FW-GLM-5-1 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
correct 14_TriangularMultiplicativeUpdateOutgoing.py
model
FW-GLM-5-1
turns / max
15 / 15
tool calls
15
tokens (total)
164473
wall clock
1092.5s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.21 μs
ref runtime
0.33 μs
speedup
1.56x
started
2026-05-11T18:43:28Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.21 μs
ref runtime
0.33 μs
speedup
1.56x
kernel mean / median / std
0.21 / — / 0.09 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.33 / — / 0.14 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
36.13 MB
ref peak
36.13 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
70
ref launches
101
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.44x
total cuda time
1439 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.524
dram util %
52.4%
compute util %
7.5%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
tensor-core
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
1755.29 GB/s
dram util %
52.4%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
216.6%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
7.5%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
1456.4%
ld sectors / req
141.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
833
smem / block
60160 B
block size
1824
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
15757.8%
short_scoreboard
2651.2%
mio_throttle
254.0%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Triangular multiplicative update – outgoing edges.
    From AlphaFold2 Evoformer: updates pair (i,j) by aggregating over the
    shared index k via element-wise products of projected pair values along
    edges (i,k) and (j,k).
    """

    def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)
        self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)
        self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)

    def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Args:
            pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)
            pair_mask: (B, N, N, 1)
        Returns:
            updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)
        """
        mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)
        x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)

        a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask  # (B, N, N, H)
        b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask

        # Outgoing: aggregate over k with a[i,k] * b[j,k]
        out = torch.einsum("bikh,bjkh->bijh", a, b)

        out = self.layer_norm_out(out)
        out = self.out_proj(out)
        out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out
        return out


pair_dim = 64
hidden_dim = 32
seq_len = 32
batch_size = 2


def get_inputs():
    p = popcorn_pri
    pair_repr = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(seq_len), pair_dim)
    pair_mask = torch.ones(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(seq_len))
    return [pair_repr, pair_mask]


def get_init_inputs():
    return [pair_dim, hidden_dim]
turn 0141.4s turn · 5.2s LLM · 136.1s tools · tokens in=2,310 · out=389 · total=2,699
reasoning
Let me analyze this task. I need to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model that implements "Triangular multiplicative update – outgoing edges" from AlphaFold2 Evoformer. The key operations are: 1. Layer normalization on input 2. Linear projections with sigmoid gating (proj_a, gate_a, proj_b, gate_b) 3. Masking with pair_mask 4. Einsum operation: `torch.einsum("bikh,bjkh->bijh", a, b)` - this aggregates over k 5. Layer normalization on output 6. Final linear projection with sigmoid gating Let me break down the einsum: - `a` has shape (B, N, N, H) - let's call indices (b, i, k, h) - `b` has shape (B, N, N, H) - let's call indices (b, j, k, h) - Output shape is (B, N, N, H) - indices (b, i, j, h) - The operation is: `out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k(a[b,i,k,h] * b[b,j,k,h])` So for each (i,j) pair, we're summing over k the products of a[i,k] and b[j,k]. This is a complex operation that involves: 1. Multiple linear layers (projections and gates) 2. Layer normalization (twice) 3. Sigmoid activation 4. Einsum aggregation Let me start by writing the kernel. I'll need to: 1. Fuse the projections, gating, and masking 2. Optimize the einsum operation 3. Fuse the output projections and gating Let me first get the GPU specs to understand the hardware.
assistantI'll start by analyzing this task and getting the GPU specs to understand the hardware constraints.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 192.9s turn · 32.8s LLM · tokens in=2,576 · out=3,480 · total=6,056 · 15,449 chars (click to expand)
turn 1192.9s turn · 32.8s LLM · 160.1s tools · tokens in=2,576 · out=3,480 · total=6,056
reasoning
Now let me write the initial kernel. I need to: 1. Implement all the operations: LayerNorm, Linear, sigmoid, einsum 2. Fuse as many operations as possible 3. Optimize memory access patterns The main computational bottleneck is the einsum operation: `einsum("bikh,bjkh->bijh", a, b)` which computes: ``` out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k (a[b,i,k,h] * b[b,j,k,h]) ``` This is essentially computing a batched outer product over the k dimension for each pair (i,j). Let me start with a baseline implementation that: 1. Fuses the projections and gating 2. Does the einsum efficiently 3. Fuses the output operations I'll create a kernel that handles the entire forward pass.
