FW-GLM-5-1 · popcorn · pop_l123_all_gpt
correct 15_COOScatterAddNodeFeatures.py
model
FW-GLM-5-1
turns / max
15 / 15
tool calls
15
tokens (total)
112984
wall clock
1911.1s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.03 μs
ref runtime
0.02 μs
speedup
0.65x
started
2026-05-11T17:36:20Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.03 μs
ref runtime
0.02 μs
speedup
0.65x
kernel mean / median / std
0.03 / — / 6.24e-04 μs
ref mean / median / std
0.02 / — / 2.68e-04 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
5.72e-06
mean abs error
3.71e-07
max rel error
0.04
mean rel error
8.27e-07
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
37.31 MB
ref peak
37.38 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
8
ref launches
9
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.12x
total cuda time
289 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.065
dram util %
6.5%
compute util %
0.0%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe
None
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
216.04 GB/s
dram util %
6.4%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
17.9%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe %
—
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
283.2%
ld sectors / req
34.35
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
80
smem / block
3072 B
block size
384
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
13489.5%
short_scoreboard
537.2%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Scatter-add edge features into destination-node accumulators.

    This is a canonical graph primitive for COO-formatted workloads where edge
    messages are already materialized and must be reduced into node states.
    """

    def __init__(self, num_nodes):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_nodes = num_nodes

    def forward(
        self,
        dst_idx: torch.Tensor,
        edge_feat: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]
        out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)
        out.index_add_(0, dst_idx.long(), edge_feat)
        return out


num_nodes = 768
num_edges = 16384
feat_dim = 64


def get_inputs():
    p = popcorn_pri
    n_edges = p.jitter_int(num_edges)
    fd = p.jitter_int(feat_dim, align=8)
    dst_idx = torch.randint(0, num_nodes, (n_edges,), dtype=torch.int32)
    edge_feat = torch.randn(n_edges, fd, dtype=torch.float32)
    return [dst_idx, edge_feat]





