correct
5_FlowMatchingProbabilityFlowODE.py
started
2026-05-04T20:53:32Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
0.38 / — / 3.26e-04 μs
ref mean / median / std
3.63 / — / 0.24 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
368.50x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
# Default ModelNew is PyTorch-only. run_and_check: use check_kernel=False with backend=cuda
# until the candidate file contains a real CUDA kernel (see kernel_static_checker).
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
**Fused probability-flow ODE integration** (flow-matching style) in one ``forward``.
Models the ODE ``dx/dt = v_θ(x, t)`` on ``t ∈ [0, 1]`` with a learned velocity
field. A **single fused pass** unrolls **fixed-step Euler** integration for
``num_steps`` substeps—typical for **real-time trajectory / action generation**
where latency is dominated by repeated ``v_θ`` evaluations.
This is the continuous-time analogue of a rectified-flow / conditional-flow
sampler: one ``forward`` returns an approximate **x(1)** from **x(0)** without a
Python loop across separate module calls (fusion target for the integrator +
field).
"""
def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):
super().__init__()
assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1
self.dim = dim
self.num_steps = num_steps
self.register_buffer("dt", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))
self.velocity = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4),
nn.SiLU(),
nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4),
nn.SiLU(),
nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim),
)
def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
"""
Args:
x0: (B, dim) initial state at ``t = 0`` (e.g. noise or anchor trajectory).
Returns:
(B, dim) approximate state at ``t = 1`` after fused Euler integration.
"""
B, d = x0.shape
assert d == self.dim
x = x0
dt = self.dt.to(dtype=x0.dtype, device=x0.device)
for k in range(self.num_steps):
t = (float(k) + 0.5) / float(self.num_steps)
t_b = torch.full((B, 1), t, device=x0.device, dtype=x0.dtype)
inp = torch.cat([x, t_b], dim=-1)
v = self.velocity(inp)
x = x + dt * v
return x
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
"""KernelBench candidate entry point; default delegates to ``Model``."""
def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):
super().__init__()
self._impl = Model(dim, num_steps)
def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
return self._impl(x0)
batch_size = 8
dim = 64
num_steps = 32
def get_inputs():
return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), dim)]
def get_init_inputs():
return [dim, num_steps]
turn 029.7s turn · 29.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 119.0s turn · 119.0s LLM · 9,250 chars (click to expand)
turn 1119.0s turn · 119.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n\n#ifndef CHECK_CUDA\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#endif\n#ifndef CHECK_CONTIGUOUS\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#endif\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) {\n return x / (1.0f + expf(-x));\n}\n\ntemplate<int D, int H>\n__global__ void flow_kernel_64(const float* __restrict__ x0,\n const float* __restrict__ w1,\n const float* __restrict__ b1,\n const float* __restrict__ w2,\n const float* __restrict__ b2,\n const float* __restrict__ w3,\n const float* __restrict__ b3,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int num_steps) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float x[D];\n __shared__ float h1[H];\n __shared__ float h2[H];\n\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n\n // First linear: [D + t] -> H, one output per thread\n float s1 = b1[tid];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < D; ++i) {\n s1 = fmaf(x[i], w1[tid * (D + 1) + i], s1);\n }\n s1 = fmaf(t, w1[tid * (D + 1) + D], s1);\n h1[tid] = silu_f(s1);\n __syncthreads();\n\n // Second linear: H -> H, one output per thread\n float s2 = b2[tid];\n #pragma unroll 8\n for (int i = 0; i < H; ++i) {\n s2 = fmaf(h1[i], w2[tid * H + i], s2);\n }\n h2[tid] = silu_f(s2);\n __syncthreads();\n\n // Output linear and Euler update\n if (tid < D) {\n float s3 = b3[tid];\n #pragma unroll 8\n for (int i = 0; i < H; ++i) {\n s3 = fmaf(h2[i], w3[tid * H + i], s3);\n }\n x[tid] = fmaf(inv_steps, s3, x[tid]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0); CHECK_CUDA(w1); CHECK_CUDA(b1); CHECK_CUDA(w2); CHECK_CUDA(b2); CHECK_CUDA(w3); CHECK_CUDA(b3);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32, \"x0 must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dim() == 2 && x0.size(1) == 64, \"only dim=64 supported\");\n int B = (int)x0.size(0);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(x0);\n dim3 grid(B);\n dim3 block(256);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n flow_kernel_64<64,256><<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(\n x0.data_ptr<float>(), w1.data_ptr<float>(), b1.data_ptr<float>(),\n w2.data_ptr<float>(), b2.data_ptr<float>(), w3.data_ptr<float>(), b3.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(), B, (int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"flow_fused_ext_v1\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"flow_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):\n super().__init__()\n assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1\n self.dim = dim\n self.num_steps = num_steps\n self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity = nn.Sequential(\n nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim),\n )\n\n def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(x0.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),\n self.num_steps)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel
compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError.