assistantLet me write the initial kernel implementation that fuses all operations:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <vector>\n#include <cfloat>\n\ntemplate <int BLOCK_SIZE>\n__global__ void forward_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_mask,\n const float* __restrict__ ln_in_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ ln_in_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_a_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_a_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_a_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_a_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_b_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ proj_b_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_b_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ gate_b_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ ln_out_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ ln_out_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int B, int N, int pair_dim, int hidden_dim,\n float ln_in_eps, float ln_out_eps\n) {\n // Each thread block handles one (b, i, j) output element\n // We need to reduce over k dimension\n const int b = blockIdx.z;\n const int i = blockIdx.y;\n const int j = blockIdx.x;\n \n const int tid = threadIdx.x;\n const int num_threads = blockDim.x;\n \n extern __shared__ float smem[];\n float* a_shared = smem; // hidden_dim elements\n float* b_shared = smem + hidden_dim * BLOCK_SIZE; // hidden_dim elements\n \n // Each thread handles a subset of k values\n // We'll compute partial sums and then reduce\n \n float local_sum[64]; // Max hidden_dim\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n local_sum[h] = 0.0f;\n }\n \n // Process k values in chunks\n for (int k = tid; k < N; k += num_threads) {\n // Compute mask for position (b, i, k) and (b, j, k)\n float mask_ik = pair_mask[b * N * N + i * N + k];\n float mask_jk = pair_mask[b * N * N + j * N + k];\n float mask_val = mask_ik * mask_jk;\n \n if (mask_val > 0.0f) {\n // Load pair_repr[b, i, k, :] and apply layer norm\n // Layer norm: (x - mean) / sqrt(var + eps) * weight + bias\n float mean_ik = 0.0f, var_ik = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < pair_dim; d++) {\n float val = pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + i * N * pair_dim + k * pair_dim + d];\n mean_ik += val;\n }\n mean_ik /= pair_dim;\n for (int d = 0; d < pair_dim; d++) {\n float val = pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + i * N * pair_dim + k * pair_dim + d];\n float diff = val - mean_ik;\n var_ik += diff * diff;\n }\n var_ik /= pair_dim;\n float inv_std_ik = rsqrtf(var_ik + ln_in_eps);\n \n // Compute a[b, i, k, h] = proj_a(x) * sigmoid(gate_a(x)) * mask\n // proj_a and gate_a are linear layers\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n float proj_a_val = proj_a_bias[h];\n float gate_a_val = gate_a_bias[h];\n for (int d = 0; d < pair_dim; d++) {\n float ln_val = (pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + i * N * pair_dim + k * pair_dim + d] - mean_ik) * inv_std_ik;\n ln_val = ln_val * ln_in_weight[d] + ln_in_bias[d];\n proj_a_val += ln_val * proj_a_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n gate_a_val += ln_val * gate_a_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n float a_val = proj_a_val * (1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_a_val))) * mask_ik;\n \n // Now for b[b, j, k, h]\n float proj_b_val = proj_b_bias[h];\n float gate_b_val = gate_b_bias[h];\n // Layer norm for (b, j, k)\n float mean_jk = 0.0f, var_jk = 0.0f;\n for (int d = 0; d < pair_dim; d++) {\n float val = pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + j * N * pair_dim + k * pair_dim + d];\n mean_jk += val;\n }\n mean_jk /= pair_dim;\n for (int d = 0; d < pair_dim; d++) {\n float val = pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + j * N * pair_dim + k * pair_dim + d];\n float diff = val - mean_jk;\n var_jk += diff * diff;\n }\n var_jk /= pair_dim;\n float inv_std_jk = rsqrtf(var_jk + ln_in_eps);\n \n for (int d = 0; d < pair_dim; d++) {\n float ln_val = (pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + j * N * pair_dim + k * pair_dim + d] - mean_jk) * inv_std_jk;\n ln_val = ln_val * ln_in_weight[d] + ln_in_bias[d];\n proj_b_val += ln_val * proj_b_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n gate_b_val += ln_val * gate_b_weight[d * hidden_dim + h];\n }\n float b_val = proj_b_val * (1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_b_val))) * mask_jk;\n \n local_sum[h] += a_val * b_val;\n }\n }\n }\n \n // Store local sums to shared memory and reduce\n for (int h = tid; h < hidden_dim; h += num_threads) {\n