def get_init_inputs():
    return [num_nodes]
turn 05.4s turn · 5.4s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=2,050 · out=305 · total=2,355
reasoning
Let me understand the task: 1. I need to implement a scatter-add operation where edge features are accumulated into destination node accumulators 2. The reference uses `index_add_` which adds edge features to output nodes based on destination indices 3. Input: `dst_idx` (int32 tensor of shape [num_edges]) and `edge_feat` (float32 tensor of shape [num_edges, feat_dim]) 4. Output: float32 tensor of shape [num_nodes, feat_dim] Let me first understand the dimensions: - num_nodes = 768 - num_edges = 16384 - feat_dim = 64 So I need to scatter-add 16384 edge features (each with 64 dimensions) into 768 node accumulators. This is essentially a reduction operation. The naive approach would be: - For each edge, add its features to the corresponding destination node Let me think about optimization strategies: 1. **Simple approach**: Each thread handles one edge, uses atomicAdd to accumulate 2. **Block-based approach**: Use shared memory for local reductions before writing to global memory 3. **Warp-based approach**: Exploit warp-level primitives for coalescing writes The challenge here is that multiple edges can point to the same destination node, so we need atomic operations or careful synchronization. Let me start with a simple kernel and then optimize. First, let me check the GPU specs to understand what I'm working with.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 129.8s turn · 9.0s LLM · 20.8s tools · tokens in=2,298 · out=758 · total=3,056
reasoning
This is a scatter-add operation. Let me design an efficient CUDA kernel for this. Key observations: 1. Each edge independently contributes to a destination node 2. The operation is `out[dst_idx[i]] += edge_feat[i]` for all edges 3. Multiple edges may scatter to the same destination node (race condition potential) For scatter-add, I need atomic operations since multiple threads may write to the same output location. Let me design the kernel: - Each thread processes one or more edges - Use atomicAdd to accumulate results (atomic for fp32 is efficient on modern GPUs) - Grid-stride loop for handling arbitrary number of edges Let me write the initial kernel:
assistantLooking at this scatter-add operation, I need to design a kernel where edges contribute their features to destination nodes with atomic accumulation (since multiple edges can target the same node). Let me start with a baseline implementation:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx, edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 220.6s turn · 5.8s LLM · 14.8s tools · tokens in=2,928 · out=587 · total=3,515
reasoning
Great, it compiles. Let me check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx, edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: ? trials did not all match. runtime_error: expected scalar type Int but found Float
turn 350.1s turn · 7.5s LLM · 42.7s tools · tokens in=3,529 · out=725 · total=4,254
reasoning
The issue is that PyTorch's index_add_ expects long() indices, but the kernel is getting int. Let me check the types more carefully. The input dst_idx is int32, but PyTorch might be doing something with it. Actually, looking at the reference: `out.index_add_(0, dst_idx.long(), edge_feat)` - it converts dst_idx to long (int64). My kernel expects int, but the input is int32. Let me check what type we actually receive. Actually the issue might be that I'm passing the tensor directly and it's expecting a specific type. Let me ensure the tensor is the right type.
assistantThe issue is with the tensor type. Let me fix this:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int32_t* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int32_t>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx, edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 4123.4s turn · 5.6s LLM · 117.8s tools · tokens in=4,134 · out=586 · total=4,720
reasoning
Let me run correctness again.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int32_t* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int32_t>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx, edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: ? trials did not all match. runtime_error: expected scalar type Int but found Float
turn 553.0s turn · 7.2s LLM · 45.7s tools · tokens in=4,739 · out=707 · total=5,446
reasoning
The error says expected scalar type Int but found Float. The reference implementation does `dst_idx.long()` which converts to int64. Let me check the get_inputs() function more carefully - it creates dst_idx as int32 but the reference uses .long() to convert to int64. The reference implementation uses: ```python out.index_add_(0, dst_idx.long(), edge_feat) ``` So it converts dst_idx to int64 (long). But our kernel expects int32. Let me change to int64:
assistantThe reference implementation uses `dst_idx.long()` which converts to int64. Let me fix that:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int64_t* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int64_t dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int64_t>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.long(), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 6189.9s turn · 5.6s LLM · 184.3s tools · tokens in=5,354 · out=589 · total=5,943
reasoning
Let me check correctness now.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int64_t* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int64_t dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int64_t>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.long(), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.72e-06 mean_abs_err=3.75e-07 max_rel_err=4.96e-02
turn 7111.9s turn · 6.5s LLM · 105.4s tools · tokens in=5,994 · out=619 · total=6,613
reasoning
The basic kernel passes correctness. Now let me profile it to understand performance and identify optimization opportunities.
assistantGood, the basic kernel works. Let me profile it to see where we can optimize:
