gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_default_gpt
correct 70_Gemm_Sigmoid_Scaling_ResidualAdd.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
7 / 10
tool calls
7
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
2.79 μs
ref runtime
2.77 μs
speedup
0.99x
started
2026-05-02T17:28:23Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
2.79 μs
ref runtime
2.77 μs
speedup
0.99x
kernel mean / median / std
2.79 / — / 0.49 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.77 / — / 0.00 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
4.77e-07
mean abs error
1.82e-08
max rel error
0.08
mean rel error
3.54e-08
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
609.06 MB
ref peak
673.06 MB
kernel / ref
0.90x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
8
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
8.00x
total cuda time
22 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
481.20
ref mJ / run
240.56
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.50x
avg power
175.52 W
ref avg power
86.94 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.853
dram util %
67.9%
compute util %
85.3%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
2275.31 GB/s
dram util %
67.9%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
89.2%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
85.3%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
145.9%
ld sectors / req
20.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
272
smem / block
35328 B
block size
384
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
6506.4%
short_scoreboard
275.2%
mio_throttle
257.3%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model implementing the pattern "Gemm_Sigmoid_Scaling_ResidualAdd".
    """
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Forward pass of the model.

        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, input_size).

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size, hidden_size).
        """
        x = self.gemm(x)
        original_x = x
        x = torch.sigmoid(x)
        x = x * self.scaling_factor
        x = x + original_x
        return x

