_dim) return;\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * out_dim + idx * out_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base + d] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int h = threadIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || i >= seq_len || j >= seq_len || h >= hidden_dim) return;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= pair_dim) return;\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[out_base + d] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(out_dim);\n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(pair_dim);\n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_in_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', \n 'layer_norm_out_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n ln_in_weight = self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous()\n ln_in_bias = self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_in_cuda(\n pair_repr, ln_in_weight, ln_in_bias, B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n ln_out_weight = self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous()\n ln_out_bias = self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous()\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_out_cuda(\n out, ln_out_weight, ln_out_bias, B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=7.15e-07 mean_abs_err=7.38e-08 max_rel_err=3.05e+00
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 300.6s turn · 26.6s LLM · tokens in=29,327 · out=3,111 · total=32,438 · 15,342 chars (click to expand)
turn 6300.6s turn · 26.6s LLM · 274.0s tools · tokens in=29,327 · out=3,111 · total=32,438
reasoning
The correctness passed! Now let me profile the kernel to understand the performance characteristics and identify optimization opportunities.
assistantCorrectness passed. Let me profile the kernel to identify optimization opportunities:
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with kernels and host function implementations\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n// LayerNorm kernel: normalized over last dimension\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len) return;\n \n int base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * dim + idx * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n mean /= dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n var /= dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n for (int d = 0; d < dim; d++) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= out_dim) return;\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * out_dim + idx * out_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base + d] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int h = threadIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || i >= seq_len || j >= seq_len || h >= hidden_dim) return;\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int d = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int s = blockIdx.y;\n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n \n if (batch >= batch_size || s >= seq_len || idx >= seq_len || d >= pair_dim) return;\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n int out_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[out_base + d] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_in_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(out_dim);\n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_out_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n layer_norm_kernel<<<grid, 1>>>(input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n dim3 grid(seq_len, seq_len, batch_size);\n dim3 block(pair_dim);\n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v3',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_in_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', \n 'layer_norm_out_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n ln_in_weight = self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous()\n ln_in_bias = self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_in_cuda(\n pair_repr, ln_in_weight, ln_in_bias, B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n ln_out_weight = self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous()\n ln_out_bias = self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous()\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_out_cuda(\n out, ln_out_weight, ln_out_bias, B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 148.0μs (38%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 141.0μs (36%) calls=1 #3: aten::empty_like 51.0μs (13%) calls=1 #4: aten::empty_strided 23.0μs (6%) calls=1 #5: aten::empty 15.0μs (4%) calls=1 ... +3 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 162.66 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 181.6/3350 GB/s (5.4%) read=181.6 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=530.2% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=35.9% Pipe util: FMA=35.9%, Tensor=0.6% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 145.5% Eligible warps/cycle: 1.49 Launch: regs/thread=190, smem/blk=6144B, block=162, grid=12288 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 55.06 sectors/req (55.1x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 22731.9% #################### short_scoreboard 350.2% #################### mio_throttle 150.3% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 22732% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=55.1 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=55.1x (ideal=1.0) -> 55x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 276.5s turn · 37.8s LLM · tokens in=32,961 · out=4,220 · total=37,181 · 18,094 chars (click to expand)
turn 7276.5s turn · 37.8s LLM · 238.7s tools · tokens in=32,961 · out=4,220 · total=37,181
reasoning
The profiling shows very poor memory coalescing (55x wasted bandwidth). The einsum kernel is the bottleneck. I need to redesign the kernel to have better memory access patterns. The main issue is that: 1. The einsum kernel has a very poor access pattern - it reads from scattered positions in memory 2. The layer_norm kernel has poor parallelism (only one thread per position) Let me rewrite the kernels with proper optimization: 1. Use thread coarsening and shared memory for the einsum 2. Use warp-level parallelism for layer norm 3. Improve memory coalescing for all kernels For the einsum, the key insight is that we're computing: out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h] This is similar to a batched matrix multiplication. I can use shared memory to load tiles of the input. Let me create a more optimized version.