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Basic scatter-add kernel using atomicAdd\n__global__ void scatter_add_kernel(\n const int64_t* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int64_t dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n for (int d = 0; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int64_t>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.long(), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::to 11821.0μs (20%) calls=1 #2: aten::_to_copy 11811.0μs (20%) calls=1 #3: aten::copy_ 11756.0μs (20%) calls=1 #4: aten::zeros 8078.0μs (14%) calls=1 #5: aten::zero_ 7981.0μs (13%) calls=1 ... +3 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 31.52 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 210.4/3350 GB/s (6.3%) read=210.4 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=282.6% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=1.6%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 24.2% Eligible warps/cycle: 0.07 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=80, smem/blk=3072B, block=512, grid=144 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 35.63 sectors/req (35.6x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 13252.2% #################### short_scoreboard 518.2% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 13252% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=35.6 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=35.6x (ideal=1.0) -> 36x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (24%) limited by registers (80/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching).
turn 888.5s turn · 10.2s LLM · 78.3s tools · tokens in=7,159 · out=1,002 · total=8,161
reasoning
The profiling reveals: 1. High global load coalescing issue: 35.6x wasted bandwidth 2. High warp stalls due to memory latency 3. Low occupancy (24.2%) limited by registers (80/thread) The issue is that when multiple threads in a warp write to different destination nodes, they access scattered memory locations in the output. And the atomicAdd operations cause contention. Key optimizations: 1. Vectorized loads/stores for edge features (float4) 2. Use int32 for dst_idx since num_nodes=768 fits in int32 3. Reduce register pressure 4. Consider shared memory for coalescing or prefetching Let me try a vectorized approach using float4 for the feature dimension (64 floats = 16 float4s):
assistantThe profiling shows: - 35.6x wasted bandwidth due to uncoalesced loads - Low occupancy (24%) limited by register pressure - High memory latency stalls Let me try vectorized loads/stores with float4 for better memory access patterns:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Vectorized scatter-add kernel using float4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8) // 256 threads, at least 8 blocks per SM\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_vec4(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx, // Use int32 for smaller index\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim / 4; // Number of float4 per feature vector\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float4* feat_vec4 = (const float4*)(edge_feat + e * feat_dim);\n float4* out_vec4 = (float4*)(out + dst * feat_dim);\n \n for (int d = 0; d < num_vec4; d++) {\n float4 val = feat_vec4[d];\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].w, val.w);\n }\n \n // Handle remaining elements (feat_dim % 4)\n const int remaining_start = num_vec4 * 4;\n for (int d = remaining_start; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out[dst * feat_dim + d], edge_feat[e * feat_dim + d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_vec4<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n # Convert dst_idx to int32 for efficiency (node indices fit in int32)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.int(), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 9160.6s turn · 7.5s LLM · 153.1s tools · tokens in=8,014 · out=802 · total=8,816
reasoning
Let me run correctness to make sure the vectorized version works.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Vectorized scatter-add kernel using float4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8) // 256 threads, at least 8 blocks per SM\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_vec4(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx, // Use int32 for smaller index\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim / 4; // Number of float4 per feature vector\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float4* feat_vec4 = (const float4*)(edge_feat + e * feat_dim);\n float4* out_vec4 = (float4*)(out + dst * feat_dim);\n \n for (int d = 0; d < num_vec4; d++) {\n float4 val = feat_vec4[d];\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].w, val.w);\n }\n \n // Handle remaining elements (feat_dim % 4)\n const int remaining_start = num_vec4 * 4;\n for (int d = remaining_start; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out[dst * feat_dim + d], edge_feat[e * feat_dim + d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_vec4<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n # Convert dst_idx to int32 for efficiency (node indices fit in int32)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.int(), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=7.63e-06 mean_abs_err=3.80e-07 max_rel_err=2.78e-02
turn 10 · 1 tool call(s) · 218.6s turn · 6.8s LLM · tokens in=8,860 · out=805 · total=9,665 · 6,020 chars (click to expand)
turn 10218.6s turn · 6.8s LLM · 211.8s tools · tokens in=8,860 · out=805 · total=9,665
reasoning
Good, vectorized version passes. Let me profile it to see if it improved.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Vectorized scatter-add kernel using float4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8) // 256 threads, at least 8 blocks per SM\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_vec4(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx, // Use int32 for smaller index\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n int edge_id = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim / 4; // Number of float4 per feature vector\n \n // Grid-stride loop\n for (int e = edge_id; e < num_edges; e += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float4* feat_vec4 = (const float4*)(edge_feat + e * feat_dim);\n float4* out_vec4 = (float4*)(out + dst * feat_dim);\n \n for (int d = 0; d < num_vec4; d++) {\n float4 val = feat_vec4[d];\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec4[d].w, val.w);\n }\n \n // Handle remaining elements (feat_dim % 4)\n const int remaining_start = num_vec4 * 4;\n for (int d = remaining_start; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out[dst * feat_dim + d], edge_feat[e * feat_dim + d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n const int block_size = 256;\n const int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n const int grid_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_vec4<<<grid_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n # Convert dst_idx to int32 for efficiency (node indices fit in int32)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.int(), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::to 12519.0μs (22%) calls=1 #2: aten::_to_copy 12509.0μs (22%) calls=1 #3: aten::copy_ 12459.0μs (22%) calls=1 #4: aten::zeros 6744.0μs (12%) calls=1 #5: aten::zero_ 6667.0μs (12%) calls=1 ... +3 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 31.42 μs [↓0.1μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 207.7/3350 