RuntimeError: Error building extension 'flow_fused_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=flow_fused_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l3_default_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_3_problem_5_cache/k_ffe1d8fb2874/flow_fused_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o
[2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=flow_fused_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l3_default_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_3_problem_5_cache/k_ffe1d8fb2874/flow_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o
FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o
/usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=flow_fused_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l3_default_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_3_problem_5_cache/k_ffe1d8fb2874/flow_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o
nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used
/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l3_default_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_3_problem_5_cache/k_ffe1d8fb2874/flow_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu(91): error: namespace "at::cuda" has no member "getCurrentCUDAStream"
cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
^
1 error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l3_default_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_3_problem_5_cache/k_ffe1d8fb2874/flow_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu".
ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 2 · 1 tool call(s) · 35.6s turn · 35.6s LLM · 6,538 chars (click to expand)
turn 235.6s turn · 35.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Updating processes**
I need to look into this update. It seems like when making contiguous calls, copying weights during each forward pass might be a factor. I’m thinking that using `.contiguous()` on parameters could return the same result without extra cost, although there might be some overhead in Python. This might require further compilation, so I’ll need to figure out exactly how to handle that. Let’s keep digging into it!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n\n#ifndef CHECK_CUDA\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#endif\n#ifndef CHECK_CONTIGUOUS\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#endif\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) {\n return x / (1.0f + expf(-x));\n}\n\ntemplate<int D, int H>\n__global__ void flow_kernel_64(const float* __restrict__ x0,\n const float* __restrict__ w1,\n const float* __restrict__ b1,\n const float* __restrict__ w2,\n const float* __restrict__ b2,\n const float* __restrict__ w3,\n const float* __restrict__ b3,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int num_steps) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float x[D];\n __shared__ float h1[H];\n __shared__ float h2[H];\n\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n\n float s1 = b1[tid];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < D; ++i) {\n s1 = fmaf(x[i], w1[tid * (D + 1) + i], s1);\n }\n s1 = fmaf(t, w1[tid * (D + 1) + D], s1);\n h1[tid] = silu_f(s1);\n __syncthreads();\n\n float s2 = b2[tid];\n #pragma unroll 8\n for (int i = 0; i < H; ++i) {\n s2 = fmaf(h1[i], w2[tid * H + i], s2);\n }\n h2[tid] = silu_f(s2);\n __syncthreads();\n\n if (tid < D) {\n float s3 = b3[tid];\n #pragma unroll 8\n for (int i = 0; i < H; ++i) {\n s3 = fmaf(h2[i], w3[tid * H + i], s3);\n }\n x[tid] = fmaf(inv_steps, s3, x[tid]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0); CHECK_CUDA(w1); CHECK_CUDA(b1); CHECK_CUDA(w2); CHECK_CUDA(b2); CHECK_CUDA(w3); CHECK_CUDA(b3);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32, \"x0 must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dim() == 2 && x0.size(1) == 64, \"only dim=64 supported\");\n int B = (int)x0.size(0);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(x0);\n dim3 grid(B);\n dim3 block(256);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n flow_kernel_64<64,256><<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(\n x0.data_ptr<float>(), w1.data_ptr<float>(), b1.data_ptr<float>(),\n w2.data_ptr<float>(), b2.data_ptr<float>(), w3.data_ptr<float>(), b3.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(), B, (int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"flow_fused_ext_v2\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"flow_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):\n super().__init__()\n assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1\n self.dim = dim\n self.num_steps = num_steps\n self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity = nn.Sequential(\n nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim),\n )\n\n def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(x0.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),\n self.num_steps)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.9s turn · 10.9s LLM · 6,117 chars (click to expand)