assistantThe profiling shows terrible memory coalescing (55x wasted bandwidth) and the einsum kernel has poor memory access patterns. Let me optimize the kernels with proper memory access patterns and shared memory usage:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with optimized kernels\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int TILE_SIZE = 16;\n\n// Optimized LayerNorm kernel using warp reduction\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n // Each warp handles one position\n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / 32;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % 32;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int idx = warp_id % seq_len;\n int s = (warp_id / seq_len) % seq_len;\n int batch = warp_id / (seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n // Compute mean using warp reduction\n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += 32) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n // Warp reduce\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n // Compute variance using warp reduction\n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += 32) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n // Normalize and apply affine transform\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += 32) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Optimized fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n // Each thread handles one output element\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = tid;\n \n // Compute projection\n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Compute gate\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n // Apply mask and store\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Optimized einsum kernel with shared memory tiling\n// Computes: out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n// Uses shared memory to improve memory access patterns\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n extern __shared__ float shared_data[];\n float* a_shared = shared_data; // TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim\n float* b_shared = shared_data + TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim;\n \n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n int i_block = blockIdx.y;\n int j_block = blockIdx.x;\n \n int i = i_block * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y; // threadIdx.y = 0..TILE_SIZE-1\n int h = threadIdx.x; // threadIdx.x = 0..hidden_dim-1 (but block is sized appropriately)\n \n // We'll use a 2D block: blockDim.x = hidden_dim, blockDim.y = TILE_SIZE\n int tx = threadIdx.x; // hidden dimension\n int ty = threadIdx.y; // sequence dimension tile\n \n // Accumulator for this thread's output\n float sum = 0.0f;\n \n // Loop over k tiles\n for (int k_tile = 0; k_tile < (seq_len + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; k_tile++) {\n int k_start = k_tile * TILE_SIZE;\n \n // Load a tile of a[b, k, i, h] into shared memory\n // a[b,k,i,h] where k varies in the tile, i is fixed for this thread\n for (int k_local = 0; k_local < TILE_SIZE; k_local++) {\n int k = k_start + k_local;\n if (batch < batch_size && k < seq_len && i < seq_len && tx < hidden_dim) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + tx;\n a_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = a[a_idx];\n } else {\n a_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = 0.0f;\n }\n }\n \n // Load a tile of b[b, k, j, h] into shared memory\n // For each j in this block's j range\n int j = j_block * TILE_SIZE + ty;\n for (int k_local = 0; k_local < TILE_SIZE; k_local++) {\n int k = k_start + k_local;\n if (batch < batch_size && k < seq_len && j < seq_len && tx < hidden_dim) {\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + tx;\n b_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = b_in[b_idx];\n } else {\n b_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = 0.0f;\n }\n }\n \n __syncthreads();\n \n // Compute partial sum for this k_tile\n for (int k_local = 0; k_local < TILE_SIZE; k_local++) {\n int k = k_start + k_local;\n if (k < seq_len) {\n // sum += a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n sum += a_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] * \n b_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx];\n }\n }\n \n __syncthreads();\n }\n \n // Write output\n int j = j_block * TILE_SIZE + ty;\n if (batch < batch_size && i < seq_len && j < seq_len && tx < hidden_dim) {\n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + tx;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n }\n}\n\n// Optimized output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n // Compute out_proj\n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n // Compute out_gate\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions * 32 + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n \n // Grid: (seq_len/TILE_SIZE) x (seq_len/TILE_SIZE) x batch_size\n dim3 grid((seq_len + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, \n (seq_len + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, \n batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim, TILE_SIZE);\n size_t shared_mem = 2 * TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim * sizeof(float);\n \n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block, shared_mem>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v4',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 8 · 1 tool call(s) · 281.8s turn · 33.4s LLM · tokens in=37,002 · out=3,998 · total=41,000 · 17,259 chars (click to expand)
turn 8281.8s turn · 33.4s LLM · 248.5s tools · tokens in=37,002 · out=3,998 · total=41,000
reasoning
