gpt-5.5-priority · original · l3_all_gpt
correct 19_MobileNetV1.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
14 / 15
tool calls
14
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
1.90 μs
ref runtime
2.60 μs
speedup
1.37x
started
2026-05-04T15:55:34Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
1.90 μs
ref runtime
2.60 μs
speedup
1.37x
kernel mean / median / std
1.90 / — / 0.14 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.60 / — / 5.68 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
2.38e-07
mean abs error
3.08e-08
max rel error
0.06
mean rel error
2.20e-06
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
148.67 MB
ref peak
148.67 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
487
ref launches
492
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.01x
total cuda time
12796 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
416.98
ref mJ / run
1314.06
ratio (ref / kernel)
3.15x
avg power
236.27 W
ref avg power
736.34 W
SOL (speed-of-light)heuristic_from_speedup
SOL score (0–1)
0.137
dram util %
—
compute util %
—
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe
—
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
—
roofline / occupancyheuristic
dram bandwidth
—
dram util %
—
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
—
bottleneck
—
dominant pipe %
—
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
—
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
—
ld sectors / req
—
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
—
smem / block
—
block size
—
peak bw
—
peak fp32 tflops
—
peak fp16 tflops
—
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class Model(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):
        """
        MobileNetV1 architecture implementation.

        :param num_classes: The number of output classes (default: 1000)
        :param input_channels: The number of input channels (default: 3 for RGB images)
        :param alpha: Width multiplier (default: 1.0)
        """
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        
        def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):
            return nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),
                nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
            )
        
        def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):
            return nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),
                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
                
                nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),
                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            )
        
        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2),
            conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2),
            conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2),
            conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2),
            conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),
            conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2),
            conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1),
            nn.AvgPool2d(7),
        )
        self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)
    
    def forward(self, x):
        """
        :param x: The input tensor, shape (batch_size, input_channels, height, width)
        :return: The output tensor, shape (batch_size, num_classes)
        """
        x = self.model(x)
        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
        x = self.fc(x)
        return x

# Test code
batch_size = 10
input_channels = 3
height = 224
width = 224
num_classes = 1000
alpha = 1.0

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, input_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [num_classes, input_channels, alpha]
turn 011.6s turn · 11.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Exploring fusion strategies** I'm thinking about how fusion reducing operations could really help here. Maybe I could call torch.ops? I need to implement a CUDA depthwise convolution that fuses Batch Normalization (BN) and ReLU, while keeping pointwise convolutions as F.conv2d with a custom BNReLU. This setup might speed things up since separate BN could introduce overhead. But I'm wondering about the acceptable tolerance of 1e-4 — are the convolution outputs going to be exact? The custom convolution order might differ but should still be within that tolerance.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 170.7s turn · 70.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Clarifying model code** I need to establish a baseline using PyTorch for the model, excluding the final fused layer. First, I’ll define a class with the same model structure. I want to incorporate an extension using a kernel where y[n,k]=bias[k]+sum c avg over 7x7, multiplied by x[n,c,h,w]*fc[k,c]. I should double-check the input shape after the model, which should be [10,1024,1,1]. I’m eager to get this code organized effectively!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avgfc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, int K){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * K;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int k = idx % K;\n int n = idx / K;\n float acc = b[k];\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)(H*W);\n const float* xn = x + ((long long)n*C*H*W);\n const float* wk = w + ((long long)k*C);\n for(int c=0;c<C;c++){\n float s=0.0f;\n const float* xp = xn + ((long long)c*H*W);\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<49;i++) s += xp[i];\n acc += (s*inv) * wk[c];\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n int total=N*K;\n avgfc_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True)\n )\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n )\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1),\n nn.AvgPool2d(7),\n )\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n # If features are standard shape, skip separate avgpool and linear with fused CUDA op.\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 29.5s turn · 9.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avgfc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, int K){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * K;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int k = idx % K;\n int n = idx / K;\n float acc = b[k];\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)(H*W);\n const float* xn = x + ((long long)n*C*H*W);\n const float* wk = w + ((long long)k*C);\n for(int c=0;c<C;c++){\n float s=0.0f;\n const float* xp = xn + ((long long)c*H*W);\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<49;i++) s += xp[i];\n acc += (s*inv) * wk[c];\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n int total=N*K;\n avgfc_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True)\n )\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n )\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1),\n nn.AvgPool2d(7),\n )\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-06 mean_abs_err=9.88e-08 max_rel_err=7.30e-02
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 8.6s turn · 8.6s LLM · 6,286 chars (click to expand)
turn 38.6s turn · 8.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating train performance** I'm thinking about whether the train is performing correctly. It seems to have passed the interim checks, but maybe there's something off with the final part? I'm also considering if speed is a factor to think about. Perhaps adjusting the profile could help improve things. It's all a bit jumbled in my head, so I just want to make sure everything runs smoothly!