turn 310.9s turn · 10.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n\n#ifndef CHECK_CUDA\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#endif\n#ifndef CHECK_CONTIGUOUS\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#endif\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) {\n return x / (1.0f + expf(-x));\n}\n\ntemplate<int D, int H>\n__global__ void flow_kernel_64(const float* __restrict__ x0,\n const float* __restrict__ w1,\n const float* __restrict__ b1,\n const float* __restrict__ w2,\n const float* __restrict__ b2,\n const float* __restrict__ w3,\n const float* __restrict__ b3,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int num_steps) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float x[D];\n __shared__ float h1[H];\n __shared__ float h2[H];\n\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n\n float s1 = b1[tid];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < D; ++i) {\n s1 = fmaf(x[i], w1[tid * (D + 1) + i], s1);\n }\n s1 = fmaf(t, w1[tid * (D + 1) + D], s1);\n h1[tid] = silu_f(s1);\n __syncthreads();\n\n float s2 = b2[tid];\n #pragma unroll 8\n for (int i = 0; i < H; ++i) {\n s2 = fmaf(h1[i], w2[tid * H + i], s2);\n }\n h2[tid] = silu_f(s2);\n __syncthreads();\n\n if (tid < D) {\n float s3 = b3[tid];\n #pragma unroll 8\n for (int i = 0; i < H; ++i) {\n s3 = fmaf(h2[i], w3[tid * H + i], s3);\n }\n x[tid] = fmaf(inv_steps, s3, x[tid]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0); CHECK_CUDA(w1); CHECK_CUDA(b1); CHECK_CUDA(w2); CHECK_CUDA(b2); CHECK_CUDA(w3); CHECK_CUDA(b3);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32, \"x0 must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dim() == 2 && x0.size(1) == 64, \"only dim=64 supported\");\n int B = (int)x0.size(0);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(x0);\n dim3 grid(B);\n dim3 block(256);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n flow_kernel_64<64,256><<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(\n x0.data_ptr<float>(), w1.data_ptr<float>(), b1.data_ptr<float>(),\n w2.data_ptr<float>(), b2.data_ptr<float>(), w3.data_ptr<float>(), b3.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(), B, (int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"flow_fused_ext_v2\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"flow_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):\n super().__init__()\n assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1\n self.dim = dim\n self.num_steps = num_steps\n self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity = nn.Sequential(\n nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim),\n )\n\n def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(x0.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),\n self.num_steps)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.38e-07 mean_abs_err=1.72e-08 max_rel_err=3.83e-06
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 35.0s turn · 35.0s LLM · 6,039 chars (click to expand)
turn 435.0s turn · 35.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0, torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1, torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2, torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3, int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) { return x / (1.0f + expf(-x)); }\n\n__global__ void flow_kernel_64_4way(const float* __restrict__ x0,\n const float* __restrict__ w1,\n const float* __restrict__ b1,\n const float* __restrict__ w2,\n const float* __restrict__ b2,\n const float* __restrict__ w3,\n const float* __restrict__ b3,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int num_steps) {\n const int D = 64;\n const int H = 256;\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float x[D];\n __shared__ float h1[H];\n __shared__ float h2[H];\n __shared__ float part[1024];\n\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n // 4 threads per hidden output\n int j = tid >> 2;\n int lane = tid & 3;\n float s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = lane; i < D; i += 4) s = fmaf(x[i], w1[j * (D + 1) + i], s);\n if (lane == 0) s = fmaf(t, w1[j * (D + 1) + D], s);\n part[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) {\n float v = b1[j] + part[(j<<2)] + part[(j<<2)+1] + part[(j<<2)+2] + part[(j<<2)+3];\n h1[j] = silu_f(v);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = lane; i < H; i += 4) s = fmaf(h1[i], w2[j * H + i], s);\n part[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) {\n float v = b2[j] + part[(j<<2)] + part[(j<<2)+1] + part[(j<<2)+2] + part[(j<<2)+3];\n h2[j] = silu_f(v);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n int oj = tid >> 4; // 64 outputs, 16 threads per output\n int olane = tid & 15;\n s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = olane; i < H; i += 16) s = fmaf(h2[i], w3[oj * H + i], s);\n part[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n if (olane == 0) {\n int base = oj << 4;\n float v = b3[oj];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int q = 0; q < 16; ++q) v += part[base + q];\n x[oj] = fmaf(inv_steps, v, x[oj]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0, torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1, torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2, torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3, int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32 && x0.dim()==2 && x0.size(1)==64, \"expected fp32 Bx64\");\n int B = (int)x0.size(0);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(x0);\n flow_kernel_64_4way<<<B, 1024, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x0.data_ptr<float>(), w1.data_ptr<float>(), b1.data_ptr<float>(), w2.data_ptr<float>(), b2.data_ptr<float>(), w3.data_ptr<float>(), b3.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, (int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"flow_fused_ext_v3\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"flow_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):\n super().__init__()\n assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1\n self.dim = dim\n self.num_steps = num_steps\n self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4), nn.SiLU(), nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4), nn.SiLU(), nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim))\n def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(x0.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(), self.num_steps)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.38e-07 mean_abs_err=9.99e-09 max_rel_err=1.09e-05