Let me test correctness of the optimized version.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with optimized kernels\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int TILE_SIZE = 16;\n\n// Optimized LayerNorm kernel using warp reduction\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n // Each warp handles one position\n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / 32;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % 32;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int idx = warp_id % seq_len;\n int s = (warp_id / seq_len) % seq_len;\n int batch = warp_id / (seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n // Compute mean using warp reduction\n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += 32) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n // Warp reduce\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n // Compute variance using warp reduction\n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += 32) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n // Normalize and apply affine transform\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += 32) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Optimized fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n // Each thread handles one output element\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n int out_base = tid;\n \n // Compute projection\n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n proj_val += input[in_base + i] * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Compute gate\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n gate_val += input[in_base + i] * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n // Apply mask and store\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[out_base] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Optimized einsum kernel with shared memory tiling\n// Computes: out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n// Uses shared memory to improve memory access patterns\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n extern __shared__ float shared_data[];\n float* a_shared = shared_data; // TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim\n float* b_shared = shared_data + TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim;\n \n int batch = blockIdx.z;\n int i_block = blockIdx.y;\n int j_block = blockIdx.x;\n \n int i = i_block * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y; // threadIdx.y = 0..TILE_SIZE-1\n int h = threadIdx.x; // threadIdx.x = 0..hidden_dim-1 (but block is sized appropriately)\n \n // We'll use a 2D block: blockDim.x = hidden_dim, blockDim.y = TILE_SIZE\n int tx = threadIdx.x; // hidden dimension\n int ty = threadIdx.y; // sequence dimension tile\n \n // Accumulator for this thread's output\n float sum = 0.0f;\n \n // Loop over k tiles\n for (int k_tile = 0; k_tile < (seq_len + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; k_tile++) {\n int k_start = k_tile * TILE_SIZE;\n \n // Load a tile of a[b, k, i, h] into shared memory\n // a[b,k,i,h] where k varies in the tile, i is fixed for this thread\n for (int k_local = 0; k_local < TILE_SIZE; k_local++) {\n int k = k_start + k_local;\n if (batch < batch_size && k < seq_len && i < seq_len && tx < hidden_dim) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + tx;\n a_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = a[a_idx];\n } else {\n a_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = 0.0f;\n }\n }\n \n // Load a tile of b[b, k, j, h] into shared memory\n // For each j in this block's j range\n int j = j_block * TILE_SIZE + ty;\n for (int k_local = 0; k_local < TILE_SIZE; k_local++) {\n int k = k_start + k_local;\n if (batch < batch_size && k < seq_len && j < seq_len && tx < hidden_dim) {\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + tx;\n b_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = b_in[b_idx];\n } else {\n b_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] = 0.0f;\n }\n }\n \n __syncthreads();\n \n // Compute partial sum for this k_tile\n for (int k_local = 0; k_local < TILE_SIZE; k_local++) {\n int k = k_start + k_local;\n if (k < seq_len) {\n // sum += a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n sum += a_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx] * \n b_shared[(k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx];\n }\n }\n \n __syncthreads();\n }\n \n // Write output\n int j = j_block * TILE_SIZE + ty;\n if (batch < batch_size && i < seq_len && j < seq_len && tx < hidden_dim) {\n int out_idx = ((batch * seq_len + i) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + tx;\n out[out_idx] = sum;\n }\n}\n\n// Optimized output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n // Compute out_proj\n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n // Compute out_gate\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n // Sigmoid\n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions * 32 + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n \n // Grid: (seq_len/TILE_SIZE) x (seq_len/TILE_SIZE) x batch_size\n dim3 grid((seq_len + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, \n (seq_len + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, \n batch_size);\n dim3 block(hidden_dim, TILE_SIZE);\n size_t shared_mem = 2 * TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim * sizeof(float);\n \n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block, shared_mem>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v4',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: ? trials did not all match. runtime_error: CUDA error: invalid argument Search for `cudaErrorInvalidValue' in https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-runtime-api/group__CUDART__TYPES.html for more information. CUDA kernel errors might be asynchro...
turn 9 · 1 tool call(s) · 238.1s turn · 35.4s LLM · tokens in=41,057 · out=4,023 · total=45,080 · 16,979 chars (click to expand)
turn 9238.1s turn · 35.4s LLM · 202.7s tools · tokens in=41,057 · out=4,023 · total=45,080
reasoning
There's a CUDA error - invalid argument. The issue is likely with the shared memory size calculation in the einsum kernel, or the block dimensions. Let me check - the block dimensions are (hidden_dim, TILE_SIZE) = (32, 16). That's 32 * 16 = 512 threads per block. The shared memory is 2 * TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim = 2 * 16 * 16 * 32 = 16384 bytes = 16KB. Actually, the issue might be that the shared memory calculation assumes hidden_dim = 32, but TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim might be wrong. Let me also check that the thread block configuration is correct. Looking at the einsum kernel again, there's an issue with the shared memory layout and how we're accessing it. The shared memory is allocated as TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE * hidden_dim, but we're indexing it as (k_local * TILE_SIZE + ty) * hidden_dim + tx. Also, the grid dimensions: for seq_len=32 and TILE_SIZE=16, we have 2x2 grid, which is fine. Wait, I see the issue now. The block dimensions (hidden_dim, TILE_SIZE) = (32, 16) = 512 threads. This might be too many threads for some configurations. Let me also check if there's an issue with the shared memory size - it's dynamically sized but