GB/s (6.2%) [↓0.1% REGRESSED] read=207.7 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=282.3% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=1.7%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 24.4% [↑0.2% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.07 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=80, smem/blk=3072B, block=512, grid=144 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 34.35 sectors/req (34.4x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 18302.2% #################### short_scoreboard 924.0% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 18302% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=34.4 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=34.4x (ideal=1.0) -> 34x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (24%) limited by registers (80/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 31.52→31.42μs (↓0.10) ok DRAM BW%: 6.28→6.20% (↓0.08) REGRESSED Occupancy: 24.22→24.41% (↑0.20) ok Ld sectors/req: 35.63→34.35 (↓1.28) ok L2 hit%: 282.65→282.29% (↓0.36) REGRESSED
turn 11 · 1 tool call(s) · 228.1s turn · 16.0s LLM · tokens in=10,362 · out=1,547 · total=11,909 · 7,640 chars (click to expand)
turn 11228.1s turn · 16.0s LLM · 212.0s tools · tokens in=10,362 · out=1,547 · total=11,909
reasoning
The profile shows that the time is dominated by `aten::to` (converting the index tensor). That's taking 12519 μs just for that conversion, while the actual kernel is very fast. The main issue is the 34.4x wasted bandwidth due to uncoalesced stores (atomicAdds). Let me try a different approach - instead of processing edge-by-edge, I'll have each thread process multiple feature dimensions in a more parallel way, with warp-level cooperation. Actually, wait - looking at the timing breakdown, the profile seems to include the overhead of the tensor conversions. The actual kernel time is quite small. Let me try using the original int32 input directly without conversion, and also try a different block size / configuration. Let me think about this more carefully. The reference implementation uses `dst_idx.long()` which creates a copy of the index tensor as int64. In my implementation, I'm converting to int32 with `dst_idx.int()`, which is also a copy operation. What if I just accept int32 directly and avoid the conversion? But the input is already int32 from `get_inputs()`. Let me check this. Actually, looking at the reference implementation again: ```python def get_inputs(): dst_idx = torch.randint(0, num_nodes, (num_edges,), dtype=torch.int32) edge_feat = torch.randn(num_edges, feat_dim, dtype=torch.float32) return [dst_idx, edge_feat] ``` The input dst_idx is already int32! But the reference code does `dst_idx.long()` inside the forward method, so it expects int32 input but then converts it to int64 for the index_add_ operation. In my kernel, I can just work with int32 directly since the node count is only 768 which fits in int32. But I should NOT do any conversion in my forward - just accept whatever dtype comes in and convert it in-place to int32. Actually, the issue is that the profile shows `aten::to` taking 12ms. That's the conversion of dst_idx from int32 to long (int64) in the reference. In my implementation, I'm calling `dst_idx.int()` which does a similar conversion. Wait - the input is already int32! So calling `.int()` should be a no-op. Let me double check by NOT doing any conversion and just using the int64 version of the kernel. Actually, let me reconsider the design. The fundamental problem is that atomics to scattered memory locations cause uncoalesced writes. No matter how we vectorize the loads, the stores will still be scattered. Let me try a different strategy: 1. Sort the edges by destination index - this would group writes to the same node, but sorting itself is expensive 2. Use shared memory to aggregate locally within a block, then write out coalesced results 3. Use warp-level primitives to reduce contention Actually, for option 2: if edges within a warp target the same node, we could do warp-level aggregation. But that's complex and may not help if edges are randomly distributed. Let me try a different approach: instead of having each thread process one edge and all its features, have each thread process one feature dimension across multiple edges. This would require more shared memory but could potentially give better coalescing. Actually, the simplest approach might be to: 1. Keep the current edge-based parallelism 2. Use fewer registers per thread to increase occupancy 3. Try using CUDA's __ldg for read-only cache optimization Let me try reducing register pressure and using __ldg for the input data:
assistantThe profile shows major overhead from tensor conversion. The input is already int32, but we're still doing a conversion. Let me avoid that and also try some optimizations for better memory access:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Optimized scatter-add kernel with vectorized loads and reduced register pressure\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 16) // 128 threads, 16 blocks per SM for higher occupancy\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_opt(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n const int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim >> 2; // feat_dim / 4\n \n // Process edges in grid-stride fashion\n for (int e = tid; e < num_edges; e += stride) {\n const int dst = __ldg(&dst_idx[e]);\n const float* __restrict__ feat_ptr = edge_feat + (e << 6); // e * 64 (feat_dim)\n float* __restrict__ out_ptr = out + (dst << 6);\n \n // Vectorized processing with float4\n #pragma unroll\n for (int d = 0; d < 16; d++) { // 16 * 4 = 64 features\n const float4 val = __ldg((const float4*)(feat_ptr + (d << 2)));\n float4* out_vec = (float4*)(out_ptr + (d << 2));\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->w, val.w);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n int block_size = 128;\n int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n num_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_opt<<<num_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90', '-use_fast_math'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx, edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 12195.3s turn · 7.8s LLM · 187.4s tools · tokens in=11,211 · out=809 · total=12,020
reasoning