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 30.7s turn · 30.7s LLM · 7,611 chars (click to expand)
turn 530.7s turn · 30.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing performance strategy**
I need to find a faster way to optimize submissions, possibly by using static checks or hybrid variants. I'm weighing whether to use a single submission versus multiple iterations. Thinking about how to best manage configurations, I see variant splits of 4 for h2, which could yield good results. Currently, each active streaming multiprocessor (SM) has low occupancy. Given that memory loads aren't efficient, I'll have to refine my approach for better warp coalescing and cache usage.
**Analyzing cache efficiency**
I'm looking at cache lines, and I observe that with 32 cache lines per i, for 256 i loads, that's a total of 32KB—pretty neat! Each row is 256 floats and across 32 rows, it still amounts to 32KB, which is useful for memory coalescing. Even though I have some transaction overhead, it seems manageable. The warp's structure helps with contiguous reads per lane, optimizing computations in the h2 layer, which totals 65k outputs per block on a single SM.
**Evaluating thread configurations**
I'm considering the throughput for 256 threads with each handling 256 FMAs across 8 warps versus 1024 threads running 64 FMAs in 32 warps. If there are enough warps, the throughput should remain similar on the streaming multiprocessor (SM). But I'm wondering if 8 warps would be sufficient, especially considering memory latency. Moving to 1024 threads seems to help reduce per-thread dependencies while increasing parallelism, which could be beneficial for overall performance along with reducing barriers.
**Considering performance updates**
I’m wondering if I could update the transposed weights in the first forward call using a copy. But that might affect timing, especially if there's a warmup involved. I think benchmarking may include warmup, while static might not. I guess I could define buffers for the transposed weights along with a custom transpose kernel, but I need to update when the parameters are loaded. Hmm, overriding _load_from_state_dict to set transposed seems too complex and possibly unnecessary.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0, torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1, torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2, torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3, int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) { return x / (1.0f + __expf(-x)); }\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(1024,1) void flow_kernel_64_4way(const float* __restrict__ x0,const float* __restrict__ w1,const float* __restrict__ b1,const float* __restrict__ w2,const float* __restrict__ b2,const float* __restrict__ w3,const float* __restrict__ b3,float* __restrict__ out,int B,int num_steps) {\n const int D = 64; const int H = 256; int b = blockIdx.x; int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float x[D]; __shared__ float h1[H]; __shared__ float h2[H]; __shared__ float part[1024];\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n int j = tid >> 2; int lane = tid & 3;\n float s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = lane; i < D; i += 4) s = fmaf(x[i], w1[j * (D + 1) + i], s);\n if (lane == 0) s = fmaf(t, w1[j * (D + 1) + D], s);\n part[tid] = s; __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) { float v = b1[j] + part[(j<<2)] + part[(j<<2)+1] + part[(j<<2)+2] + part[(j<<2)+3]; h1[j] = silu_f(v); }\n __syncthreads();\n s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = lane; i < H; i += 4) s = fmaf(h1[i], w2[j * H + i], s);\n part[tid] = s; __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) { float v = b2[j] + part[(j<<2)] + part[(j<<2)+1] + part[(j<<2)+2] + part[(j<<2)+3]; h2[j] = silu_f(v); }\n __syncthreads();\n int oj = tid >> 4; int olane = tid & 15; s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = olane; i < H; i += 16) s = fmaf(h2[i], w3[oj * H + i], s);\n part[tid] = s; __syncthreads();\n if (olane == 0) { int base = oj << 4; float v = b3[oj];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int q = 0; q < 16; ++q) v += part[base + q];\n x[oj] = fmaf(inv_steps, v, x[oj]); }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0, torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1, torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2, torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3, int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32 && x0.dim()==2 && x0.size(1)==64, \"expected fp32 Bx64\");\n int B=(int)x0.size(0); auto out=torch::empty_like(x0);\n flow_kernel_64_4way<<<B,1024,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x0.data_ptr<float>(),w1.data_ptr<float>(),b1.data_ptr<float>(),w2.data_ptr<float>(),b2.data_ptr<float>(),w3.data_ptr<float>(),b3.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),B,(int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"flow_fused_ext_v4\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"flow_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim:int, num_steps:int):\n super().__init__(); assert dim>=1 and num_steps>=1; self.dim=dim; self.num_steps=num_steps; self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0/float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity=nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(dim+1,dim*4),nn.SiLU(),nn.Linear(dim*4,dim*4),nn.SiLU(),nn.Linear(dim*4,dim))\n def forward(self,x0:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(x0.contiguous(),self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(),self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(),self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(),self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),self.num_steps)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.38e-07 mean_abs_err=1.02e-08 max_rel_err=1.30e-05
