gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_default_gpt
correct 84_Gemm_BatchNorm_Scaling_Softmax.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
9 / 10
tool calls
9
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
2.75 μs
ref runtime
2.81 μs
speedup
1.02x
started
2026-05-02T21:59:56Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
2.75 μs
ref runtime
2.81 μs
speedup
1.02x
kernel mean / median / std
2.75 / — / 0.01 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.81 / — / 0.00 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
1.10e-07
mean abs error
3.06e-11
max rel error
1.79e-05
mean rel error
2.26e-07
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
641.63 MB
ref peak
641.38 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
11
ref launches
17
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.55x
total cuda time
5687 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
322.58
ref mJ / run
645.28
ratio (ref / kernel)
2.00x
avg power
117.18 W
ref avg power
230.04 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
1.000
dram util %
100.0%
compute util %
100.0%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
3832.37 GB/s
dram util %
100.0%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
195.7%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
107.6%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
221.6%
ld sectors / req
15.77
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
337
smem / block
40960 B
block size
896
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
11753.9%
short_scoreboard
237.6%
mio_throttle
216.0%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model that performs a matrix multiplication (Gemm), Batch Normalization, scaling, and Softmax.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bn_eps=1e-5, bn_momentum=0.1, scale_shape=(1,)):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=bn_eps, momentum=bn_momentum)
        self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))
        self.softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=1)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_features).
        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size, out_features).
        """
        x = self.gemm(x)
        x = self.bn(x)
        x = self.scale * x
        x = self.softmax(x)
        return x

batch_size = 1024
in_features = 8192
out_features = 8192
bn_eps = 1e-5
bn_momentum = 0.1
scale_shape = (1,)

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_features)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features, bn_eps, bn_momentum, scale_shape]
turn 018.5s turn · 18.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing model training** I need to produce a Python file called ModelNew and optimize a huge Linear layer (1024x8192 multiplied by 8192x8192). I should consider the batch normalization training and whether the reference model's default training mode applies. It seems like I need both evaluation instantiations to copy weights. Understanding how the harness creates ModelNew with the same arguments and state dictionary is crucial. Batch normalization’s behavior is essential, and I need to leverage torch operations. Custom CUDA implementation will be necessary for speed improvements, particularly given the scale of operations involved. **Considering optimizations with torch** I'm exploring using `torch.nn.functional.linear` in Python alongside a custom batch normalization (BN) and softmax implementation. The reference uses GEMM, which likely relies on cuBLAS for speed. I think it could be beneficial to use `torch.mm` or `addmm` and create one custom kernel for BN, scale, and softmax to improve performance. I need to clarify the behavior of BN during training versus evaluation since it computes batch statistics for each feature. The implementation should ensure that ModelNew maintains the same parameters and that forward calls are defined correctly. For the output, I'll need to reduce mean/var efficiently, possibly writing kernels that can handle this appropriately. **Exploring alternative computations** I'm considering an alternative to a transpose-like computation for batch normalization (BN) over features. The matrix dimensions are 1024 by 8192, and I need to calculate the mean per column, ensuring the data is laid out in contiguous rows. Utilizing a 2D tile might be an option, where I block features and rows to facilitate reduction using coalesced access. This could enhance performance while computing the statistics efficiently. I'll have to think through the implementation details carefully!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 84.4s turn · 84.4s LLM · 12,050 chars (click to expand)
turn 184.4s turn · 84.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering numerical methods** I'm thinking about using the exp function with a tolerance and softmax for 8192 elements that might have values drawn from a random normal distribution, scaled down to be roughly around 1e-4. It seems like this could work with an absolute tolerance of 1e-4, maybe having a more relaxed approach for larger numbers. I feel good about using __expf here, and it looks alright on the surface. **Checking compatibility for calculations** I need to ensure that the output's absolute difference is acceptable, ideally less than or equal to 0.01, using atol of 1e-4. I should utilize __expf for calculations. It's also important to check for compatibility with floating-point formats, particularly fp32. Verifying x.scalar_type helps here. Oh, and I read something about PyTorch possibly allowing TF32. Also, checking that At::linear from the extension adheres to these global standards is crucial. Now, I’ll proceed to compile for correctness.