a_shared[h * BLOCK_SIZE + tid] = local_sum[h];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n \n // Reduce within block\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n float sum = a_shared[h * BLOCK_SIZE + tid];\n for (int stride = num_threads / 2; stride > 0; stride >>= 1) {\n if (tid < stride) {\n sum += a_shared[h * BLOCK_SIZE + tid + stride];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n a_shared[h * BLOCK_SIZE + tid] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n }\n \n if (tid == 0) {\n // Apply output layer norm, projection, and gating\n float out_val = sum;\n \n // Output layer norm\n float mean_out = 0.0f, var_out = 0.0f;\n mean_out = out_val; // Single value mean is itself\n var_out = 0.0f; // Single value variance is 0\n \n // For single-element layer norm, just scale by weight\n float ln_out = (out_val - mean_out) * rsqrtf(var_out + ln_out_eps);\n ln_out = ln_out * ln_out_weight[h] + ln_out_bias[h];\n \n // Output projection: hidden_dim -> pair_dim\n // We'll store intermediate and handle in separate kernel\n output[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + j * hidden_dim + h] = ln_out;\n }\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void output_proj_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ intermediate,\n const float* __restrict__ pair_repr,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_proj_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_weight,\n const float* __restrict__ out_gate_bias,\n float* __restrict__ output,\n int B, int N, int pair_dim, int hidden_dim\n) {\n const int b = blockIdx.z;\n const int i = blockIdx.y;\n const int j = blockIdx.x;\n const int tid = threadIdx.x;\n \n // Each block handles one (b, i, j) pair\n // Threads cooperate on computing output projection\n for (int d = tid; d < pair_dim; d += blockDim.x) {\n float proj_val = out_proj_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < hidden_dim; h++) {\n proj_val += intermediate[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + j * hidden_dim + h] \n * out_proj_weight[h * pair_dim + d];\n }\n \n // Output gate\n float gate_val = out_gate_bias[d];\n for (int h = 0; h < pair_dim; h++) {\n gate_val += pair_repr[b * N * N * pair_dim + i * N * pair_dim + j * pair_dim + h]\n * out_gate_weight[h * pair_dim + d];\n }\n float sigmoid_gate = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-gate_val));\n \n output[b * N * N * pair_dim + i * N * pair_dim + j * pair_dim + d] = sigmoid_gate * proj_val;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(\n torch::Tensor pair_repr,\n torch::Tensor pair_mask,\n torch::Tensor ln_in_weight,\n torch::Tensor ln_in_bias,\n torch::Tensor proj_a_weight,\n torch::Tensor proj_a_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_a_weight,\n torch::Tensor gate_a_bias,\n torch::Tensor proj_b_weight,\n torch::Tensor proj_b_bias,\n torch::Tensor gate_b_weight,\n torch::Tensor gate_b_bias,\n torch::Tensor ln_out_weight,\n torch::Tensor ln_out_bias,\n torch::Tensor out_proj_weight,\n torch::Tensor out_proj_bias,\n torch::Tensor out_gate_weight,\n torch::Tensor out_gate_bias,\n int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t pair_dim, int64_t hidden_dim,\n double ln_in_eps, double ln_out_eps\n) {\n auto output = torch::zeros({B, N, N, pair_dim}, pair_repr.options());\n auto intermediate = torch::zeros({B, N, N, hidden_dim}, pair_repr.options());\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block(block_size);\n size_t shared_mem = hidden_dim * block_size * 2 * sizeof(float);\n \n forward_kernel<block_size><<<grid, block, shared_mem>>>(\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_mask.data_ptr<float>(),\n ln_in_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n ln_in_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n proj_a_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n proj_a_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_a_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_a_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n proj_b_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n proj_b_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_b_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n gate_b_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n ln_out_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n ln_out_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n intermediate.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N, pair_dim, hidden_dim,\n static_cast<float>(ln_in_eps),\n static_cast<float>(ln_out_eps)\n );\n \n output_proj_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n intermediate.data_ptr<float>(),\n pair_repr.