batch_size = 1024
input_size = 8192
hidden_size = 8192
scaling_factor = 2.0

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, input_size)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor]
turn 022.1s turn · 22.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Implementing model in Python** I need to create a Python file for ModelNew, implementing a Linear model with a sigmoid function scaled by a residual. I'll fix the shapes and include weights similar to `nn.Linear`. I might need to match reference initialization; ModelNew should likely accept similar arguments, and the weights initialized separately. I’m thinking if I can use `torch.nn.Parameter` for initialization. The custom CUDA GEMM seems complex, but maybe integrating cuBLAS and a fused epilogue could optimize performance. **Developing GPU extension** I need to implement a GPU extension using either `at::cuda::blas::gemm` or `cublasLt`. First, I’ll consider the environment and utilize `torch.utils.cpp` for a smoother setup. I think using a C++ extension with a function like `forward(x,w,b,scale)` will work well. This function will handle the output and manage `cublasSgemm`. Additionally, I should compute the GEMM output as `x @ weight.T + bias`, ensuring I respect the memory format differences between row-major and column-major conventions. Let's clarify these tensor shapes for the implementation!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 24.6s turn · 24.6s LLM · 7,938 chars (click to expand)
turn 124.6s turn · 24.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void bias_sigmoid_residual_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int64_t total, int n, float scale) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = (int)(idx % n);\n float z = y[idx] + bias[j];\n float s = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n y[idx] = z + scale * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), \"all tensors must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"float32 only\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, \"bad dims\");\n const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, \"bad sizes\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), \"tensors must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, \"sizes too large\");\n int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;\n at::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n cublasSetStream(handle, stream);\n // Use cuBLAS in column-major view: y_rm^T = weight_rm * x_rm^T\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n n, m, k,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n int64_t total = m64 * n64;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n bias_sigmoid_residual_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, n, (float)scale_d);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1': [1/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /home/prabhune/.local/share/uv/python/cpython-3.10-linux-x86_64-gnu/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_70_cache/k_a9bc807e1b7a/fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=1] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /home/prabhune/.local/share/uv/python/cpython-3.10-linux-x86_64-gnu/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_70_cache/k_a9bc807e1b7a/fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_70_cache/k_a9bc807e1b7a/fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1/cuda.cu:7:10: fatal error: ATen/cuda/CUDAGuard.h: No such file or directory 7 | #include <ATen/cuda/CUDAGuard.h> | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ compilation terminated. [2/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /home/prabhune/.local/share/uv/python/cpython-3.10-linux-x86_64-gnu/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_70_cache/k_a9bc807e1b7a/fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 28.7s turn · 8.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering CUDAGuard path** I’m thinking the path for CUDAGuard might be c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h, and I should use <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>. I'm also considering whether the stream type could be CUDAStream convertible. It seems I need to compile this to check if everything works as expected. So, I'll pay attention to the details in the compilation process while I sort this out. It feels like a solid plan!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n#include <climits>\n\n__global__ void bias_sigmoid_residual_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int64_t total, int n, float scale) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = (int)(idx % n);\n float z = y[idx] + bias[j];\n float s = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n y[idx] = z + scale * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), \"all tensors must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"float32 only\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, \"bad dims\");\n const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, \"bad sizes\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), \"tensors must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, \"sizes too large\");\n int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;\n c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n cublasSetStream(handle, stream);\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n n, m, k,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n int64_t total = m64 * n64;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n bias_sigmoid_residual_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, n, (float)scale_d);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 37.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n#include <climits>\n\n__global__ void bias_sigmoid_residual_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int64_t total, int n, float scale) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = (int)(idx % n);\n float z = y[idx] + bias[j];\n float s = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n y[idx] = z + scale * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), \"all tensors must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"float32 only\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, \"bad dims\");\n const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, \"bad sizes\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), \"tensors must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, \"sizes too large\");\n int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;\n c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n cublasSetStream(handle, stream);\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n n, m, k,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n int64_t total = m64 * n64;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n bias_sigmoid_residual_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, n, (float)scale_d);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v2c',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.77e-07 mean_abs_err=1.82e-08 max_rel_err=7.69e-02
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 23.9s turn · 23.9s LLM · 6,258 chars (click to expand)
turn 423.9s turn · 23.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Exploring kernel optimization** I'm thinking that maybe the H100 exp could have significant overhead associated with it. I might consider using a 2D kernel with block dimensions of 256, operating across contiguous chunks. This way, I could potentially utilize blockIdx with row chunks. I'll want to ensure I’m optimizing for performance while keeping an eye on any overhead, as that could be a crucial factor in achieving the desired efficiency. It’s interesting to see how these choices affect outcomes!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n#include <climits>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float act(float z, float scale) {\n return z + scale * (1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z)));\n}\n\n__global__ void epilogue_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n4, float scale) {\n int col4 = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < m && col4 < n4) {\n int base4 = row * n4 + col4;\n float4 v = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4];\n float4 b = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(bias)[col4];\n v.x = act(v.x + b.x, scale);\n v.y = act(v.y + b.y, scale);\n v.z = act(v.z + b.z, scale);\n v.w = act(v.w + b.w, scale);\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void epilogue_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n, float scale) {\n int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < m && col < n) {\n int idx = row * n + col;\n float z = y[idx] + bias[col];\n y[idx] = act(z, scale);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), \"all tensors must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"float32 only\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, \"bad dims\");\n const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, \"bad sizes\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), \"tensors must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, \"sizes too large\");\n int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;\n c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n cublasSetStream(handle, stream);\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n n, m, k,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n float scale = (float)scale_d;\n if ((n & 3) == 0) {\n int n4 = n >> 2;\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((n4 + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);\n epilogue_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n4, scale);\n } else {\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((n + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);\n epilogue_scalar_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n, scale);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.77e-07 mean_abs_err=1.82e-08 max_rel_err=7.69e-02
turn 59.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n#include <climits>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float act(float z, float scale) {\n return z + scale * (1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z)));\n}\n\n__global__ void epilogue_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n4, float scale) {\n int col4 = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < m && col4 < n4) {\n int base4 = row * n4 + col4;\n float4 v = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4];\n float4 b = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(bias)[col4];\n v.x = act(v.x + b.x, scale);\n v.y = act(v.y + b.y, scale);\n v.z = act(v.z + b.z, scale);\n v.w = act(v.w + b.w, scale);\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void epilogue_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n, float scale) {\n int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < m && col < n) {\n int idx = row * n + col;\n float z = y[idx] + bias[col];\n y[idx] = act(z, scale);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), \"all tensors must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"float32 only\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, \"bad dims\");\n const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, \"bad sizes\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), \"tensors must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, \"sizes too large\");\n int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;\n c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n cublasSetStream(handle, stream);\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n n, m, k,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n float scale = (float)scale_d;\n if ((n & 3) == 0) {\n int n4 = n >> 2;\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((n4 + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);\n epilogue_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n4, scale);\n } else {\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((n + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);\n epilogue_scalar_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n, scale);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_final',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 6 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 9.7s turn · 9.7s LLM · 6,449 chars (click to expand)
turn 69.7s turn · 9.7s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Finalizing the submission** I'm thinking of submitting everything now, but I wonder if I should consider using torch.ops. No, I don’t want any potential name collisions with previous compilations. I need to keep the evaluation clean, which feels necessary. Hmm, what about the final answer — should that be code? Actually, I should submit via the tool as submit_kernel records the process. So, it seems I’ll just use the final code for submission.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_source = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n#include <climits>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float act(float z, float scale) {\n return z + scale * (1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z)));\n}\n\n__global__ void epilogue_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n4, float scale) {\n int col4 = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < m && col4 < n4) {\n int base4 = row * n4 + col4;\n float4 v = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4];\n float4 b = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(bias)[col4];\n v.x = act(v.x + b.x, scale);\n v.y = act(v.y + b.y, scale);\n v.z = act(v.z + b.z, scale);\n v.w = act(v.w + b.w, scale);\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void epilogue_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n, float scale) {\n int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < m && col < n) {\n int idx = row * n + col;\n float z = y[idx] + bias[col];\n y[idx] = act(z, scale);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), \"all tensors must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"float32 only\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, \"bad dims\");\n const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, \"bad sizes\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), \"tensors must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, \"sizes too large\");\n int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;\n c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n cublasSetStream(handle, stream);\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n n, m, k,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), k,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n float scale = (float)scale_d;\n if ((n & 3) == 0) {\n int n4 = n >> 2;\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((n4 + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);\n epilogue_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n4, scale);\n } else {\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((n + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);\n epilogue_scalar_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n, scale);\n }\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_final',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_source,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_source,\n functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 2.79 μs Runtime stats: mean=2.79μs median=?μs std=0.49μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.77e-07 mean_abs_err=1.82e-08 max_rel_err=7.69e-02 Memory: 609.06 MB peak (ref: 673.06 MB, ratio: 0.9049x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 8, fusion ratio: 8.0) Energy: 481.2 mJ/run (ref: 240.56 mJ, ratio: 0.4999x) SOL score: 0.8534
final submitted kernel (111 lines, 4,422 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_source = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>