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight,\n torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean,\n torch::Tensor running_var,\n torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training,\n double eps,\n double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float32\")\n\n__global__ void mean_invstd_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int M, int N, float eps) {\n int c = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sum2 = 0.0f;\n for (int r = tid; r < M; r += blockDim.x) {\n float v = y[(long long)r * N + c];\n sum += v;\n sum2 += v * v;\n }\n __shared__ float sh_sum[256];\n __shared__ float sh_sum2[256];\n sh_sum[tid] = sum;\n sh_sum2[tid] = sum2;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) {\n sh_sum[tid] += sh_sum[tid + s];\n sh_sum2[tid] += sh_sum2[tid + s];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid == 0) {\n float m = sh_sum[0] / (float)M;\n float var = sh_sum2[0] / (float)M - m * m;\n if (var < 0.0f) var = 0.0f;\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void update_running_kernel(const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float eps, float momentum) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx < N) {\n float m = mean[idx];\n float var_biased = 1.0f / (invstd[idx] * invstd[idx]) - eps;\n float var_unbiased = var_biased * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1));\n running_mean[idx] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_mean[idx] + momentum * m;\n running_var[idx] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_var[idx] + momentum * var_unbiased;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_b,\n const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int M, int N) {\n int row = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = vmax;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] = fmaxf(sh[tid], sh[tid + s]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = sh[0];\n float ssum = 0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n ssum += __expf(v - m);\n }\n sh[tid] = ssum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float inv_sum = 1.0f / sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n out[(long long)row * N + c] = __expf(v - m) * inv_sum;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n const float* __restrict__ running_var,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_b,\n const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int M, int N, float eps) {\n int row = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - running_mean[c]) * rsqrtf(running_var[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = vmax;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] = fmaxf(sh[tid], sh[tid + s]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = sh[0];\n float ssum = 0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - running_mean[c]) * rsqrtf(running_var[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n ssum += __expf(v - m);\n }\n sh[tid] = ssum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float inv_sum = 1.0f / sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - running_mean[c]) * rsqrtf(running_var[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n out[(long long)row * N + c] = __expf(v - m) * inv_sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight,\n torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean,\n torch::Tensor running_var,\n torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training,\n double eps,\n double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_CUDA(bias); CHECK_CUDA(bn_weight); CHECK_CUDA(bn_bias);\n CHECK_CUDA(running_mean); CHECK_CUDA(running_var); CHECK_CUDA(scale);\n CHECK_FLOAT(input); CHECK_FLOAT(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(bias); CHECK_FLOAT(bn_weight); CHECK_FLOAT(bn_bias);\n const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n int M = (int)y.size(0);\n int N = (int)y.size(1);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(y);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const int threads = 256;\n if (training) {\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto mean = torch::empty({N}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({N}, opts);\n mean_invstd_kernel<<<N, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)eps);\n bn_softmax_train_kernel<<<M, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M, N);\n update_running_kernel<<<(N + 255) / 256, 256, 0, stream>>>(mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)eps, (float)momentum);\n } else {\n bn_softmax_eval_kernel<<<M, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(),\n bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)eps);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bn_eps=1e-5, bn_momentum=0.1, scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=bn_eps, momentum=bn_momentum)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n self.bn_eps = bn_eps\n self.bn_momentum = bn_momentum\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias,\n self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var, self.scale,\n self.training, self.bn.eps, self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 2 · 1 tool call(s) · 36.8s turn · 36.8s LLM · 11,077 chars (click to expand)
turn 236.8s turn · 36.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight,\n torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean,\n torch::Tensor running_var,\n torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training,\n double eps,\n double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float32\")\n\n__global__ void mean_invstd_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int M, int N, float eps) {\n int c = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sum2 = 0.0f;\n for (int r = tid; r < M; r += blockDim.x) {\n float v = y[(long long)r * N + c];\n sum += v;\n sum2 += v * v;\n }\n __shared__ float sh_sum[256];\n __shared__ float sh_sum2[256];\n sh_sum[tid] = sum;\n sh_sum2[tid] = sum2;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) {\n sh_sum[tid] += sh_sum[tid + s];\n sh_sum2[tid] += sh_sum2[tid + s];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid == 0) {\n float m = sh_sum[0] / (float)M;\n float var = sh_sum2[0] / (float)M - m * m;\n if (var < 0.0f) var = 0.0f;\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void update_running_kernel(const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float eps, float momentum) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx < N) {\n float m = mean[idx];\n float var_biased = 1.0f / (invstd[idx] * invstd[idx]) - eps;\n float var_unbiased = var_biased * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1));\n