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_proj_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_proj_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_gate_weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n out_gate_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n output.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N, pair_dim, hidden_dim\n );\n \n return output;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_mult_update_outgoing_cuda',\n cpp_sources='',\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['forward_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 outgoing edges.\n Optimized CUDA implementation.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n B, N, _, pair_dim = pair_repr.shape\n hidden_dim = self.proj_a.out_features\n \n # Ensure tensors are contiguous and on GPU\n pair_repr = pair_repr.contiguous()\n pair_mask = pair_mask.contiguous()\n \n return module.forward_cuda(\n pair_repr,\n pair_mask,\n self.layer_norm_in.weight.contiguous(),\n self.layer_norm_in.bias.contiguous(),\n self.proj_a.weight.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(), # Transpose for correct layout\n self.proj_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.weight.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(),\n self.gate_a.bias.contiguous(),\n self.proj_b.weight.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(),\n self.proj_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.weight.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(),\n self.gate_b.bias.contiguous(),\n self.layer_norm_out.weight.contiguous(),\n self.layer_norm_out.bias.contiguous(),\n self.out_proj.weight.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(),\n self.out_proj.bias.contiguous(),\n self.out_gate.weight.transpose(0, 1).contiguous(),\n self.out_gate.bias.contiguous(),\n B, N, pair_dim, hidden_dim,\n self.layer_norm_in.eps,\n self.layer_norm_out.eps\n )" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_mult_update_outgoing_cuda'
turn 241.3s turn · 10.6s LLM · 30.7s tools · tokens in=5,910 · out=1,027 · total=6,937
reasoning
The compilation failed. I need more detailed error messages. Let me try a simpler approach first - I'll use PyTorch operations but optimize them by avoiding the einsum which can be slow. Let me check if I can see more verbose output. Actually, let me try a different approach - use PyTorch's optimized operations but fuse them better. The main bottleneck is the einsum operation which can be replaced with a more efficient formulation. But first, let me try to compile a simpler CUDA kernel to understand what's going wrong.
assistantLet me try a simpler approach using PyTorch's built-in operations but optimizing the einsum:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source - simplified version\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <vector>\n\n// Kernel for the einsum operation: bikh,bjkh->bijh\n// This computes: out[b,i,j,h] = sum_k (a[b,i,k,h] * b[b,j,k,h])\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int N, int hidden_dim\n) {\n const int b = blockIdx.z;\n const int i = blockIdx.y;\n const int j = blockIdx.x;\n const int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < hidden_dim) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n float a_val = a[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n float b_val = b[b * N * N * hidden_dim + j * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n sum += a_val * b_val;\n }\n out[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + j * hidden_dim + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a,\n torch::Tensor b,\n int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t hidden_dim\n) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n \n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((hidden_dim + 31) / 32 * 32); // Round up to warp size\n \n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(),\n b.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N, hidden_dim\n );\n \n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_cuda',\n cpp_sources='',\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 outgoing edges.\n Optimized CUDA implementation.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask # (B, N, N, H)\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n\n # Outgoing: aggregate over k with a[i,k] * b[j,k]\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_einsum_cuda'
turn 338.5s turn · 8.5s LLM · 30.0s tools · tokens in=6,852 · out=947 · total=7,799
reasoning
The compilation is still failing. Let me add more error handling and use a different approach. Maybe the issue is with the module name or something else.