might exceed limits. Actually, looking at the calculation again: - blockDim.x = hidden_dim = 32 - blockDim.y = TILE_SIZE = 16 - shared_mem = 2 * 16 * 16 * 32 * 4 bytes = 65536 bytes = 64KB That's within the 227KB limit per block on H100. But wait, there's a potential issue: the TILE_SIZE constant is 16, and we're using blockDim.y = TILE_SIZE. But the indexing uses threadIdx.y which goes from 0 to TILE_SIZE-1. Actually, let me look at the kernel more carefully. The problem might be with how we're loading data into shared memory. For the a tensor, we have a[b,k,i,h] and we're loading for varying k (k_local) and fixed i (which is i_block * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y). Wait, I think I see the issue - the kernel is trying to use blockDim.x = hidden_dim, but the block is launched with dim3 block(hidden_dim, TILE_SIZE). For hidden_dim = 32, this should work. But let me reconsider the tiling approach. Actually, I think the issue might be simpler - I need to check if the grid/block dimensions are valid. Let me reconsider the einsum kernel design. The einsum "bkih,bkjh->bijh" means: - a has shape (B, N, N, H) indexed as [b,k,i,h] - b has shape (B, N, N, H) indexed as [b,k,j,h] - out has shape (B, N, N, H) indexed as [b,i,j,h] For each (b, i, j, h), we compute sum over k of a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]. The key insight is that we can parallelize over (b, i, j, h) and reduce over k. But the memory access pattern is tricky because: - For a fixed (b, i, h), as k varies, we access a[b,k,i,h] - For a fixed (b, j, h), as k varies, we access b[b,k,j,h] The issue with my current implementation is that I'm trying to tile in the (i, j) space while loading k tiles, but the indexing is confusing. Let me rewrite the einsum kernel with a clearer approach.
assistantThere's an issue with the einsum kernel's shared memory and block configuration. Let me fix it with a simpler, more robust approach:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with optimized kernels\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int TILE_K = 8;\nconstexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;\n\n// LayerNorm kernel using warp reduction\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n float in_val = input[in_base + i];\n proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n// Each thread computes one output element out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * hidden_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int h = tid % hidden_dim;\n int j = (tid / hidden_dim) % seq_len;\n int i = (tid / (hidden_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (hidden_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n out[tid] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * hidden_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v5',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 10 · 1 tool call(s) · 151.5s turn · 26.7s LLM · tokens in=44,296 · out=3,207 · total=47,503 · 13,897 chars (click to expand)
turn 10151.5s turn · 26.7s LLM · 124.8s tools · tokens in=44,296 · out=3,207 · total=47,503
reasoning
Good, now let me check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with optimized kernels\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int TILE_K = 8;\nconstexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;\n\n// LayerNorm kernel using warp reduction\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n float in_val = input[in_base + i];\n proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n// Each thread computes one output element out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * hidden_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int h = tid % hidden_dim;\n int j = (tid / hidden_dim) % seq_len;\n int i = (tid / (hidden_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (hidden_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n out[tid] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * hidden_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v5',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=6.56e-07 mean_abs_err=6.69e-08 max_rel_err=1.82e+00
turn 11 · 1 tool call(s) · 238.4s turn · 28.7s LLM · tokens in=47,552 · out=3,267 · total=50,819 · 16,395 chars (click to expand)
turn 11238.4s turn · 28.7s LLM · 209.7s tools · tokens in=47,552 · out=3,267 · total=50,819
reasoning
Good, the simple einsum kernel works. Now let me profile it and then optimize. The current einsum kernel has poor memory access patterns - for each thread computing sum over k, it accesses scattered memory locations. Let me profile and then optimize with a better memory access pattern.
assistantNow let me profile and then optimize with better memory access patterns:
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# C++ source with function declarations\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# CUDA source with optimized kernels\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int TILE_K = 8;\nconstexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;\n\n// LayerNorm kernel using warp reduction\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n float in_val = input[in_base + i];\n proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Einsum kernel: \"bkih,bkjh->bijh\"\n// Each thread computes one output element out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k a[b,k,i,h] * b[b,k,j,h]\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * hidden_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int h = tid % hidden_dim;\n int j = (tid / hidden_dim) % seq_len;\n int i = (tid / (hidden_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (hidden_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h;\n int b_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim + h;\n sum += a[a_idx] * b_in[b_idx];\n }\n \n out[tid] = sum;\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * hidden_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v5',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 incoming edges.\n Custom CUDA implementation for improved performance.