running_mean[idx] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_mean[idx] + momentum * m;\n running_var[idx] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_var[idx] + momentum * var_unbiased;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_b,\n const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int M, int N) {\n int row = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = vmax;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] = fmaxf(sh[tid], sh[tid + s]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = sh[0];\n float ssum = 0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n ssum += __expf(v - m);\n }\n sh[tid] = ssum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float inv_sum = 1.0f / sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n out[(long long)row * N + c] = __expf(v - m) * inv_sum;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n const float* __restrict__ running_var,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_b,\n const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int M, int N, float eps) {\n int row = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - running_mean[c]) * rsqrtf(running_var[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = vmax;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] = fmaxf(sh[tid], sh[tid + s]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = sh[0];\n float ssum = 0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - running_mean[c]) * rsqrtf(running_var[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n ssum += __expf(v - m);\n }\n sh[tid] = ssum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 0; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float inv_sum = 1.0f / sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row * N + c] - running_mean[c]) * rsqrtf(running_var[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc;\n out[(long long)row * N + c] = __expf(v - m) * inv_sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input,\n torch::Tensor weight,\n torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight,\n torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean,\n torch::Tensor running_var,\n torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training,\n double eps,\n double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_CUDA(bias); CHECK_CUDA(bn_weight); CHECK_CUDA(bn_bias);\n CHECK_CUDA(running_mean); CHECK_CUDA(running_var); CHECK_CUDA(scale);\n CHECK_FLOAT(input); CHECK_FLOAT(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(bias); CHECK_FLOAT(bn_weight); CHECK_FLOAT(bn_bias);\n const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n int M = (int)y.size(0);\n int N = (int)y.size(1);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(y);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const int threads = 256;\n if (training) {\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto mean = torch::empty({N}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({N}, opts);\n mean_invstd_kernel<<<N, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)eps);\n bn_softmax_train_kernel<<<M, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M, N);\n update_running_kernel<<<(N + 255) / 256, 256, 0, stream>>>(mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)eps, (float)momentum);\n } else {\n bn_softmax_eval_kernel<<<M, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(),\n bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)eps);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bn_eps=1e-5, bn_momentum=0.1, scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=bn_eps, momentum=bn_momentum)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n self.bn_eps = bn_eps\n self.bn_momentum = bn_momentum\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias,\n self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var, self.scale,\n self.training, self.bn.eps, self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=7.31e-08 mean_abs_err=2.66e-11 max_rel_err=1.99e-05
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 34.0s turn · 34.0s LLM · 9,921 chars (click to expand)
turn 334.0s turn · 34.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing CUDA kernel** I need to use `torch.empty({groups, N})`, and then I’ll set up the `partial_sum_kernel` with a grid defined by `dim3((N + 31) / 32, groups)` and a block size of `(32, 8)`. This sounds like a solid plan for the final kernel. Also, I wonder if I could optimize the softmax function using vectorization. Alright, I think it’s time to create version 2.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2,\n int M, int N, int groups) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x; // 0..31 feature within tile\n int ty = threadIdx.y; // 0..7 row lane\n int c = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n int g = blockIdx.y;\n int r0 = g * 256;\n int r1 = min(r0 + 256, M);\n float s = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f;\n if (c < N) {\n for (int r = r0 + ty; r < r1; r += 8) {\n float v = y[(long long)r * N + c];\n s += v; s2 += v * v;\n }\n }\n __shared__ float sh[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh2[8][32];\n sh[ty][tx] = s; sh2[ty][tx] = s2;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && c < N) {\n float a = sh[0][tx] + sh[1][tx] + sh[2][tx] + sh[3][tx] + sh[4][tx] + sh[5][tx] + sh[6][tx] + sh[7][tx];\n float b = sh2[0][tx] + sh2[1][tx] + sh2[2][tx] + sh2[3][tx] + sh2[4][tx] + sh2[5][tx] + sh2[6][tx] + sh2[7][tx];\n psum[(long long)g * N + c] = a;\n psum2[(long long)g * N + c] = b;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,\n float* __restrict__ mean, float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {\n int c = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (c < N) {\n float s = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f;\n for (int g = 0; g < groups; ++g) { s += psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2 += psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }\n float m = s / (float)M;\n float var = s2 / (float)M - m*m;\n if (var < 0.0f) var = 0.0f;\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m; invstd[c] = inv;\n float var_unbiased = var * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1));\n