assistantLet me try a different approach with better error handling:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\nimport os\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n// Kernel for the einsum operation: bikh,bjkh->bijh\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int N, int hidden_dim\n) {\n const int b = blockIdx.z;\n const int i = blockIdx.y;\n const int j = blockIdx.x;\n const int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < hidden_dim) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n float a_val = a[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n float b_val = b[b * N * N * hidden_dim + j * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n sum += a_val * b_val;\n }\n out[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + j * hidden_dim + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(\n torch::Tensor a,\n torch::Tensor b,\n int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t hidden_dim\n) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n \n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((hidden_dim + 31) / 32 * 32);\n \n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(),\n b.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, N, hidden_dim\n );\n \n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = \"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t hidden_dim);\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_v2',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 outgoing edges.\n Optimized CUDA implementation.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask # (B, N, N, H)\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n\n # Outgoing: aggregate over k with a[i,k] * b[j,k]\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_einsum_v2'
turn 48.6s turn · 8.6s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=7,793 · out=880 · total=8,673
reasoning
The compilation keeps failing. Let me try without the cpp_sources and see if I get more detailed error messages.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n// Kernel for the einsum operation: bikh,bjkh->bijh\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int N, int hidden_dim\n) {\n const int b = blockIdx.z;\n const int i = blockIdx.y;\n const int j = blockIdx.x;\n const int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < hidden_dim) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n float a_val = a[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n float b_val = b[b * N * N * hidden_dim + j * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n sum += a_val * b_val;\n }\n out[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + j * hidden_dim + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t hidden_dim) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n \n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((hidden_dim + 31) / 32 * 32);\n \n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(),\n b.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n (int)B, (int)N, (int)hidden_dim\n );\n \n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_v3',\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 outgoing edges.\n Optimized CUDA implementation.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask # (B, N, N, H)\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n\n # Outgoing: aggregate over k with a[i,k] * b[j,k]\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: TypeError. TypeError: load_inline() missing 1 required positional argument: 'cpp_sources'
turn 538.2s turn · 8.1s LLM · 30.1s tools · tokens in=8,676 · out=881 · total=9,557
reasoning
Okay, `cpp_sources` is required. Let me add it but keep it minimal.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Define the CUDA kernel source\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n// Kernel for the einsum operation: bikh,bjkh->bijh\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ a,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int N, int hidden_dim\n) {\n const int b = blockIdx.z;\n const int i = blockIdx.y;\n const int j = blockIdx.x;\n const int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < hidden_dim) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n float a_val = a[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n float b_val = b[b * N * N * hidden_dim + j * N * hidden_dim + k * hidden_dim + h];\n sum += a_val * b_val;\n }\n out[b * N * N * hidden_dim + i * N * hidden_dim + j * hidden_dim + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t hidden_dim) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, hidden_dim}, a.options());\n \n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((hidden_dim + 31) / 32 * 32);\n \n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(\n a.data_ptr<float>(),\n b.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n (int)B, (int)N, (int)hidden_dim\n );\n \n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n# Load the CUDA extension\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_v4',\n cpp_sources=\"\",\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Triangular multiplicative update \u2013 outgoing edges.\n Optimized CUDA implementation.\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr: torch.Tensor, pair_mask: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n \"\"\"\n Args:\n pair_repr: (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n pair_mask: (B, N, N)\n Returns:\n updated pair representation (B, N, N, pair_dim)\n \"\"\"\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask # (B, N, N, H)\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n\n # Outgoing: aggregate over k with a[i,k] * b[j,k]\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_einsum_v4'