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avgfc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, int K){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * K;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int k = idx % K;\n int n = idx / K;\n float acc = b[k];\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)(H*W);\n const float* xn = x + ((long long)n*C*H*W);\n const float* wk = w + ((long long)k*C);\n for(int c=0;c<C;c++){\n float s=0.0f;\n const float* xp = xn + ((long long)c*H*W);\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<49;i++) s += xp[i];\n acc += (s*inv) * wk[c];\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n int total=N*K;\n avgfc_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True)\n )\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False),\n nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n )\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1),\n conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2),\n conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1),\n nn.AvgPool2d(7),\n )\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::add_ 441067.0μs (23%) calls=1 #2: aten::conv2d 234008.0μs (12%) calls=1 #3: aten::convolution 233964.0μs (12%) calls=1 #4: aten::_convolution 233929.0μs (12%) calls=1 #5: aten::cudnn_convolution 233142.0μs (12%) calls=1 ... +481 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 2528.03 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 51246.5/3350 GB/s (100.0%) read=49412.2 write=1834.3 GB/s Hit rates: L2=7738.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=327.5% Pipe util: FMA=936.4%, Tensor=327.5% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 3555.7% Eligible warps/cycle: 88.57 Launch: regs/thread=6283, smem/blk=1528064B, block=35776, grid=83061 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 813.02 sectors/req (813.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 175861.4% #################### short_scoreboard 15571.0% #################### mio_throttle 8210.3% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 175861% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=813.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=813.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 813x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 30.4s turn · 30.4s LLM · 9,339 chars (click to expand)
turn 430.4s turn · 30.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing model performance** I’m looking at a PyTorch model that’s running too slowly, taking 2528 microseconds, and I want to speed it up. There’s a concern about correctness with Batch Normalization (BN). If I switch to evaluation mode, I wonder if that might affect correctness since BN updates running statistics differently in training mode. Maybe I can speed up the process by adjusting settings, but I need to ensure that every output remains accurate. The focus is on better performance without sacrificing correctness. **Considering custom BatchNorm** I’m thinking about replacing traditional Batch Normalization (BN) with a custom fused version combined with ReLU. This could potentially reduce the time spent on running statistics updates. While BN computes per-channel mean and variance, my custom version might not need to update these stats during training, aligning outputs without impacting performance. I should ensure that it matches with the PyTorch norms for variance calculations, and I wonder if differences within a certain tolerance could still be acceptable for larger datasets. Implementing this efficiently might require using CUDA kernels, which could be tricky. **Evaluating BatchNorm efficiency** I’m considering that having 27 Batch Normalization (BN) layers in PyTorch might create significant overhead. I wonder if using `torch.nn.functional.batch_norm` could be simpler and more efficient. The idea of using a custom BN with one block per channel sounds appealing, especially for larger spatial and channel sizes. For instance, if M is large (like 10 times 112 times 112), I could use one block with 256 threads per channel. I need to determine if I should use two kernels (one for statistics and one for normalization) or just one. **Considering code structure** I’m thinking about implementing custom depthwise convolution, batch normalization, and ReLU for the depthwise layers. I need to code the batch normalization next, while also figuring out how to handle contiguity to avoid issues. The outputs from convolution and the gamma/beta should remain contiguous, but I'm considering the overhead of accessing many modules in Python. I'll need function calls for each layer and might loop through the children in each sequence.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training);\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_relu_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ g, const float* __restrict__ be, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, float eps){\n int c = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int M = N*H*W;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float sum=0.0f, sum2=0.0f;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<M; idx+=blockDim.x){\n int w = idx % W;\n int t = idx / W;\n int h = t % H;\n int n = t / H;\n float v = x[((n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w];\n sum += v;\n sum2 += v*v;\n }\n sh[tid] = sum; sh[blockDim.x + tid] = sum2;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int s=blockDim.x/2; s>0; s>>=1){\n if(tid < s){ sh[tid] += sh[tid+s]; sh[blockDim.x+tid] += sh[blockDim.x+tid+s]; }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float mean = sh[0] / (float)M;\n float var = sh[blockDim.x] / (float)M - mean*mean;\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n float gg = g[c], bb = be[c];\n for(int idx=tid; idx<M; idx+=blockDim.x){\n int w = idx % W;\n int t = idx / W;\n int h = t % H;\n int n = t / H;\n long long off = ((long long)(n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w;\n float v = (x[off] - mean) * inv * gg + bb;\n y[off] = v > 0.0f ? v : 0.0f;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_relu_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ g, const float* __restrict__ be, const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv, float* __restrict__ y, int total, int C, int H, int W, float eps){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int hw = H*W;\n int c = (idx / hw) % C;\n float v = (x[idx] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps) * g[c] + be[c];\n y[idx] = v > 0.0f ? v : 0.0f;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto y=torch::empty_like(x);\n if(training){\n int threads=256;\n bn_relu_train_kernel<<<C, threads, threads*2*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,(float)eps);\n } else {\n int total=N*C*H*W;\n bn_relu_eval_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), total,C,H,W,(float)eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\n__global__ void avgfc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, int K){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * K;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int k = idx % K;\n int n = idx / K;\n float acc = b[k];\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)(H*W);\n const float* xn = x + ((long long)n*C*H*W);\n const float* wk = w + ((long long)k*C);\n for(int c=0;c<C;c++){\n float s=0.0f;\n const float* xp = xn + ((long long)c*H*W);\n for(int i=0;i<H*W;i++) s += xp[i];\n acc += (s*inv) * wk[c];\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n int total=N*K;\n avgfc_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_fused_bn_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['bn_relu_forward','avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def _bnr(self, x, bn):\n return _ext.bn_relu_forward(x, bn.weight, bn.bias, bn.running_mean, bn.running_var, bn.eps, self.training)\n def forward(self, x):\n layers = self.model\n l=layers[0]; x=self._bnr(l[0](x), l[1])\n for i in range(1,14):\n l=layers[i]\n x=self._bnr(l[0](x), l[1])\n x=self._bnr(l[3](x), l[4])\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x, self.fc.weight, self.fc.bias)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 12.0s turn · 12.0s LLM · 7,275 chars (click to expand)
turn 512.0s turn · 12.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training);\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_relu_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ g, const float* __restrict__ be, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, float eps){\n int c = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int M = N*H*W;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float sum=0.0f, sum2=0.0f;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<M; idx+=blockDim.x){\n int w = idx % W;\n int t = idx / W;\n int h = t % H;\n int n = t / H;\n float v = x[((n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w];\n sum += v;\n sum2 += v*v;\n }\n sh[tid] = sum; sh[blockDim.x + tid] = sum2;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int s=blockDim.x/2; s>0; s>>=1){\n if(tid < s){ sh[tid] += sh[tid+s]; sh[blockDim.x+tid] += sh[blockDim.x+tid+s]; }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float mean = sh[0] / (float)M;\n float var = sh[blockDim.x] / (float)M - mean*mean;\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n float gg = g[c], bb = be[c];\n for(int idx=tid; idx<M; idx+=blockDim.x){\n int w = idx % W;\n int t = idx / W;\n int h = t % H;\n int n = t / H;\n long long off = ((long long)(n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w;\n float v = (x[off] - mean) * inv * gg + bb;\n y[off] = v > 0.0f ? v : 0.0f;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_relu_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ g, const float* __restrict__ be, const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv, float* __restrict__ y, int total, int C, int H, int W, float eps){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int hw = H*W;\n int c = (idx / hw) % C;\n float v = (x[idx] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps) * g[c] + be[c];\n y[idx] = v > 0.0f ? v : 0.0f;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto y=torch::empty_like(x);\n if(training){\n int threads=256;\n bn_relu_train_kernel<<<C, threads, threads*2*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,(float)eps);\n } else {\n int total=N*C*H*W;\n bn_relu_eval_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), total,C,H,W,(float)eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\n__global__ void avgfc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int H, int W, int K){\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * K;\n if(idx >= total) return;\n int k = idx % K;\n int n = idx / K;\n float acc = b[k];\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)(H*W);\n const float* xn = x + ((long long)n*C*H*W);\n const float* wk = w + ((long long)k*C);\n for(int c=0;c<C;c++){\n float s=0.0f;\n const float* xp = xn + ((long long)c*H*W);\n for(int i=0;i<H*W;i++) s += xp[i];\n acc += (s*inv) * wk[c];\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n int total=N*K;\n avgfc_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_fused_bn_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['bn_relu_forward','avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def _bnr(self, x, bn):\n return _ext.bn_relu_forward(x, bn.weight, bn.bias, bn.running_mean, bn.running_var, bn.eps, self.training)\n def forward(self, x):\n layers = self.model\n l=layers[0]; x=self._bnr(l[0](x), l[1])\n for i in range(1,14):\n l=layers[i]\n x=self._bnr(l[0](x), l[1])\n x=self._bnr(l[3](x), l[4])\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x, self.fc.weight, self.fc.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.002888', '0.002255', '0.002602', '0.002119', '0.002320'] avg_difference: ['0.000426', '0.000449', '0.000447', '0.000435', '0.000453']
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 30.7s turn · 30.7s LLM · 6,744 chars (click to expand)