running_mean[c] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_mean[c] + momentum * m;\n running_var[c] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_var[c] + momentum * var_unbiased;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ mean, const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {\n int row = blockIdx.x, tid = threadIdx.x; float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; sum += __expf(v-m);\n }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.0f/sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; out[(long long)row*N+c] = __expf(v-m)*invs;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N, float eps) {\n int row = blockIdx.x, tid = threadIdx.x; float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; sum += __expf(v-m);\n }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.0f/sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; out[(long long)row*N+c] = __expf(v-m)*invs;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input);\n const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y);\n cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const int threads=256;\n if(training){\n int groups=(M+255)/256; auto opts=y.options(); auto mean=torch::empty({N},opts); auto invstd=torch::empty({N},opts);\n auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts);\n dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32, groups);\n partial_stats_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psum2.data_ptr<float>(), M,N,groups);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(), psum2.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);\n bn_softmax_train_kernel<<<M,threads,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M,N);\n } else {\n bn_softmax_eval_kernel<<<M,threads,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M,N,(float)eps);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v2', cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=['fused_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bn_eps=1e-5, bn_momentum=0.1, scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 15.7s turn · 15.7s LLM · 9,557 chars (click to expand)
turn 415.7s turn · 15.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2,\n int M, int N, int groups) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x; // 0..31 feature within tile\n int ty = threadIdx.y; // 0..7 row lane\n int c = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n int g = blockIdx.y;\n int r0 = g * 256;\n int r1 = min(r0 + 256, M);\n float s = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f;\n if (c < N) {\n for (int r = r0 + ty; r < r1; r += 8) {\n float v = y[(long long)r * N + c];\n s += v; s2 += v * v;\n }\n }\n __shared__ float sh[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh2[8][32];\n sh[ty][tx] = s; sh2[ty][tx] = s2;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && c < N) {\n float a = sh[0][tx] + sh[1][tx] + sh[2][tx] + sh[3][tx] + sh[4][tx] + sh[5][tx] + sh[6][tx] + sh[7][tx];\n float b = sh2[0][tx] + sh2[1][tx] + sh2[2][tx] + sh2[3][tx] + sh2[4][tx] + sh2[5][tx] + sh2[6][tx] + sh2[7][tx];\n psum[(long long)g * N + c] = a;\n psum2[(long long)g * N + c] = b;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,\n float* __restrict__ mean, float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {\n int c = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (c < N) {\n float s = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f;\n for (int g = 0; g < groups; ++g) { s += psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2 += psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }\n float m = s / (float)M;\n float var = s2 / (float)M - m*m;\n if (var < 0.0f) var = 0.0f;\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m; invstd[c] = inv;\n float var_unbiased = var * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1));\n running_mean[c] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_mean[c] + momentum * m;\n running_var[c] = (1.0f - momentum) * running_var[c] + momentum * var_unbiased;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_train_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ mean, const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {\n int row = blockIdx.x, tid = threadIdx.x; float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; sum += __expf(v-m);\n }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.0f/sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - mean[c]) * invstd[c];\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; out[(long long)row*N+c] = __expf(v-m)*invs;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_softmax_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N, float eps) {\n int row = blockIdx.x, tid = threadIdx.x; float sc = scale[0];\n float vmax = -FLT_MAX;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; vmax = fmaxf(vmax, v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.0f;\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; sum += __expf(v-m);\n }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.0f/sh[0];\n for (int c = tid; c < N; c += blockDim.x) {\n float v = (y[(long long)row*N+c] - rm[c]) * rsqrtf(rv[c] + eps);\n v = (v * bn_w[c] + bn_b[c]) * sc; out[(long long)row*N+c] = __expf(v-m)*invs;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input);\n const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y);\n cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const int threads=256;\n if(training){\n int groups=(M+255)/256; auto opts=y.options(); auto mean=torch::empty({N},opts); auto invstd=torch::empty({N},opts);\n auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts);\n dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32, groups);\n partial_stats_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psum2.data_ptr<float>(), M,N,groups);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(), psum2.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);\n bn_softmax_train_kernel<<<M,threads,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M,N);\n } else {\n bn_softmax_eval_kernel<<<M,threads,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(), bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), M,N,(float)eps);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v2', cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=['fused_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bn_eps=1e-5, bn_momentum=0.1, scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.10e-07 mean_abs_err=2.97e-11 max_rel_err=1.75e-05