turn 612.4s turn · 12.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering Python and C++ integration**
I’m thinking about using Python overhead reduction by passing parameters. That seems acceptable. I wonder if I could bind a function with a list, but maybe not? Inline C++ with pybind might introduce around a 10 microsecond overhead. The PyTorch reference is pretty huge. I need to do a static check at the end, possibly with version 4. I’ll ensure the complete code isn’t too minified and check for any potential static issues.
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0, torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1, torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2, torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3, int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) { return x / (1.0f + __expf(-x)); }\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(1024,1) void flow_kernel_64_4way(const float* __restrict__ x0,const float* __restrict__ w1,const float* __restrict__ b1,const float* __restrict__ w2,const float* __restrict__ b2,const float* __restrict__ w3,const float* __restrict__ b3,float* __restrict__ out,int B,int num_steps) {\n const int D = 64; const int H = 256; int b = blockIdx.x; int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float x[D]; __shared__ float h1[H]; __shared__ float h2[H]; __shared__ float part[1024];\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n int j = tid >> 2; int lane = tid & 3;\n float s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = lane; i < D; i += 4) s = fmaf(x[i], w1[j * (D + 1) + i], s);\n if (lane == 0) s = fmaf(t, w1[j * (D + 1) + D], s);\n part[tid] = s; __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) { float v = b1[j] + part[(j<<2)] + part[(j<<2)+1] + part[(j<<2)+2] + part[(j<<2)+3]; h1[j] = silu_f(v); }\n __syncthreads();\n s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = lane; i < H; i += 4) s = fmaf(h1[i], w2[j * H + i], s);\n part[tid] = s; __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) { float v = b2[j] + part[(j<<2)] + part[(j<<2)+1] + part[(j<<2)+2] + part[(j<<2)+3]; h2[j] = silu_f(v); }\n __syncthreads();\n int oj = tid >> 4; int olane = tid & 15; s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = olane; i < H; i += 16) s = fmaf(h2[i], w3[oj * H + i], s);\n part[tid] = s; __syncthreads();\n if (olane == 0) { int base = oj << 4; float v = b3[oj];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int q = 0; q < 16; ++q) v += part[base + q];\n x[oj] = fmaf(inv_steps, v, x[oj]); }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0, torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1, torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2, torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3, int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32 && x0.dim()==2 && x0.size(1)==64, \"expected fp32 Bx64\");\n int B=(int)x0.size(0); auto out=torch::empty_like(x0);\n flow_kernel_64_4way<<<B,1024,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x0.data_ptr<float>(),w1.data_ptr<float>(),b1.data_ptr<float>(),w2.data_ptr<float>(),b2.data_ptr<float>(),w3.data_ptr<float>(),b3.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),B,(int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"flow_fused_ext_final\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"flow_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim:int, num_steps:int):\n super().__init__(); assert dim>=1 and num_steps>=1; self.dim=dim; self.num_steps=num_steps; self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0/float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity=nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(dim+1,dim*4),nn.SiLU(),nn.Linear(dim*4,dim*4),nn.SiLU(),nn.Linear(dim*4,dim))\n def forward(self,x0:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(x0.contiguous(),self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(),self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(),self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(),self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),self.num_steps)\n"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 7 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 12.8s turn · 12.8s LLM · 7,488 chars (click to expand)
turn 712.8s turn · 12.8s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Finalizing submission strategy**