turn 630.7s turn · 30.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Exploring BN reduction challenges** I’m noticing that BN (Batch Normalization) reduction differs when cumulative errors exceed 1e-4. I’m considering whether to use PyTorch's BN or improve accuracy with doubles instead. I wonder if PyTorch is deterministic. Plus, the order of summation might matter. I need to ensure the output tolerance matches after many layers amplify the discrepancies. Using doubles for sum and sum squares could be nearer to the desired results. I’ll also check how PyTorch’s cuDNN handles BN. **Optimizing Profile Breakdown** I need to analyze the profile breakdown. It sounds like using a custom average fully connected layer might help, but maybe a custom average pooling layer followed by a self.fc (which is a PyTorch linear layer) could be a better approach. It won’t save resources, but using a reference average pooling might be faster. Additionally, fusing the final linear layer with pooling could optimize the process by computing the average vector just once and applying GEMM. **Optimizing performance for data processing** I'm looking at optimizing the data processing with around 10 million flops, and I can leverage parallel reduction for better efficiency. If I'm reading it the same way for each output, I need to ensure I calculate averages correctly. Using a custom approach with cublas seems worth exploring, as relying on torch.mm might not be optimal for performance. For the implementation, I’ll aim for one block with 256 threads to help minimize the load and enhance speed. I need to be careful with memory access patterns to make this efficient. **Improving processing efficiency** I'm thinking about how to enhance the parallel processing by coalescing data better. For the same channel, I could use contiguous weights across 49 threads, which could mean a lot of operations—maybe around 500 million! This might work on the H100 in about 0.5 ms, which isn’t too bad. If I first apply an averaging kernel over N and C, followed by a custom tile for linear processing, it might be faster. I'll aim to implement an avg_then_fc method with two kernel launches to optimize the performance.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ a, int N, int C, int H, int W){\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int c = idx % C;\n int n = idx / C;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float s = 0.0f;\n int HW = H*W;\n const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*C + c)*HW;\n for(int i=tid; i<HW; i+=blockDim.x) s += xp[i];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=blockDim.x/2; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) a[idx] = sh[0] / (float)HW;\n}\n\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int K){\n int k = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n float s = 0.0f;\n const float* an = a + (long long)n*C;\n const float* wk = w + (long long)k*C;\n for(int c=tid; c<C; c+=blockDim.x) s += an[c] * wk[c];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=128; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) y[n*K+k] = sh[0] + b[k];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto a=torch::empty({N,C}, x.options());\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), a.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W);\n fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 79.3s turn · 9.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ a, int N, int C, int H, int W){\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int c = idx % C;\n int n = idx / C;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float s = 0.0f;\n int HW = H*W;\n const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*C + c)*HW;\n for(int i=tid; i<HW; i+=blockDim.x) s += xp[i];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=blockDim.x/2; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) a[idx] = sh[0] / (float)HW;\n}\n\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int K){\n int k = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n float s = 0.0f;\n const float* an = a + (long long)n*C;\n const float* wk = w + (long long)k*C;\n for(int c=tid; c<C; c+=blockDim.x) s += an[c] * wk[c];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=128; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) y[n*K+k] = sh[0] + b[k];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto a=torch::empty({N,C}, x.options());\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), a.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W);\n fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.38e-07 mean_abs_err=3.08e-08 max_rel_err=6.39e-02
turn 8 · 1 tool call(s) · 8.4s turn · 8.4s LLM · 6,398 chars (click to expand)
turn 88.4s turn · 8.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ a, int N, int C, int H, int W){\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int c = idx % C;\n int n = idx / C;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float s = 0.0f;\n int HW = H*W;\n const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*C + c)*HW;\n for(int i=tid; i<HW; i+=blockDim.x) s += xp[i];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=blockDim.x/2; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) a[idx] = sh[0] / (float)HW;\n}\n\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int K){\n int k = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n float s = 0.0f;\n const float* an = a + (long long)n*C;\n const float* wk = w + (long long)k*C;\n for(int c=tid; c<C; c+=blockDim.x) s += an[c] * wk[c];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=128; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) y[n*K+k] = sh[0] + b[k];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto a=torch::empty({N,C}, x.options());\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), a.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W);\n fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::conv2d 593246.0μs (12%) calls=1 #2: aten::convolution 593202.0μs (12%) calls=1 #3: aten::_convolution 593173.0μs (12%) calls=1 #4: aten::cudnn_convolution 592393.0μs (12%) calls=1 #5: aten::batch_norm 426621.0μs (8%) calls=1 ... +482 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 1296.74 μs [↓1231.3μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 51496.7/3350 GB/s (100.0%) read=49729.8 write=1767.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=7788.