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 99.3s turn · 99.3s LLM · 8,351 chars (click to expand)
turn 599.3s turn · 99.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering training evaluation** I’m thinking about the training process already in place. Should I implement an evaluation with a coefficient? Maybe that would improve things if I tweak the evaluation timing. It involves allocating two N arrays and one kernel, which seems efficient. The softmax kernel requires less math, but it still reads the coefficient arrays three times. I need to keep an eye on the correctness of these steps to ensure everything functions properly.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2, int M, int N) {\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y, c=blockIdx.x*32+tx, g=blockIdx.y;\n int r0=g*256, r1=min(r0+256,M); float s=0.f, s2=0.f;\n if(c<N){ for(int r=r0+ty;r<r1;r+=8){ float v=y[(long long)r*N+c]; s+=v; s2+=v*v; } }\n __shared__ float sh[8][32]; __shared__ float sh2[8][32]; sh[ty][tx]=s; sh2[ty][tx]=s2; __syncthreads();\n if(ty==0 && c<N){\n float a=sh[0][tx]+sh[1][tx]+sh[2][tx]+sh[3][tx]+sh[4][tx]+sh[5][tx]+sh[6][tx]+sh[7][tx];\n float b=sh2[0][tx]+sh2[1][tx]+sh2[2][tx]+sh2[3][tx]+sh2[4][tx]+sh2[5][tx]+sh2[6][tx]+sh2[7][tx];\n psum[(long long)g*N+c]=a; psum2[(long long)g*N+c]=b;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_train_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;\n if(c<N){\n float s=0.f,s2=0.f; for(int g=0;g<groups;++g){ s+=psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2+=psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }\n float m=s/(float)M; float var=s2/(float)M-m*m; if(var<0.f)var=0.f; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps);\n float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-m*inv*bn_w[c])*sc;\n running_mean[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_mean[c]+momentum*m;\n running_var[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_var[c]+momentum*(var*((float)M/(float)(M-1)));\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void eval_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta, int N, float eps){\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(c<N){ float inv=rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps); float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-rm[c]*inv*bn_w[c])*sc; }\n}\n\n__global__ void softmax_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ alpha, const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {\n int row=blockIdx.x, tid=threadIdx.x; float vmax=-FLT_MAX;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; vmax=fmaxf(vmax,v); }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.f;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; sum+=__expf(v-m); }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.f/sh[0];\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; out[(long long)row*N+c]=__expf(v-m)*invs; }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input); const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y=at::linear(input,weight,bias); int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y); auto opts=y.options();\n auto alpha=torch::empty({N},opts); auto beta=torch::empty({N},opts); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if(training){ int groups=(M+255)/256; auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32,groups);\n partial_stats_kernel<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n finalize_train_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);\n } else {\n eval_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),N,(float)eps);\n }\n softmax_affine_kernel<<<M,256,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext=load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v3',cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],functions=['fused_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_features,out_features,bn_eps=1e-5,bn_momentum=0.1,scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 16.6s turn · 16.6s LLM · 7,886 chars (click to expand)
turn 616.6s turn · 16.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2, int M, int N) {\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y, c=blockIdx.x*32+tx, g=blockIdx.y;\n int r0=g*256, r1=min(r0+256,M); float s=0.f, s2=0.f;\n if(c<N){ for(int r=r0+ty;r<r1;r+=8){ float v=y[(long long)r*N+c]; s+=v; s2+=v*v; } }\n __shared__ float sh[8][32]; __shared__ float sh2[8][32]; sh[ty][tx]=s; sh2[ty][tx]=s2; __syncthreads();\n if(ty==0 && c<N){\n float a=sh[0][tx]+sh[1][tx]+sh[2][tx]+sh[3][tx]+sh[4][tx]+sh[5][tx]+sh[6][tx]+sh[7][tx];\n float b=sh2[0][tx]+sh2[1][tx]+sh2[2][tx]+sh2[3][tx]+sh2[4][tx]+sh2[5][tx]+sh2[6][tx]+sh2[7][tx];\n psum[(long long)g*N+c]=a; psum2[(long long)g*N+c]=b;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_train_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;\n if(c<N){\n float s=0.f,s2=0.f; for(int g=0;g<groups;++g){ s+=psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2+=psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }\n float m=s/(float)M; float var=s2/(float)M-m*m; if(var<0.f)var=0.f; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps);\n float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-m*inv*bn_w[c])*sc;\n running_mean[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_mean[c]+momentum*m;\n running_var[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_var[c]+momentum*(var*((float)M/(float)(M-1)));\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void eval_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta, int N, float eps){\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(c<N){ float inv=rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps); float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-rm[c]*inv*bn_w[c])*sc; }\n}\n\n__global__ void softmax_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ alpha, const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {\n int row=blockIdx.x, tid=threadIdx.x; float vmax=-FLT_MAX;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; vmax=fmaxf(vmax,v); }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.f;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; sum+=__expf(v-m); }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.f/sh[0];\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; out[(long long)row*N+c]=__expf(v-m)*invs; }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input); const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y=at::linear(input,weight,bias); int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y); auto opts=y.options();\n auto alpha=torch::empty({N},opts); auto beta=torch::empty({N},opts); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if(training){ int groups=(M+255)/256; auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32,groups);\n partial_stats_kernel<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n finalize_train_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);\n } else {\n eval_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),N,(float)eps);\n }\n softmax_affine_kernel<<<M,256,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext=load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v3',cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],functions=['fused_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_features,out_features,bn_eps=1e-5,bn_momentum=0.1,scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.10e-07 mean_abs_err=3.06e-11 max_rel_err=1.79e-05
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 14.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 8,322 chars (click to expand)
turn 714.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Finalizing code adjustments** It seems I need to incorporate static before submitting, but there might be an issue with using at::linear instead of "custom CUDA." I'll make sure to check that extension. The key is to ensure the code remains static. Once that's settled, I can proceed with calling static_check. My focus is on ensuring everything is correct for this final version, which should be v3. Getting this right is important!
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2, int M, int N) {\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y, c=blockIdx.x*32+tx, g=blockIdx.y;\n int r0=g*256, r1=min(r0+256,M); float s=0.f, s2=0.f;\n if(c<N){ for(int r=r0+ty;r<r1;r+=8){ float v=y[(long long)r*N+c]; s+=v; s2+=v*v; } }\n __shared__ float sh[8][32]; __shared__ float sh2[8][32]; sh[ty][tx]=s; sh2[ty][tx]=s2; __syncthreads();\n if(ty==0 && c<N){\n float a=sh[0][tx]+sh[1][tx]+sh[2][tx]+sh[3][tx]+sh[4][tx]+sh[5][tx]+sh[6][tx]+sh[7][tx];\n float b=sh2[0][tx]+sh2[1][tx]+sh2[2][tx]+sh2[3][tx]+sh2[4][tx]+sh2[5][tx]+sh2[6][tx]+sh2[7][tx];\n psum[(long long)g*N+c]=a; psum2[(long long)g*N+c]=b;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_train_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;\n if(c<N){\n float s=0.f,s2=0.f; for(int g=0;g<groups;++g){ s+=psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2+=psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }\n float m=s/(float)M; float var=s2/(float)M-m*m; if(var<0.f)var=0.f; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps);\n float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-m*inv*bn_w[c])*sc;\n running_mean[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_mean[c]+momentum*m;\n running_var[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_var[c]+momentum*(var*((float)M/(float)(M-1)));\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void eval_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta, int N, float eps){\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(c<N){ float inv=rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps); float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-rm[c]*inv*bn_w[c])*sc; }\n}\n\n__global__ void softmax_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ alpha, const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {\n int row=blockIdx.x, tid=threadIdx.x; float vmax=-FLT_MAX;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; vmax=fmaxf(vmax,v); }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.f;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; sum+=__expf(v-m); }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.f/sh[0];\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; out[(long long)row*N+c]=__expf(v-m)*invs; }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input); const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y=at::linear(input,weight,bias); int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y); auto opts=y.options();\n auto alpha=torch::empty({N},opts); auto beta=torch::empty({N},opts); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if(training){ int groups=(M+255)/256; auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32,groups);\n partial_stats_kernel<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n finalize_train_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);\n } else {\n eval_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),N,(float)eps);\n }\n softmax_affine_kernel<<<M,256,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext=load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v3',cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],functions=['fused_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_features,out_features,bn_eps=1e-5,bn_momentum=0.1,scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 8 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 14.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 8,660 chars (click to expand)
turn 814.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Preparing for submission** I need to get ready to submit the code, possibly the final version 3. Before I do that, I should reflect on the training and evaluation aspects to ensure everything is correct. It's crucial to feel confident in what I'm submitting. So, I will think it through carefully before making the final call to submit. Getting everything right feels important, and I want to make sure we’re on track!