The user is telling me I have limited turns left. Let me check if this kernel is correct first, and if so, I should consider submitting or trying one more quick optimization. Let me run correctness first.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Optimized scatter-add kernel with vectorized loads and reduced register pressure\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 16) // 128 threads, 16 blocks per SM for higher occupancy\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_opt(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n const int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim >> 2; // feat_dim / 4\n \n // Process edges in grid-stride fashion\n for (int e = tid; e < num_edges; e += stride) {\n const int dst = __ldg(&dst_idx[e]);\n const float* __restrict__ feat_ptr = edge_feat + (e << 6); // e * 64 (feat_dim)\n float* __restrict__ out_ptr = out + (dst << 6);\n \n // Vectorized processing with float4\n #pragma unroll\n for (int d = 0; d < 16; d++) { // 16 * 4 = 64 features\n const float4 val = __ldg((const float4*)(feat_ptr + (d << 2)));\n float4* out_vec = (float4*)(out_ptr + (d << 2));\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->w, val.w);\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Host function wrapper\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n int block_size = 128;\n int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n const int max_blocks = 65535;\n num_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, max_blocks);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_opt<<<num_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90', '-use_fast_math'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx, edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: ? trials did not all match. runtime_error: expected scalar type Int but found Float
turn 13188.0s turn · 7.7s LLM · 180.3s tools · tokens in=12,035 · out=819 · total=12,854
reasoning
The issue is that the input tensor dst_idx is int32, but when passed to the CUDA kernel, PyTorch is converting it. I need to handle this properly. Let me check - the get_inputs() function creates dst_idx as torch.int32, so it should work directly. But the issue is that PyTorch's data_ptr might be causing issues with the type. Let me try a simpler approach that handles both int32 and int64 inputs.
assistantThe issue is type conversion. Let me fix by handling the input type properly:
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Optimized scatter-add kernel with vectorized loads\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 16)\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_opt(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n const int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n \n for (int e = tid; e < num_edges; e += stride) {\n const int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim >> 2;\n for (int d = 0; d < num_vec4; d++) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(feat_ptr)[d];\n float4* out_vec = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out_ptr + d * 4);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->w, val.w);\n }\n \n for (int d = num_vec4 * 4; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n int block_size = 128;\n int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n num_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, 65535);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_opt<<<num_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90', '-use_fast_math'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n # Ensure int32 for kernel\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.to(torch.int32), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 14247.8s turn · 7.1s LLM · 240.7s tools · tokens in=12,863 · out=794 · total=13,657 · FINAL
reasoning
I need to submit my kernel now. Let me first verify it's correct with run_correctness, then submit. Actually, looking at the previous compile_kernel call, the kernel should work. But I should be careful - the previous run_correctness failed due to type issues, but now I've added `.to(torch.int32)` for the dst_idx conversion. Let me submit with the correct kernel that uses dst_idx.to(torch.int32) to ensure compatibility.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = r\"\"\"\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdio>\n\n// Optimized scatter-add kernel with vectorized loads\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 16)\nvoid scatter_add_kernel_opt(\n const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,\n const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n const int num_edges,\n const int feat_dim\n) {\n const int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n \n for (int e = tid; e < num_edges; e += stride) {\n const int dst = dst_idx[e];\n const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;\n float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;\n \n const int num_vec4 = feat_dim >> 2;\n for (int d = 0; d < num_vec4; d++) {\n const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(feat_ptr)[d];\n float4* out_vec = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out_ptr + d * 4);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->x, val.x);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->y, val.y);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->z, val.z);\n atomicAdd(&out_vec->w, val.w);\n }\n \n for (int d = num_vec4 * 4; d < feat_dim; d++) {\n atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(\n const at::Tensor& dst_idx,\n const at::Tensor& edge_feat,\n at::Tensor& out\n) {\n const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);\n const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);\n \n int block_size = 128;\n int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;\n num_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, 65535);\n \n scatter_add_kernel_opt<<<num_blocks, block_size>>>(\n dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),\n edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(),\n num_edges,\n feat_dim\n );\n}\n\"\"\"\n\ncpp_source = r\"\"\"\nvoid scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);\n\"\"\"\n\nscatter_ops = load_inline(\n name='scatter_add_ops',\n cpp_sources=cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=cuda_source,\n functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90', '-use_fast_math'],\n verbose=True\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_nodes):\n super().__init__()\n self.num_nodes = num_nodes\n\n def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]\n out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)\n scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.to(torch.int32), edge_feat, out)\n return out" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.03 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.03μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.72e-06 mean_abs_err=3.71e-07 max_rel_err=3.82e-02 Memory: 37.31 MB peak (ref: 37.38 MB, ratio: 0.9983x) Kernel launches: 8 (ref: 9, fusion ratio: 1.125) SOL score: 0.0645
final submitted kernel (87 lines, 2,667 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = r"""
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cstdio>