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=326.9% [↓0.6% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=964.8%, Tensor=326.9% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 3682.1% [↑126.4% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 90.59 Launch: regs/thread=6288, smem/blk=1530368B, block=35840, grid=103261 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 819.27 sectors/req (819.3x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 176719.9% #################### short_scoreboard 16401.3% #################### mio_throttle 8493.4% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 176720% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=819.3 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=819.3x (ideal=1.0) -> 819x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 2528.03→1296.74μs (↓1231.30) ok Compute%: 327.51→326.86% (↓0.65) REGRESSED Occupancy: 3555.70→3682.06% (↑126.36) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 88.57→90.59 (↑2.02) ok Ld sectors/req: 813.02→819.27 (↑6.25) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 7738.48→7788.47% (↑49.98) ok
turn 9 · 1 tool call(s) · 16.8s turn · 16.8s LLM · 7,596 chars (click to expand)
turn 916.8s turn · 16.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing custom evaluation** I’m considering how to improve our custom evaluation strategy. Maybe tweaking the profile training reference to around 1.3 could speed things up overall. I noticed some errors with the custom batch normalization (BN) that could affect our final output. I wonder if selectively applying the custom BN only at the end might help reduce the overhead. I'll look into using a hybrid approach with custom BN in the final layer after the convolution output. That could make normalization a bit easier. Testing different configurations could be crucial. **Implementing custom batch normalization** I’m thinking about implementing a function that uses custom batch normalization for layers with an index greater than or equal to 13. This approach would apply to both depthwise and pointwise convolutions in the last convolution layer. By doing this, I could potentially save on two BN plus ReLU calls for smaller shapes, which is a nice efficiency boost. But I need to double-check if this change will maintain the correctness of the output. That’s really important!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training);\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ void bn_relu_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ g,const float* __restrict__ be,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,float eps){int c=blockIdx.x,tid=threadIdx.x,M=N*H*W; extern __shared__ float sh[]; float sum=0,sum2=0; for(int idx=tid;idx<M;idx+=blockDim.x){int w=idx%W; int t=idx/W; int h=t%H; int n=t/H; float v=x[((n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w]; sum+=v; sum2+=v*v;} sh[tid]=sum; sh[blockDim.x+tid]=sum2; __syncthreads(); for(int s=blockDim.x/2;s>0;s>>=1){if(tid<s){sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; sh[blockDim.x+tid]+=sh[blockDim.x+tid+s];} __syncthreads();} float mean=sh[0]/M; float var=sh[blockDim.x]/M-mean*mean; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps); float gg=g[c],bb=be[c]; for(int idx=tid;idx<M;idx+=blockDim.x){int w=idx%W; int t=idx/W; int h=t%H; int n=t/H; long long off=((long long)(n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w; float v=(x[off]-mean)*inv*gg+bb; y[off]=v>0?v:0;}}\n__global__ void bn_relu_eval_kernel(const float* x,const float* g,const float* be,const float* rm,const float* rv,float* y,int total,int C,int H,int W,float eps){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(idx>=total)return; int c=(idx/(H*W))%C; float v=(x[idx]-rm[c])*rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps)*g[c]+be[c]; y[idx]=v>0?v:0;}\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training){int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3); auto y=torch::empty_like(x); if(training) bn_relu_train_kernel<<<C,256,512*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),gamma.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,(float)eps); else {int total=N*C*H*W; bn_relu_eval_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),gamma.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),total,C,H,W,(float)eps);} return y;}\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* x,float* a,int N,int C,int H,int W){int idx=blockIdx.x,c=idx%C,n=idx/C,tid=threadIdx.x; extern __shared__ float sh[]; float s=0; int HW=H*W; const float* xp=x+((long long)n*C+c)*HW; for(int i=tid;i<HW;i+=blockDim.x)s+=xp[i]; sh[tid]=s; __syncthreads(); for(int off=32;off>0;off>>=1){if(tid<off)sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads();} if(tid==0)a[idx]=sh[0]/HW;}\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* a,const float* w,const float* b,float* y,int N,int C,int K){int k=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; __shared__ float sh[256]; float s=0; const float* an=a+(long long)n*C; const float* wk=w+(long long)k*C; for(int c=tid;c<C;c+=256)s+=an[c]*wk[c]; sh[tid]=s; __syncthreads(); for(int off=128;off>0;off>>=1){if(tid<off)sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads();} if(tid==0)y[n*K+k]=sh[0]+b[k];}\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b){int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),K=w.size(0); auto a=torch::empty({N,C},x.options()); auto y=torch::empty({N,K},x.options()); avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),a.