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n # Initialize parameters same as original model\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n # Layer norm input\n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n # Fused proj_a + gate_a\n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Fused proj_b + gate_b\n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n # Einsum: bkih,bkjh->bijh\n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n # Layer norm output\n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n # Output projection with gate\n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 146.0μs (36%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 139.0μs (34%) calls=1 #3: aten::empty_like 60.0μs (15%) calls=1 #4: aten::empty_strided 30.0μs (7%) calls=1 #5: aten::empty 17.0μs (4%) calls=1 ... +3 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 155.04 μs [↓7.6μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 269.8/3350 GB/s (8.1%) [↑2.6% ok] read=269.7 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=502.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=19.0% [↓16.9% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=19.0%, Tensor=1.3% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 152.1% [↑6.6% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.83 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=191, smem/blk=6144B, block=1536, grid=1792 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 71.13 sectors/req (71.1x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 22851.4% #################### short_scoreboard 1040.3% #################### mio_throttle 165.8% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 22851% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=71.1 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=71.1x (ideal=1.0) -> 71x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 162.66→155.04μs (↓7.62) ok DRAM BW%: 5.42→8.05% (↑2.63) ok Compute%: 35.93→19.03% (↓16.90) REGRESSED Occupancy: 145.49→152.11% (↑6.62) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 1.49→0.83 (↓0.66) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 55.06→71.13 (↑16.07) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 530.24→502.53% (↓27.72) REGRESSED
turn 12 · 1 tool call(s) · 202.7s turn · 32.9s LLM · tokens in=51,600 · out=3,707 · total=55,307 · 16,045 chars (click to expand)
turn 12202.7s turn · 32.9s LLM · 169.7s tools · tokens in=51,600 · out=3,707 · total=55,307
reasoning
The kernel is working correctly but has poor memory access patterns (71x wasted bandwidth on global loads). The profiling shows the einsum kernel has strided memory access patterns causing poor coalescing. Let me think about whether to optimize further or submit. The current kernel is correct and the profiling shows it's latency-bound with poor memory coalescing. However, fixing the memory access patterns for the einsum would require a significant rewrite. Let me check if the current kernel is faster than the PyTorch reference. The profiling shows GPU time of ~155μs which includes memory allocation overhead. The actual compute kernels might be faster or slower than PyTorch. Actually, let me try one more optimization - reorganizing the einsum memory access pattern to be more coalesced. The key insight is that consecutive threads should access consecutive memory addresses for coalescing. Currently in einsum_kernel: - tid -> h, j, i, batch - Threads with consecutive tid values have different h values - But accessing a[a_idx] and b_in[b_idx] where the index depends on k as well The problem is that for a given k, the access patterns for a and b are: - a[b,k,i,h]: consecutive threads have different h -> good coalescing for the last dimension - b[b,k,j,h]: consecutive threads have different h -> good coalescing for the last dimension Wait, actually consecutive threads DO access consecutive h values, which should give good coalescing since the last dimension is contiguous in memory. Let me re-examine. Actually, the issue might be that: - a is stored as (B, N, N, H) = (batch, seq, seq, hidden) - For a[b,k,i,h], consecutive threads have different h values, which IS coalesced But for each k in the loop, we're making separate loads. The issue is that for different k values, we're accessing very different parts of memory. Actually, looking more carefully at the index calculation: a_idx = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h The problem is that for the same tid but different k, we access: - k=0: ((batch * seq_len + 0) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h - k=1: ((batch * seq_len + 1) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim + h These are seq_len * hidden_dim = 32 * 32 = 1024 floats apart in memory! So the loop over k causes severe cache misses. The solution would be shared memory tiling, but that needs to handle the N=32 dimensions correctly. Since the kernel is correct but performance is limited by memory access patterns across the k dimension, I should submit this version now and optimize memory layout in a future iteration.
assistantThe kernel is correct but has poor memory access patterns in the einsum. Let me try one more optimization to improve memory coalescing for the einsum kernel by restructuring how threads map to output elements:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;\n\n// LayerNorm kernel using warp reduction\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n// Fused proj + gate + sigmoid + mask kernel\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n float in_val = input[in_base + i];\n proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n// Optimized einsum kernel with better memory access pattern\n// Each thread handles one (b,i,j) position and computes all h values\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n // Each thread handles one (batch, i, j) position, computing all h\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n \n if (tid >= total_positions) return;\n \n int j = tid % seq_len;\n int i = (tid / seq_len) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int out_base = tid * hidden_dim;\n \n // Initialize output\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n out[out_base + h] = 0.0f;\n }\n \n // Accumulate over k\n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim;\n int b_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim;\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n out[out_base + h] += a[a_base + h] * b_in[b_base + h];\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Output projection + sigmoid gate kernel\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\n// Host function implementations\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v6',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 13 · 1 tool call(s) · 266.0s turn · 25.8s LLM · tokens in=54,761 · out=2,998 · total=57,759 · 12,919 chars (click to expand)