// Optimized scatter-add kernel with vectorized loads
__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 16)
void scatter_add_kernel_opt(
    const int* __restrict__ dst_idx,
    const float* __restrict__ edge_feat,
    float* __restrict__ out,
    const int num_edges,
    const int feat_dim
) {
    const int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    
    for (int e = tid; e < num_edges; e += stride) {
        const int dst = dst_idx[e];
        const float* feat_ptr = edge_feat + e * feat_dim;
        float* out_ptr = out + dst * feat_dim;
        
        const int num_vec4 = feat_dim >> 2;
        for (int d = 0; d < num_vec4; d++) {
            const float4 val = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(feat_ptr)[d];
            float4* out_vec = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out_ptr + d * 4);
            atomicAdd(&out_vec->x, val.x);
            atomicAdd(&out_vec->y, val.y);
            atomicAdd(&out_vec->z, val.z);
            atomicAdd(&out_vec->w, val.w);
        }
        
        for (int d = num_vec4 * 4; d < feat_dim; d++) {
            atomicAdd(&out_ptr[d], feat_ptr[d]);
        }
    }
}

void scatter_add_cuda(
    const at::Tensor& dst_idx,
    const at::Tensor& edge_feat,
    at::Tensor& out
) {
    const int num_edges = edge_feat.size(0);
    const int feat_dim = edge_feat.size(1);
    
    int block_size = 128;
    int num_blocks = (num_edges + block_size - 1) / block_size;
    num_blocks = std::min(num_blocks, 65535);
    
    scatter_add_kernel_opt<<<num_blocks, block_size>>>(
        dst_idx.data_ptr<int>(),
        edge_feat.data_ptr<float>(),
        out.data_ptr<float>(),
        num_edges,
        feat_dim
    );
}
"""

cpp_source = r"""
void scatter_add_cuda(const at::Tensor& dst_idx, const at::Tensor& edge_feat, at::Tensor& out);
"""

scatter_ops = load_inline(
    name='scatter_add_ops',
    cpp_sources=cpp_source,
    cuda_sources=cuda_source,
    functions=['scatter_add_cuda'],
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '-arch=sm_90', '-use_fast_math'],
    verbose=True
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_nodes):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_nodes = num_nodes

    def forward(self, dst_idx: torch.Tensor, edge_feat: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        feat_dim = edge_feat.shape[1]
        out = torch.zeros(self.num_nodes, feat_dim, dtype=edge_feat.dtype, device=edge_feat.device)
        scatter_ops.scatter_add_cuda(dst_idx.to(torch.int32), edge_feat, out)
        return out