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W); fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,K); return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='mobilenet_hybrid_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['bn_relu_forward','avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,num_classes=1000,input_channels=3,alpha=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp,oup,stride): return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp,oup,3,stride,1,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp,oup,stride): return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp,inp,3,stride,1,groups=inp,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.Conv2d(inp,oup,1,1,0,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model=nn.Sequential(conv_bn(input_channels,int(32*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(32*alpha),int(64*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(64*alpha),int(128*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(128*alpha),int(128*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(128*alpha),int(256*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(256*alpha),int(256*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(256*alpha),int(512*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(1024*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(1024*alpha),int(1024*alpha),1),nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc=nn.Linear(int(1024*alpha),num_classes)\n def cbn(self,x,bn): return _ext.bn_relu_forward(x,bn.weight,bn.bias,bn.running_mean,bn.running_var,bn.eps,self.training)\n def forward(self,x):\n for i,l in enumerate(list(self.model.children())[:-1]):\n if i==0: x=l(x)\n elif i>=13:\n x=self.cbn(l[0](x),l[1]); x=self.cbn(l[3](x),l[4])\n else: x=l(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x,self.fc.weight,self.fc.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.41e-06 mean_abs_err=2.94e-07 max_rel_err=7.76e-01
turn 10 · 1 tool call(s) · 12.7s turn · 12.7s LLM · 6,433 chars (click to expand)
turn 1012.7s turn · 12.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training);\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ void bn_relu_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ g,const float* __restrict__ be,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,float eps){int c=blockIdx.x,tid=threadIdx.x,M=N*H*W; extern __shared__ float sh[]; float sum=0,sum2=0; for(int idx=tid;idx<M;idx+=blockDim.x){int w=idx%W; int t=idx/W; int h=t%H; int n=t/H; float v=x[((n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w]; sum+=v; sum2+=v*v;} sh[tid]=sum; sh[blockDim.x+tid]=sum2; __syncthreads(); for(int s=blockDim.x/2;s>0;s>>=1){if(tid<s){sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; sh[blockDim.x+tid]+=sh[blockDim.x+tid+s];} __syncthreads();} float mean=sh[0]/(float)M; float var=sh[blockDim.x]/(float)M-mean*mean; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps); float gg=g[c],bb=be[c]; for(int idx=tid;idx<M;idx+=blockDim.x){int w=idx%W; int t=idx/W; int h=t%H; int n=t/H; long long off=((long long)(n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w; float v=(x[off]-mean)*inv*gg+bb; y[off]=v>0?v:0;}}\n__global__ void bn_relu_eval_kernel(const float* x,const float* g,const float* be,const float* rm,const float* rv,float* y,int total,int C,int H,int W,float eps){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(idx>=total)return; int c=(idx/(H*W))%C; float v=(x[idx]-rm[c])*rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps)*g[c]+be[c]; y[idx]=v>0?v:0;}\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training){int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3); auto y=torch::empty_like(x); if(training) bn_relu_train_kernel<<<C,256,512*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),gamma.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,(float)eps); else {int total=N*C*H*W; bn_relu_eval_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),gamma.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),total,C,H,W,(float)eps);} return y;}\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* x,float* a,int N,int C,int H,int W){int idx=blockIdx.x,c=idx%C,n=idx/C,tid=threadIdx.x; extern __shared__ float sh[]; float s=0; int HW=H*W; const float* xp=x+((long long)n*C+c)*HW; for(int i=tid;i<HW;i+=blockDim.x)s+=xp[i]; sh[tid]=s; __syncthreads(); for(int off=32;off>0;off>>=1){if(tid<off)sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads();} if(tid==0)a[idx]=sh[0]/(float)HW;}\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* a,const float* w,const float* b,float* y,int N,int C,int K){int k=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; __shared__ float sh[256]; float s=0; const float* an=a+(long long)n*C; const float* wk=w+(long long)k*C; for(int c=tid;c<C;c+=256)s+=an[c]*wk[c]; sh[tid]=s; __syncthreads(); for(int off=128;off>0;off>>=1){if(tid<off)sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads();} if(tid==0)y[n*K+k]=sh[0]+b[k];}\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b){int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),K=w.size(0); auto a=torch::empty({N,C},x.options()); auto y=torch::empty({N,K},x.options()); avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),a.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W); fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,K); return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='mobilenet_hybrid_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['bn_relu_forward','avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,num_classes=1000,input_channels=3,alpha=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp,oup,stride): return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp,oup,3,stride,1,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp,oup,stride): return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp,inp,3,stride,1,groups=inp,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.Conv2d(inp,oup,1,1,0,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model=nn.Sequential(conv_bn(input_channels,int(32*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(32*alpha),int(64*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(64*alpha),int(128*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(128*alpha),int(128*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(128*alpha),int(256*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(256*alpha),int(256*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(256*alpha),int(512*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(1024*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(1024*alpha),int(1024*alpha),1),nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc=nn.Linear(int(1024*alpha),num_classes)\n def cbn(self,x,bn): return _ext.bn_relu_forward(x,bn.weight,bn.bias,bn.running_mean,bn.running_var,bn.eps,self.training)\n def forward(self,x):\n for i,l in enumerate(list(self.model.children())[:-1]):\n if i==0: x=l(x)\n elif i>=12:\n x=self.cbn(l[0](x),l[1]); x=self.cbn(l[3](x),l[4])\n else: x=l(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x,self.fc.weight,self.fc.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.00e-05 mean_abs_err=1.76e-06 max_rel_err=1.92e-01