turn 13266.0s turn · 25.8s LLM · 240.2s tools · tokens in=54,761 · out=2,998 · total=57,759
reasoning
The kernel compiled. Let me check correctness and then submit if it passes.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;\n\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n float in_val = input[in_base + i];\n proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n \n if (tid >= total_positions) return;\n \n int j = tid % seq_len;\n int i = (tid / seq_len) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int out_base = tid * hidden_dim;\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n out[out_base + h] = 0.0f;\n }\n \n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim;\n int b_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim;\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n out[out_base + h] += a[a_base + h] * b_in[b_base + h];\n }\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v6',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=6.56e-07 mean_abs_err=6.69e-08 max_rel_err=1.82e+00
turn 14 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 269.9s turn · 26.4s LLM · tokens in=57,890 · out=3,000 · total=60,890 · 13,119 chars (click to expand)
turn 14269.9s turn · 26.4s LLM · 243.5s tools · tokens in=57,890 · out=3,000 · total=60,890 · FINAL
reasoning
The kernel is correct. I need to submit it now since this is my last turn.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\nconstexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;\n\n__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ weight,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;\n int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;\n \n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;\n \n int base = warp_id * dim;\n \n float mean = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n mean += input[base + d];\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);\n }\n mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;\n \n float var = 0.0f;\n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n float diff = input[base + d] - mean;\n var += diff * diff;\n }\n \n for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);\n }\n var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;\n \n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n \n for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {\n output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ input,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n const float* __restrict__ mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % out_dim;\n int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;\n \n float proj_val = proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {\n float in_val = input[in_base + i];\n proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];\n output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;\n}\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b_in,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n \n if (tid >= total_positions) return;\n \n int j = tid % seq_len;\n int i = (tid / seq_len) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int out_base = tid * hidden_dim;\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n out[out_base + h] = 0.0f;\n }\n \n for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {\n int a_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim;\n int b_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim;\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n out[out_base + h] += a[a_base + h] * b_in[b_base + h];\n }\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ normed,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n \n if (tid >= total_elements) return;\n \n int d = tid % pair_dim;\n int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;\n int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;\n int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);\n \n int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;\n int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;\n \n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n \n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n \n for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];\n }\n \n gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty_like(input);\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);\n \n layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,\n torch::Tensor mask,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_positions + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),\n batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(\n torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {\n \n auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());\n int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(\n normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);\n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ntriangular_update = load_inline(\n name='triangular_update_v6',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.pair_dim = pair_dim\n self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim\n \n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n H = self.hidden_dim\n \n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n pair_repr, \n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)\n \n a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x, \n self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(\n x,\n self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)\n \n out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)\n \n normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(\n out, \n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), \n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), \n B, N, H, 1e-5)\n \n result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(\n normed,\n self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n pair_repr,\n self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, H, pair_dim)\n \n return result" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.93 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.93μs median=?μs std=0.87μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=6.56e-07 mean_abs_err=6.69e-08 max_rel_err=1.82e+00 Memory: 35.63 MB peak (ref: 36.13 MB, ratio: 0.9862x) Kernel launches: 8 (ref: 101, fusion ratio: 12.625) SOL score: 0.1463
final submitted kernel (316 lines, 11,305 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_source = """
torch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps);