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2, int M, int N) {\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y, c=blockIdx.x*32+tx, g=blockIdx.y;\n int r0=g*256, r1=min(r0+256,M); float s=0.f, s2=0.f;\n if(c<N){ for(int r=r0+ty;r<r1;r+=8){ float v=y[(long long)r*N+c]; s+=v; s2+=v*v; } }\n __shared__ float sh[8][32]; __shared__ float sh2[8][32]; sh[ty][tx]=s; sh2[ty][tx]=s2; __syncthreads();\n if(ty==0 && c<N){\n float a=sh[0][tx]+sh[1][tx]+sh[2][tx]+sh[3][tx]+sh[4][tx]+sh[5][tx]+sh[6][tx]+sh[7][tx];\n float b=sh2[0][tx]+sh2[1][tx]+sh2[2][tx]+sh2[3][tx]+sh2[4][tx]+sh2[5][tx]+sh2[6][tx]+sh2[7][tx];\n psum[(long long)g*N+c]=a; psum2[(long long)g*N+c]=b;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_train_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;\n if(c<N){\n float s=0.f,s2=0.f; for(int g=0;g<groups;++g){ s+=psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2+=psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }\n float m=s/(float)M; float var=s2/(float)M-m*m; if(var<0.f)var=0.f; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps);\n float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-m*inv*bn_w[c])*sc;\n running_mean[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_mean[c]+momentum*m;\n running_var[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_var[c]+momentum*(var*((float)M/(float)(M-1)));\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void eval_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,\n const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta, int N, float eps){\n int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(c<N){ float inv=rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps); float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-rm[c]*inv*bn_w[c])*sc; }\n}\n\n__global__ void softmax_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ alpha, const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {\n int row=blockIdx.x, tid=threadIdx.x; float vmax=-FLT_MAX;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; vmax=fmaxf(vmax,v); }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sh[0], sum=0.f;\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; sum+=__expf(v-m); }\n sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n float invs=1.f/sh[0];\n for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; out[(long long)row*N+c]=__expf(v-m)*invs; }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,\n bool training, double eps, double momentum) {\n CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input); const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));\n auto y=at::linear(input,weight,bias); int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y); auto opts=y.options();\n auto alpha=torch::empty({N},opts); auto beta=torch::empty({N},opts); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if(training){ int groups=(M+255)/256; auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32,groups);\n partial_stats_kernel<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n finalize_train_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);\n } else {\n eval_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),N,(float)eps);\n }\n softmax_affine_kernel<<<M,256,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext=load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v3',cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],functions=['fused_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_features,out_features,bn_eps=1e-5,bn_momentum=0.1,scale_shape=(1,)):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 2.75 μs Runtime stats: mean=2.75μs median=?μs std=0.01μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.10e-07 mean_abs_err=3.06e-11 max_rel_err=1.79e-05 Memory: 641.63 MB peak (ref: 641.38 MB, ratio: 1.0004x) Kernel launches: 11 (ref: 17, fusion ratio: 1.5455) Energy: 322.58 mJ/run (ref: 645.28 mJ, ratio: 2.0004x) SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (95 lines, 6,709 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
                           torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,
                           torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,
                           bool training, double eps, double momentum);
'''

_cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/ATen.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <float.h>
#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x " must be CUDA")
#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x " must be float")

__global__ void partial_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, float* __restrict__ psum, float* __restrict__ psum2, int M, int N) {
    int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y, c=blockIdx.x*32+tx, g=blockIdx.y;
    int r0=g*256, r1=min(r0+256,M); float s=0.f, s2=0.f;
    if(c<N){ for(int r=r0+ty;r<r1;r+=8){ float v=y[(long long)r*N+c]; s+=v; s2+=v*v; } }
    __shared__ float sh[8][32]; __shared__ float sh2[8][32]; sh[ty][tx]=s; sh2[ty][tx]=s2; __syncthreads();