torch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);
'''

_cuda_source = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cublas_v2.h>
#include <climits>

__device__ __forceinline__ float act(float z, float scale) {
    return z + scale * (1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z)));
}

__global__ void epilogue_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n4, float scale) {
    int col4 = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int row = blockIdx.y;
    if (row < m && col4 < n4) {
        int base4 = row * n4 + col4;
        float4 v = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4];
        float4 b = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(bias)[col4];
        v.x = act(v.x + b.x, scale);
        v.y = act(v.y + b.y, scale);
        v.z = act(v.z + b.z, scale);
        v.w = act(v.w + b.w, scale);
        reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y)[base4] = v;
    }
}

__global__ void epilogue_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, int m, int n, float scale) {
    int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int row = blockIdx.y;
    if (row < m && col < n) {
        int idx = row * n + col;
        float z = y[idx] + bias[col];
        y[idx] = act(z, scale);
    }
}

torch::Tensor fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {
    TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda() && weight.is_cuda() && bias.is_cuda(), "all tensors must be CUDA");
    TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32 && bias.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, "float32 only");
    TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2 && weight.dim() == 2 && bias.dim() == 1, "bad dims");
    const int64_t m64 = x.size(0);
    const int64_t k64 = x.size(1);
    const int64_t n64 = weight.size(0);
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == k64 && bias.size(0) == n64, "bad sizes");
    TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous() && weight.is_contiguous() && bias.is_contiguous(), "tensors must be contiguous");
    TORCH_CHECK(m64 <= INT_MAX && n64 <= INT_MAX && k64 <= INT_MAX, "sizes too large");
    int m = (int)m64, n = (int)n64, k = (int)k64;
    c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());
    auto y = torch::empty({m64, n64}, x.options());

    cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    cublasSetStream(handle, stream);
    const float alpha = 1.0f;
    const float beta = 0.0f;
    cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,
                                      n, m, k,
                                      &alpha,
                                      weight.data_ptr<float>(), k,
                                      x.data_ptr<float>(), k,
                                      &beta,
                                      y.data_ptr<float>(), n);
    TORCH_CHECK(stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, "cublasSgemm failed");

    float scale = (float)scale_d;
    if ((n & 3) == 0) {
        int n4 = n >> 2;
        dim3 block(256);
        dim3 grid((n4 + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);
        epilogue_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n4, scale);
    } else {
        dim3 block(256);
        dim3 grid((n + block.x - 1) / block.x, m);
        epilogue_scalar_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), m, n, scale);
    }
    C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();
    return y;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(
    name='fused_linear_sigmoid_residual_ext_final',
    cpp_sources=_cpp_source,
    cuda_sources=_cuda_source,
    functions=['fused_linear_sigmoid_forward'],
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],
    extra_cflags=['-O3'],
    extra_ldflags=['-lcublas'],
    verbose=False,
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, scaling_factor):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        return _ext.fused_linear_sigmoid_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))