torch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,
    torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,
    torch::Tensor mask,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim);

torch::Tensor einsum_cuda(
    torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim);

torch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(
    torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,
    torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim);
"""

cuda_source = """
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cmath>

constexpr int WARP_SIZE = 32;

__global__ void layer_norm_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    const float* __restrict__ weight,
    const float* __restrict__ bias,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {
    
    int warp_id = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) / WARP_SIZE;
    int lane_id = threadIdx.x % WARP_SIZE;
    
    int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;
    if (warp_id >= total_positions) return;
    
    int base = warp_id * dim;
    
    float mean = 0.0f;
    for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {
        mean += input[base + d];
    }
    
    for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
        mean += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, mean, offset);
    }
    mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, mean, 0) / dim;
    
    float var = 0.0f;
    for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {
        float diff = input[base + d] - mean;
        var += diff * diff;
    }
    
    for (int offset = WARP_SIZE / 2; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
        var += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, var, offset);
    }
    var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffff, var, 0) / dim;
    
    float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);
    
    for (int d = lane_id; d < dim; d += WARP_SIZE) {
        output[base + d] = (input[base + d] - mean) * inv_std * weight[d] + bias[d];
    }
}

__global__ void fused_proj_gate_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    const float* __restrict__ proj_weight,
    const float* __restrict__ proj_bias,
    const float* __restrict__ gate_weight,
    const float* __restrict__ gate_bias,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    const float* __restrict__ mask,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {
    
    int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;
    
    if (tid >= total_elements) return;
    
    int d = tid % out_dim;
    int idx = (tid / out_dim) % seq_len;
    int s = (tid / (out_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;
    int batch = tid / (out_dim * seq_len * seq_len);
    
    int in_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * in_dim + idx * in_dim;
    
    float proj_val = proj_bias[d];
    float gate_val = gate_bias[d];
    
    for (int i = 0; i < in_dim; i++) {
        float in_val = input[in_base + i];
        proj_val += in_val * proj_weight[d * in_dim + i];
        gate_val += in_val * gate_weight[d * in_dim + i];
    }
    
    gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));
    float m = mask[(batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len + idx];
    output[tid] = proj_val * gate_val * m;
}

__global__ void einsum_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ a,
    const float* __restrict__ b_in,
    float* __restrict__ out,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {
    
    int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;
    
    if (tid >= total_positions) return;
    
    int j = tid % seq_len;
    int i = (tid / seq_len) % seq_len;
    int batch = tid / (seq_len * seq_len);
    
    int out_base = tid * hidden_dim;
    
    for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {
        out[out_base + h] = 0.0f;
    }
    
    for (int k = 0; k < seq_len; k++) {
        int a_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + i) * hidden_dim;
        int b_base = ((batch * seq_len + k) * seq_len + j) * hidden_dim;
        
        for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {
            out[out_base + h] += a[a_base + h] * b_in[b_base + h];
        }
    }
}