    if(ty==0 && c<N){
        float a=sh[0][tx]+sh[1][tx]+sh[2][tx]+sh[3][tx]+sh[4][tx]+sh[5][tx]+sh[6][tx]+sh[7][tx];
        float b=sh2[0][tx]+sh2[1][tx]+sh2[2][tx]+sh2[3][tx]+sh2[4][tx]+sh2[5][tx]+sh2[6][tx]+sh2[7][tx];
        psum[(long long)g*N+c]=a; psum2[(long long)g*N+c]=b;
    }
}

__global__ void finalize_train_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum, const float* __restrict__ psum2,
                                             const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,
                                             float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta,
                                             float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,
                                             int M, int N, int groups, float eps, float momentum) {
    int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;
    if(c<N){
        float s=0.f,s2=0.f; for(int g=0;g<groups;++g){ s+=psum[(long long)g*N+c]; s2+=psum2[(long long)g*N+c]; }
        float m=s/(float)M; float var=s2/(float)M-m*m; if(var<0.f)var=0.f; float inv=rsqrtf(var+eps);
        float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-m*inv*bn_w[c])*sc;
        running_mean[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_mean[c]+momentum*m;
        running_var[c]=(1.f-momentum)*running_var[c]+momentum*(var*((float)M/(float)(M-1)));
    }
}

__global__ void eval_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ rm, const float* __restrict__ rv,
                                   const float* __restrict__ bn_w, const float* __restrict__ bn_b, const float* __restrict__ scale,
                                   float* __restrict__ alpha, float* __restrict__ beta, int N, float eps){
    int c=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(c<N){ float inv=rsqrtf(rv[c]+eps); float sc=scale[0]; float a=inv*bn_w[c]*sc; alpha[c]=a; beta[c]=(bn_b[c]-rm[c]*inv*bn_w[c])*sc; }
}

__global__ void softmax_affine_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ alpha, const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                      float* __restrict__ out, int M, int N) {
    int row=blockIdx.x, tid=threadIdx.x; float vmax=-FLT_MAX;
    for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; vmax=fmaxf(vmax,v); }
    __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=vmax; __syncthreads();
    for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]=fmaxf(sh[tid],sh[tid+s]); __syncthreads(); }
    float m=sh[0], sum=0.f;
    for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; sum+=__expf(v-m); }
    sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();
    for(int s=128;s>0;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }
    float invs=1.f/sh[0];
    for(int c=tid;c<N;c+=blockDim.x){ float v=y[(long long)row*N+c]*alpha[c]+beta[c]; out[(long long)row*N+c]=__expf(v-m)*invs; }
}

torch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
                           torch::Tensor bn_weight, torch::Tensor bn_bias,
                           torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor scale,
                           bool training, double eps, double momentum) {
    CHECK_CUDA(input); CHECK_FLOAT(input); const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(input));
    auto y=at::linear(input,weight,bias); int M=(int)y.size(0), N=(int)y.size(1); auto out=torch::empty_like(y); auto opts=y.options();
    auto alpha=torch::empty({N},opts); auto beta=torch::empty({N},opts); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    if(training){ int groups=(M+255)/256; auto psum=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); auto psum2=torch::empty({groups,N},opts); dim3 block(32,8); dim3 grid((N+31)/32,groups);
        partial_stats_kernel<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);
        finalize_train_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(psum.data_ptr<float>(),psum2.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,groups,(float)eps,(float)momentum);
    } else {
        eval_affine_kernel<<<(N+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),bn_weight.data_ptr<float>(),bn_bias.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),N,(float)eps);
    }
    softmax_affine_kernel<<<M,256,0,stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),alpha.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),M,N);
    C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return out;
}
'''

_ext=load_inline(name='gemm_bn_scale_softmax_ext_v3',cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],functions=['fused_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self,in_features,out_features,bn_eps=1e-5,bn_momentum=0.1,scale_shape=(1,)):
        super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=bn_eps,momentum=bn_momentum); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.ones(scale_shape))
    def forward(self,x):
        return _ext.fused_forward(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,self.scale,self.training,self.bn.eps,self.bn.momentum)