turn 684.8s turn · 6.8s LLM · 78.0s tools · tokens in=9,563 · out=734 · total=10,297
reasoning
The compile keeps failing. Let me check if the issue is with how I'm formatting the CUDA code. I need to debug this more carefully. Let me try a different approach - maybe I should use a simpler C++ wrapper or check if there's an issue with the CUDA code itself. Let me try using triple-quoted strings properly and simplify the code.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = \"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < H) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n }\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_v5',\n cpp_sources=\"\",\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_einsum_v5'
turn 777.4s turn · 4.5s LLM · 72.9s tools · tokens in=10,249 · out=418 · total=10,667
reasoning
The error messages are too vague. Let me try a pure Python implementation first to ensure correctness, then optimize with CUDA later. Actually, I should try a simpler CUDA kernel that's easier to debug. Let me try with explicit cpp_sources content.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Try minimal CUDA source\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor hello_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n return x.clone();\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='test_module',\n cpp_sources='',\n cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['hello_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n out = torch.einsum(\"bikh,bjkh->bijh\", a, b)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'test_module'
turn 84.0s turn · 4.0s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=10,637 · out=333 · total=10,970
reasoning
Hmm, even a minimal test is failing. Let me try without CUDA sources entirely - just use pure PyTorch first to ensure compilation works at all.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Pure Python version to test compilation\nmodule = None\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n out = torch.einsum(\"bikh,bjkh->bijh\", a, b)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 9 · 1 tool call(s) · 85.3s turn · 6.7s LLM · tokens in=10,952 · out=713 · total=11,665 · 6,347 chars (click to expand)
turn 985.3s turn · 6.7s LLM · 78.6s tools · tokens in=10,952 · out=713 · total=11,665
reasoning
Good, the basic PyTorch model works. Now I need to create a custom CUDA kernel for the einsum operation. Let me try with explicit CUDA includes:
assistantNow let me check correctness of the baseline and then create a proper CUDA kernel:
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Create module with custom CUDA kernel\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < H) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n }\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum',\n cpp_sources='',\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: kernel did not compile. Error building extension 'triangular_einsum': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_einsum -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_8da7ebdb5354/triangular_einsum/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_einsum -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_8da7ebdb5354/triangular_einsum/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_8da7ebdb5354/triangular_einsum/main.cpp: In function 'void pybind11_init_triangular_einsum(pybind11::module_&)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_8da7ebdb5354/triangular_einsum/main.cpp:4:50: error: 'einsum_cuda' was not declared in this scope 4 | m.def("einsum_cuda", torch::wrap_pybind_function(einsum_cuda), "einsum_cuda"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~ [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_einsum -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_8da7ebdb5354/triangular_einsum/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 1088.9s turn · 7.7s LLM · 81.3s tools · tokens in=12,557 · out=769 · total=13,326
reasoning
The error says 'einsum_cuda' was not declared in this scope. This is because the CUDA source has a function that needs to be declared in the cpp_sources so the auto-generated pybind code can find it. Let me add a proper declaration in cpp_sources.
assistantI need to add the function declaration in cpp_sources:
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Create module with custom CUDA kernel\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H);\n'''\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < H) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n }\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 11106.7s turn · 7.6s LLM · 99.1s tools · tokens in=13,329 · out=739 · total=14,068
reasoning
The kernel compiles and passes correctness. Now let me profile it to understand performance and optimize further.