__global__ void output_proj_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ normed,
    const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,
    const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,
    const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,
    const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,
    const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {
    
    int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;
    
    if (tid >= total_elements) return;
    
    int d = tid % pair_dim;
    int idx = (tid / pair_dim) % seq_len;
    int s = (tid / (pair_dim * seq_len)) % seq_len;
    int batch = tid / (pair_dim * seq_len * seq_len);
    
    int norm_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * hidden_dim + idx * hidden_dim;
    int pair_base = (batch * seq_len + s) * seq_len * pair_dim + idx * pair_dim;
    
    float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];
    float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];
    
    for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {
        proj_val += normed[norm_base + h] * out_proj_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];
    }
    
    for (int p = 0; p < pair_dim; p++) {
        gate_val += pair_repr[pair_base + p] * out_gate_weight[d * pair_dim + p];
    }
    
    gate_val = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));
    output[tid] = gate_val * proj_val;
}

torch::Tensor layer_norm_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int dim, float eps) {
    
    auto output = torch::empty_like(input);
    int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (total_positions + (threads / WARP_SIZE) - 1) / (threads / WARP_SIZE);
    
    layer_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        input.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),
        weight.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, seq_len, dim, eps);
    return output;
}

torch::Tensor fused_proj_gate_cuda(
    torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor proj_weight, torch::Tensor proj_bias,
    torch::Tensor gate_weight, torch::Tensor gate_bias,
    torch::Tensor mask,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int in_dim, int out_dim) {
    
    auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, out_dim}, input.options());
    int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * out_dim;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;
    
    fused_proj_gate_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        input.data_ptr<float>(), proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),
        gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),
        output.data_ptr<float>(), mask.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, seq_len, in_dim, out_dim);
    return output;
}

torch::Tensor einsum_cuda(
    torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b_in,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim) {
    
    auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, hidden_dim}, a.options());
    int total_positions = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (total_positions + threads - 1) / threads;
    
    einsum_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        a.data_ptr<float>(), b_in.data_ptr<float>(), output.data_ptr<float>(),
        batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim);
    return output;
}

torch::Tensor output_proj_cuda(
    torch::Tensor normed, torch::Tensor out_proj_weight, torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,
    torch::Tensor pair_repr, torch::Tensor out_gate_weight, torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,
    int batch_size, int seq_len, int hidden_dim, int pair_dim) {
    
    auto output = torch::empty({batch_size, seq_len, seq_len, pair_dim}, normed.options());
    int total_elements = batch_size * seq_len * seq_len * pair_dim;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (total_elements + threads - 1) / threads;
    
    output_proj_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(
        normed.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),
        pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(), out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),
        output.data_ptr<float>(), batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim, pair_dim);
    return output;
}
"""

triangular_update = load_inline(
    name='triangular_update_v6',
    cpp_sources=cpp_source,
    cuda_sources=cuda_source,
    functions=['layer_norm_cuda', 'fused_proj_gate_cuda', 'einsum_cuda', 'output_proj_cuda'],
    verbose=False,
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']
)


class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):
        super().__init__()
        self.pair_dim = pair_dim
        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
        
        self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)
        self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)
        self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)

    def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        B, N, N_, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape
        H = self.hidden_dim
        
        pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()
        pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()
        
        x = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(
            pair_repr, 
            self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(), 
            self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(), 
            B, N, pair_dim, 1e-5)
        
        a = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(
            x, 
            self.proj_a.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),
            self.gate_a.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),
            pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)
        
        b = triangular_update.fused_proj_gate_cuda(
            x,
            self.proj_b.weight.contiguous(), self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),
            self.gate_b.weight.contiguous(), self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),
            pair_mask, B, N, pair_dim, H)
        
        out = triangular_update.einsum_cuda(a, b, B, N, H)
        
        normed = triangular_update.layer_norm_cuda(
            out, 
            self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(), 
            self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(), 
            B, N, H, 1e-5)
        
        result = triangular_update.output_proj_cuda(
            normed,
            self.out_proj.weight.contiguous(), self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),
            pair_repr,
            self.out_gate.weight.contiguous(), self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),
            B, N, H, pair_dim)
        
        return result