turn 11 · 1 tool call(s) · 12.3s turn · 12.3s LLM · 6,433 chars (click to expand)
turn 1112.3s turn · 12.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training);\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ void bn_relu_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ g,const float* __restrict__ be,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,float eps){int c=blockIdx.x,tid=threadIdx.x,M=N*H*W; extern __shared__ float sh[]; float sum=0,sum2=0; for(int idx=tid;idx<M;idx+=blockDim.x){int w=idx%W; int t=idx/W; int h=t%H; int n=t/H; float v=x[((n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w]; sum+=v; sum2+=v*v;} sh[tid]=sum; sh[blockDim.x+tid]=sum2; __syncthreads(); for(int s=blockDim.x/2;s>0;s>>=1){if(tid<s){sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; sh[blockDim.x+tid]+=sh[blockDim.x+tid+s];} __syncthreads();} float mean=sh[0]/(float)M; float var=sh[blockDim.x]/(float)M-mean*mean; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps); float gg=g[c],bb=be[c]; for(int idx=tid;idx<M;idx+=blockDim.x){int w=idx%W; int t=idx/W; int h=t%H; int n=t/H; long long off=((long long)(n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w; float v=(x[off]-mean)*inv*gg+bb; y[off]=v>0?v:0;}}\n__global__ void bn_relu_eval_kernel(const float* x,const float* g,const float* be,const float* rm,const float* rv,float* y,int total,int C,int H,int W,float eps){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(idx>=total)return; int c=(idx/(H*W))%C; float v=(x[idx]-rm[c])*rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps)*g[c]+be[c]; y[idx]=v>0?v:0;}\ntorch::Tensor bn_relu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps, bool training){int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3); auto y=torch::empty_like(x); if(training) bn_relu_train_kernel<<<C,256,512*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),gamma.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,(float)eps); else {int total=N*C*H*W; bn_relu_eval_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),gamma.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),total,C,H,W,(float)eps);} return y;}\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* x,float* a,int N,int C,int H,int W){int idx=blockIdx.x,c=idx%C,n=idx/C,tid=threadIdx.x; extern __shared__ float sh[]; float s=0; int HW=H*W; const float* xp=x+((long long)n*C+c)*HW; for(int i=tid;i<HW;i+=blockDim.x)s+=xp[i]; sh[tid]=s; __syncthreads(); for(int off=32;off>0;off>>=1){if(tid<off)sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads();} if(tid==0)a[idx]=sh[0]/(float)HW;}\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* a,const float* w,const float* b,float* y,int N,int C,int K){int k=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; __shared__ float sh[256]; float s=0; const float* an=a+(long long)n*C; const float* wk=w+(long long)k*C; for(int c=tid;c<C;c+=256)s+=an[c]*wk[c]; sh[tid]=s; __syncthreads(); for(int off=128;off>0;off>>=1){if(tid<off)sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads();} if(tid==0)y[n*K+k]=sh[0]+b[k];}\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b){int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),K=w.size(0); auto a=torch::empty({N,C},x.options()); auto y=torch::empty({N,K},x.options()); avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),a.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W); fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,K); return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='mobilenet_hybrid_ext_v3', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['bn_relu_forward','avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,num_classes=1000,input_channels=3,alpha=1.0):\n super().__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp,oup,stride): return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp,oup,3,stride,1,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp,oup,stride): return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp,inp,3,stride,1,groups=inp,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(inp),nn.ReLU(inplace=True),nn.Conv2d(inp,oup,1,1,0,bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(oup),nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model=nn.Sequential(conv_bn(input_channels,int(32*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(32*alpha),int(64*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(64*alpha),int(128*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(128*alpha),int(128*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(128*alpha),int(256*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(256*alpha),int(256*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(256*alpha),int(512*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(512*alpha),1),conv_dw(int(512*alpha),int(1024*alpha),2),conv_dw(int(1024*alpha),int(1024*alpha),1),nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc=nn.Linear(int(1024*alpha),num_classes)\n def cbn(self,x,bn): return _ext.bn_relu_forward(x,bn.weight,bn.bias,bn.running_mean,bn.running_var,bn.eps,self.training)\n def forward(self,x):\n for i,l in enumerate(list(self.model.children())[:-1]):\n if i==0: x=l(x)\n elif i>=11:\n x=self.cbn(l[0](x),l[1]); x=self.cbn(l[3](x),l[4])\n else: x=l(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x,self.fc.weight,self.fc.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.54e-05 mean_abs_err=7.03e-06 max_rel_err=6.18e-01
turn 1217.5s turn · 17.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering model architecture** I need to think about state_dict names when copying from one model to another. If the evaluator matches names, duplicating features might create issues, so it’s essential to preserve the model and the fully connected layer. I wonder if we can use `self.model[:-1](x)` to slice the model? Would that create the right structure? Alternatively, maybe I can iterate through `self.model._modules.values()`, but I should exclude the average layer from that.