I need to prepare for the final submission. I'm wondering if I can just use the code itself as the answer. Before I finalize it, though, I should think about whether version 1 could be faster than version 4. Since I don’t have timing information, maybe I should go with version 4 instead. I’ll need to use submit_kernel to send my final code.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) {\n return x / (1.0f + __expf(-x));\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(1024, 1)\nvoid flow_kernel_64_4way(const float* __restrict__ x0,\n const float* __restrict__ w1,\n const float* __restrict__ b1,\n const float* __restrict__ w2,\n const float* __restrict__ b2,\n const float* __restrict__ w3,\n const float* __restrict__ b3,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int num_steps) {\n const int D = 64;\n const int H = 256;\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n\n __shared__ float x[D];\n __shared__ float h1[H];\n __shared__ float h2[H];\n __shared__ float part[1024];\n\n if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];\n __syncthreads();\n\n float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;\n for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {\n float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;\n\n // First linear: four threads cooperatively compute each of 256 neurons.\n int j = tid >> 2;\n int lane = tid & 3;\n float s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = lane; i < D; i += 4) {\n s = fmaf(x[i], w1[j * (D + 1) + i], s);\n }\n if (lane == 0) s = fmaf(t, w1[j * (D + 1) + D], s);\n part[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) {\n int base = j << 2;\n float v = b1[j] + part[base] + part[base + 1] + part[base + 2] + part[base + 3];\n h1[j] = silu_f(v);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n // Second linear: four-way split for each hidden neuron.\n s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = lane; i < H; i += 4) {\n s = fmaf(h1[i], w2[j * H + i], s);\n }\n part[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n if (lane == 0) {\n int base = j << 2;\n float v = b2[j] + part[base] + part[base + 1] + part[base + 2] + part[base + 3];\n h2[j] = silu_f(v);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n // Output linear: sixteen threads per output coordinate.\n int oj = tid >> 4;\n int olane = tid & 15;\n s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int i = olane; i < H; i += 16) {\n s = fmaf(h2[i], w3[oj * H + i], s);\n }\n part[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n if (olane == 0) {\n int base = oj << 4;\n float v = b3[oj];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int q = 0; q < 16; ++q) v += part[base + q];\n x[oj] = fmaf(inv_steps, v, x[oj]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,\n torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,\n torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,\n torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,\n int64_t num_steps) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x0);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);\n TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32 && x0.dim() == 2 && x0.size(1) == 64,\n \"expected a contiguous CUDA fp32 tensor of shape (B, 64)\");\n\n int B = (int)x0.size(0);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(x0);\n flow_kernel_64_4way<<<B, 1024, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x0.data_ptr<float>(),\n w1.data_ptr<float>(), b1.data_ptr<float>(),\n w2.data_ptr<float>(), b2.data_ptr<float>(),\n w3.data_ptr<float>(), b3.data_ptr<float>(),\n out.data_ptr<float>(), B, (int)num_steps);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"flow_fused_ext_final\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"flow_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):\n super().__init__()\n assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1\n self.dim = dim\n self.num_steps = num_steps\n self.register_buffer(\"dt\", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))\n self.velocity = nn.Sequential(\n nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4),\n nn.SiLU(),\n nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim),\n )\n\n def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.flow_forward(\n x0.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),\n self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),\n self.num_steps,\n )\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 0.38 μs
Runtime stats: mean=0.38μs median=?μs std=0.00μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.38e-07 mean_abs_err=1.02e-08 max_rel_err=1.30e-05
Memory: 33.76 MB peak (ref: 33.78 MB, ratio: 0.9994x)
Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 737, fusion ratio: 368.5)
SOL score: 0.0613
final submitted kernel (171 lines, 5,642 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,
torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,
torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,
torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,
int64_t num_steps);
"""
_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <math.h>
#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x " must be CUDA")
#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x " must be contiguous")
__device__ __forceinline__ float silu_f(float x) {
return x / (1.0f + __expf(-x));
}
__global__ __launch_bounds__(1024, 1)
void flow_kernel_64_4way(const float* __restrict__ x0,
const float* __restrict__ w1,
const float* __restrict__ b1,
const float* __restrict__ w2,
const float* __restrict__ b2,
const float* __restrict__ w3,
const float* __restrict__ b3,
float* __restrict__ out,
int B, int num_steps) {
const int D = 64;
const int H = 256;
int b = blockIdx.x;
int tid = threadIdx.x;
__shared__ float x[D];
__shared__ float h1[H];
__shared__ float h2[H];
__shared__ float part[1024];
if (tid < D) x[tid] = x0[b * D + tid];
__syncthreads();
float inv_steps = 1.0f / (float)num_steps;
for (int k = 0; k < num_steps; ++k) {
float t = ((float)k + 0.5f) * inv_steps;
// First linear: four threads cooperatively compute each of 256 neurons.