assistantExcellent! The kernel is correct. Now let me profile it to understand performance:
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n# Create module with custom CUDA kernel\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H);\n'''\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < H) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n }\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::linear 72240.0μs (40%) calls=1 #2: aten::addmm 72077.0μs (39%) calls=1 #3: aten::layer_norm 7426.0μs (4%) calls=1 #4: aten::native_layer_norm 7399.0μs (4%) calls=1 #5: aten::mul 5072.0μs (3%) calls=1 ... +65 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 90.43 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1763.9/3350 GB/s (52.7%) read=1763.9 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=1466.4% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=7.2% Pipe util: FMA=83.9%, Tensor=7.2% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 211.6% Eligible warps/cycle: 4.33 Launch: regs/thread=833, smem/blk=60160B, block=1824, grid=7744 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 141.00 sectors/req (141.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 15710.0% #################### short_scoreboard 2610.7% #################### mio_throttle 217.9% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 15710% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=141.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=141.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 141x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 12 · 1 tool call(s) · 50.1s turn · 13.7s LLM · tokens in=14,607 · out=1,313 · total=15,920 · 9,843 chars (click to expand)
turn 1250.1s turn · 13.7s LLM · 36.4s tools · tokens in=14,607 · out=1,313 · total=15,920
reasoning
The kernel is working and correct. The profiling shows some issues with memory coalescing (141x wasted BW), but the main bottleneck appears to be the PyTorch layers (linear, addmm, layer_norm) rather than my custom einsum kernel. Let me think about whether I should optimize further or submit: 1. The kernel passes correctness 2. The profiling shows memory bandwidth issues and global load coalescing problems 3. However, most of the GPU time is spent in PyTorch's built-in operations (linear, addmm, layer_norm) Given the task is to replace the forward computation with a custom CUDA kernel that runs faster than the reference, and I only have the einsum part as custom CUDA, this should still be faster than the original which uses torch.einsum. Let me check if I should try to optimize the einsum kernel further. The coalescing issue is 141x wasted BW, which is significant. I could try: 1. Using shared memory tiling 2. Restructuring the access pattern 3. Using more threads per block to handle the reduction However, the einsum is only part of the computation. The main time is spent in the linear layers and layer norms. Actually, looking at the profile, the GPU time is 90.43 μs total, which includes all operations. The einsum kernel itself might be fast, but the memory access pattern could be improved. Let me try a quick optimization to use shared memory tiling for the einsum. This could significantly improve memory coalescing. Actually, I think I should just submit the current solution. It's correct, and while there are optimization opportunities, the main bottleneck seems to be the PyTorch layers, not my custom kernel. Let me submit and see the results.
assistantThe kernel passes correctness. The profiling shows memory coalescing issues in the einsum kernel, but the primary time is spent in PyTorch's built-in operations. Let me try one optimization - using shared memory tiling to improve memory access patterns:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H);\n'''\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n// Optimized einsum kernel with shared memory tiling\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n \n // Each warp handles multiple hidden dimensions\n int warp_idx = threadIdx.x / 32;\n int lane_idx = threadIdx.x % 32;\n int num_warps = blockDim.x / 32;\n \n // Loop over hidden dimensions with warp cooperation\n for (int h = warp_idx; h < H; h += num_warps) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n \n // Each lane processes a subset of k values\n for (int k = lane_idx; k < N; k += 32) {\n float a_val = a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h];\n float b_val = b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n sum += a_val * b_val;\n }\n \n // Warp reduce\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset /= 2) {\n sum += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, sum, offset);\n }\n \n if (lane_idx == 0) {\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n // Use multiple warps to process H dimensions in parallel\n int block_size = min(256, ((H + 31) / 32) * 32);\n dim3 block(block_size);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_opt',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'triangular_einsum_opt': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_einsum_opt -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_17776205ecc4/triangular_einsum_opt/main.cpp -o main.o [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_einsum_opt -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_17776205ecc4/triangular_einsum_opt/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=triangular_einsum_opt -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_17776205ecc4/triangular_einsum_opt/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_17776205ecc4/triangular_einsum_opt/cuda.cu(45): error: more than one instance of overloaded function "min" matches the argument list: function "min(int, int)" (declared at line 1135 of /usr/local/cuda/include/crt/math_functions.hpp) function "min(int, unsigned int)" (declared at line 873 of /usr/local/cuda/include/crt/math_functions.hpp) function "min(long, long)" (declared at line 883 of /usr/local/cuda/include/crt/math_functions.hpp) function "min(unsigned long, long)" (declared at line 939 of /usr/local/cuda/include/crt/math_functions.hpp) argument types are: (int, long) int block_size = min(256, ((H + 31) / 32) * 32); ^ 1 error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/pop_l123_all_gpt/popcorn/FW-GLM-5-1/level_2_problem_14_cache/k_17776205ecc4/triangular_einsum_opt/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 1382.9s turn · 7.7s LLM · 75.3s tools · tokens in=16,727 · out=808 · total=17,535
reasoning
The compilation error is a type mismatch in the min function. Let me fix that and try again, or I should just submit the working version since I have limited turns remaining. Actually, looking at the profiling results, the kernel is memory-bound and has coalescing issues, but the main time is spent in PyTorch's built-in operations anyway. The current working kernel passes correctness, and I should submit it rather than risk breaking things with more optimizations. Let me just submit the working version.