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ a, int N, int C, int H, int W){\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int c = idx % C;\n int n = idx / C;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float s = 0.0f;\n int HW = H*W;\n const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*C + c)*HW;\n for(int i=tid; i<HW; i+=blockDim.x) s += xp[i];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=blockDim.x/2; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) a[idx] = sh[0] / (float)HW;\n}\n\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int K){\n int k = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n float s = 0.0f;\n const float* an = a + (long long)n*C;\n const float* wk = w + (long long)k*C;\n for(int c=tid; c<C; c+=blockDim.x) s += an[c] * wk[c];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=128; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) y[n*K+k] = sh[0] + b[k];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto a=torch::empty({N,C}, x.options());\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), a.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W);\n fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 1312.5s turn · 12.5s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ a, int N, int C, int H, int W){\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int c = idx % C;\n int n = idx / C;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float sh[];\n float s = 0.0f;\n int HW = H*W;\n const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*C + c)*HW;\n for(int i=tid; i<HW; i+=blockDim.x) s += xp[i];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=blockDim.x/2; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) a[idx] = sh[0] / (float)HW;\n}\n\n__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int K){\n int k = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n float s = 0.0f;\n const float* an = a + (long long)n*C;\n const float* wk = w + (long long)k*C;\n for(int c=tid; c<C; c+=blockDim.x) s += an[c] * wk[c];\n sh[tid] = s;\n __syncthreads();\n for(int off=128; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid==0) y[n*K+k] = sh[0] + b[k];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);\n auto a=torch::empty({N,C}, x.options());\n auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());\n avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), a.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W);\n fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,K);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):\n return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))\n self.model = nn.Sequential(\n conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))\n self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)\n def forward(self, x):\n for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:\n x = layer(x)\n return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 1.90 μs Runtime stats: mean=1.90μs median=?μs std=0.14μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.38e-07 mean_abs_err=3.08e-08 max_rel_err=6.39e-02 Memory: 148.67 MB peak (ref: 148.67 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 487 (ref: 492, fusion ratio: 1.0103) Energy: 416.98 mJ/run (ref: 1314.06 mJ, ratio: 3.1514x) SOL score: 0.1368
final submitted kernel (71 lines, 3,680 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b);
'''

cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void avg_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ a, int N, int C, int H, int W){
    int idx = blockIdx.x;
    int c = idx % C;
    int n = idx / C;
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    extern __shared__ float sh[];
    float s = 0.0f;
    int HW = H*W;
    const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*C + c)*HW;
    for(int i=tid; i<HW; i+=blockDim.x) s += xp[i];
    sh[tid] = s;
    __syncthreads();
    for(int off=blockDim.x/2; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }
    if(tid==0) a[idx] = sh[0] / (float)HW;
}

__global__ void fc_kernel(const float* __restrict__ a, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int C, int K){
    int k = blockIdx.x;
    int n = blockIdx.y;
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    __shared__ float sh[256];
    float s = 0.0f;
    const float* an = a + (long long)n*C;
    const float* wk = w + (long long)k*C;
    for(int c=tid; c<C; c+=blockDim.x) s += an[c] * wk[c];
    sh[tid] = s;
    __syncthreads();
    for(int off=128; off>0; off>>=1){ if(tid<off) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+off]; __syncthreads(); }
    if(tid==0) y[n*K+k] = sh[0] + b[k];
}

torch::Tensor avgpool_fc_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){
    int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), K=w.size(0);
    auto a=torch::empty({N,C}, x.options());
    auto y=torch::empty({N,K}, x.options());
    avg_kernel<<<N*C,64,64*sizeof(float)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), a.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W);
    fc_kernel<<<dim3(K,N),256>>>(a.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,K);
    return y;
}
'''
_ext = load_inline(name='mobilenet_avgfc_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['avgpool_fc_forward'], verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_classes=1000, input_channels=3, alpha=1.0):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        def conv_bn(inp, oup, stride):
            return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 3, stride, 1, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))
        def conv_dw(inp, oup, stride):
            return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(inp, inp, 3, stride, 1, groups=inp, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(inp), nn.ReLU(inplace=True), nn.Conv2d(inp, oup, 1, 1, 0, bias=False), nn.BatchNorm2d(oup), nn.ReLU(inplace=True))
        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            conv_bn(input_channels, int(32 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(32 * alpha), int(64 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(64 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(128 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(128 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(256 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(256 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(512 * alpha), 1), conv_dw(int(512 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 2), conv_dw(int(1024 * alpha), int(1024 * alpha), 1), nn.AvgPool2d(7))
        self.fc = nn.Linear(int(1024 * alpha), num_classes)
    def forward(self, x):
        for layer in list(self.model.children())[:-1]:
            x = layer(x)
        return _ext.avgpool_fc_forward(x.contiguous(), self.fc.weight.contiguous(), self.fc.bias.contiguous())