int j = tid >> 2;
int lane = tid & 3;
float s = 0.0f;
#pragma unroll
for (int i = lane; i < D; i += 4) {
s = fmaf(x[i], w1[j * (D + 1) + i], s);
}
if (lane == 0) s = fmaf(t, w1[j * (D + 1) + D], s);
part[tid] = s;
__syncthreads();
if (lane == 0) {
int base = j << 2;
float v = b1[j] + part[base] + part[base + 1] + part[base + 2] + part[base + 3];
h1[j] = silu_f(v);
}
__syncthreads();
// Second linear: four-way split for each hidden neuron.
s = 0.0f;
#pragma unroll 4
for (int i = lane; i < H; i += 4) {
s = fmaf(h1[i], w2[j * H + i], s);
}
part[tid] = s;
__syncthreads();
if (lane == 0) {
int base = j << 2;
float v = b2[j] + part[base] + part[base + 1] + part[base + 2] + part[base + 3];
h2[j] = silu_f(v);
}
__syncthreads();
// Output linear: sixteen threads per output coordinate.
int oj = tid >> 4;
int olane = tid & 15;
s = 0.0f;
#pragma unroll 4
for (int i = olane; i < H; i += 16) {
s = fmaf(h2[i], w3[oj * H + i], s);
}
part[tid] = s;
__syncthreads();
if (olane == 0) {
int base = oj << 4;
float v = b3[oj];
#pragma unroll
for (int q = 0; q < 16; ++q) v += part[base + q];
x[oj] = fmaf(inv_steps, v, x[oj]);
}
__syncthreads();
}
if (tid < D) out[b * D + tid] = x[tid];
}
torch::Tensor flow_forward(torch::Tensor x0,
torch::Tensor w1, torch::Tensor b1,
torch::Tensor w2, torch::Tensor b2,
torch::Tensor w3, torch::Tensor b3,
int64_t num_steps) {
CHECK_CUDA(x0);
CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x0);
CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w1); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b1);
CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w2); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b2);
CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(w3); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(b3);
TORCH_CHECK(x0.dtype() == torch::kFloat32 && x0.dim() == 2 && x0.size(1) == 64,
"expected a contiguous CUDA fp32 tensor of shape (B, 64)");
int B = (int)x0.size(0);
auto out = torch::empty_like(x0);
flow_kernel_64_4way<<<B, 1024, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
x0.data_ptr<float>(),
w1.data_ptr<float>(), b1.data_ptr<float>(),
w2.data_ptr<float>(), b2.data_ptr<float>(),
w3.data_ptr<float>(), b3.data_ptr<float>(),
out.data_ptr<float>(), B, (int)num_steps);
return out;
}
"""
_ext = load_inline(
name="flow_fused_ext_final",
cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
functions=["flow_forward"],
extra_cflags=["-O3"],
extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3", "--use_fast_math"],
verbose=False,
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, dim: int, num_steps: int):
super().__init__()
assert dim >= 1 and num_steps >= 1
self.dim = dim
self.num_steps = num_steps
self.register_buffer("dt", torch.tensor(1.0 / float(num_steps)))
self.velocity = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(dim + 1, dim * 4),
nn.SiLU(),
nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim * 4),
nn.SiLU(),
nn.Linear(dim * 4, dim),
)
def forward(self, x0: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
return _ext.flow_forward(
x0.contiguous(),
self.velocity[0].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[0].bias.contiguous(),
self.velocity[2].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[2].bias.contiguous(),
self.velocity[4].weight.contiguous(), self.velocity[4].bias.contiguous(),
self.num_steps,
)