assistantLet me fix the type issue and try once more:
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H);\n'''\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < H) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n }\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_final',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 1451.6s turn · 7.2s LLM · 44.4s tools · tokens in=17,581 · out=723 · total=18,304 · FINAL
reasoning
The user is asking me to submit the kernel now. I have a correct kernel that passes all correctness tests. Let me submit it.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_source = r'''\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H);\n'''\n\ncuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {\n int b_idx = blockIdx.z;\n int i = blockIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x;\n int h = threadIdx.x;\n \n if (h < H) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {\n sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];\n }\n out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {\n auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());\n dim3 grid(N, N, B);\n dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);\n einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='triangular_einsum_final',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['einsum_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):\n super().__init__()\n self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)\n self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)\n self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)\n self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)\n self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)\n\n def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):\n mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)\n x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)\n a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask\n b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask\n B, N, _, H = a.shape\n out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)\n out = self.layer_norm_out(out)\n out = self.out_proj(out)\n out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out\n return out" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.21 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.21μs median=?μs std=0.09μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 36.13 MB peak (ref: 36.13 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 70 (ref: 101, fusion ratio: 1.4429) SOL score: 0.524
final submitted kernel (69 lines, 2,375 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_source = r'''
torch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H);
'''

cuda_source = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void einsum_kernel(const float* a, const float* b, float* out, int B, int N, int H) {
    int b_idx = blockIdx.z;
    int i = blockIdx.y;
    int j = blockIdx.x;
    int h = threadIdx.x;
    
    if (h < H) {
        float sum = 0.0f;
        for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {
            sum += a[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + k * H + h] * b[b_idx * N * N * H + j * N * H + k * H + h];
        }
        out[b_idx * N * N * H + i * N * H + j * H + h] = sum;
    }
}

torch::Tensor einsum_cuda(torch::Tensor a, torch::Tensor b, int64_t B, int64_t N, int64_t H) {
    auto out = torch::zeros({B, N, N, H}, a.options());
    dim3 grid(N, N, B);
    dim3 block((H + 31) / 32 * 32);
    einsum_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, H);
    return out;
}
'''

module = load_inline(
    name='triangular_einsum_final',
    cpp_sources=cpp_source,
    cuda_sources=cuda_source,
    functions=['einsum_cuda'],
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],
    verbose=False
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, pair_dim, hidden_dim):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer_norm_in = nn.LayerNorm(pair_dim)
        self.proj_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_a = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.proj_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.gate_b = nn.Linear(pair_dim, hidden_dim)
        self.layer_norm_out = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_dim)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, pair_dim)
        self.out_gate = nn.Linear(pair_dim, pair_dim)

    def forward(self, pair_repr, pair_mask):
        mask = pair_mask.unsqueeze(-1)
        x = self.layer_norm_in(pair_repr)
        a = self.proj_a(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_a(x)) * mask
        b = self.proj_b(x) * torch.sigmoid(self.gate_b(x)) * mask
        B, N, _, H = a.shape
        out = module.einsum_cuda(a.contiguous(), b.contiguous(), B, N, H)
        out = self.layer_norm_out(out)
        out = self.out_proj(out)
        out = torch.sigmoid(self.out_gate(pair_repr)) * out
        return out