gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_default_gpt
correct 54_Conv2d_Multiply_LeakyReLU_GELU.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
10 / 10
tool calls
10
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
4.80 μs
ref runtime
6.15 μs
speedup
1.28x
started
2026-05-02T06:35:52Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
4.80 μs
ref runtime
6.15 μs
speedup
1.28x
kernel mean / median / std
4.80 / — / 0.19 μs
ref mean / median / std
6.15 / — / 0.10 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
3.58e-07
mean abs error
6.86e-09
max rel error
7.19e-07
mean rel error
1.20e-07
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
4097.55 MB
ref peak
4097.55 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
7
ref launches
10
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.43x
total cuda time
16105 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
754.98
ref mJ / run
1131.62
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.50x
avg power
158.00 W
ref avg power
184.65 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
1.000
dram util %
100.0%
compute util %
56.9%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
tensor-core
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
11506.33 GB/s
dram util %
100.0%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
393.8%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
56.9%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
395.9%
ld sectors / req
38.18
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
312
smem / block
250240 B
block size
1536
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
14111.0%
short_scoreboard
853.8%
mio_throttle
194.1%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model that performs a convolution, multiplies by a learnable scalar, applies LeakyReLU, and then GELU.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape)) 
        self.leaky_relu = nn.LeakyReLU()

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = x * self.multiplier
        x = self.leaky_relu(x)
        x = torch.nn.functional.gelu(x)
        return x

batch_size = 64
in_channels = 64
out_channels = 64
height, width = 256, 256
kernel_size = 3
multiplier_shape = (out_channels, 1, 1)

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape]
turn 09.4s turn · 9.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 7.1s turn · 7.1s LLM · 6,559 chars (click to expand)
turn 17.1s turn · 7.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Implementing Conv Layers** I’m thinking about implementing the H100 PyTorch convolution, possibly using TF32 by default. I ought to check how fp32 behaves with the default PyTorch setting for allowing TF32. To ensure the nn.Conv2d in the model is equivalent, both convolution layers should use the same PyTorch settings. Although loading inline might have a cost, the module load probably isn't timed, so I should prioritize correctness above all.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx] * m[c];\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n float y = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * inv_sqrt2));\n x[idx] = y;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'fused_conv_postop_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_conv_postop_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /home/prabhune/.local/share/uv/python/cpython-3.10-linux-x86_64-gnu/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_54_cache/k_823867ca7f12/fused_conv_postop_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_conv_postop_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /home/prabhune/.local/share/uv/python/cpython-3.10-linux-x86_64-gnu/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_54_cache/k_823867ca7f12/fused_conv_postop_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_conv_postop_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /home/prabhune/.local/share/uv/python/cpython-3.10-linux-x86_64-gnu/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_54_cache/k_823867ca7f12/fused_conv_postop_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_54_cache/k_823867ca7f12/fused_conv_postop_ext_v1/cuda.cu(28): error: namespace "at::cuda" has no member "getCurrentCUDAStream" fused_postop_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>( ^ 1 error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/tejas/PopcornBench/runs/l12_default/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_54_cache/k_823867ca7f12/fused_conv_postop_ext_v1/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 24.6s turn · 4.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering compilation options** I realize I need to include ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h in the compilation. When I compile, I wonder if I should use the no fast_math option. I know that fast_math can change the approximation of erff, which might affect the correctness of my results. So, it seems like I might need to try it out without fast_math to ensure I'm getting the right results! It's always tricky navigating these options.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx] * m[c];\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n float y = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * inv_sqrt2));\n x[idx] = y;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 34.5s turn · 4.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx] * m[c];\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n float y = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * inv_sqrt2));\n x[idx] = y;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 410.5s turn · 10.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Testing math functions** I'm considering that the approximation for tanh could be resulting in an error over 1e-4, possibly getting up to 4.7e-4, which isn't great. I might want to try using the fast math function erff instead. Tolerance at 1e-4 should be acceptable. I think compiling with the option to use fast math might improve performance, so I'll go ahead and test that. Let's see how it performs!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx] * m[c];\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n float y = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n x[idx] = y;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_fastmath\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 514.8s turn · 14.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_after_leaky(float v) {\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_vec4_kernel(float4* __restrict__ x4, const float* __restrict__ m,\n int HW4, int C) {\n int hw4 = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int nc = blockIdx.y;\n if (hw4 >= HW4) return;\n int c = nc % C;\n float mult = m[c];\n long idx4 = (long)nc * HW4 + hw4;\n float4 r = x4[idx4];\n r.x = gelu_after_leaky(r.x * mult);\n r.y = gelu_after_leaky(r.y * mult);\n r.z = gelu_after_leaky(r.z * mult);\n r.w = gelu_after_leaky(r.w * mult);\n x4[idx4] = r;\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n x[idx] = gelu_after_leaky(x[idx] * m[c]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 grid((HW4 + threads - 1) / threads, x.size(0) * C);\n fused_postop_vec4_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x.data_ptr<float>()), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), HW4, C);\n } else {\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n }\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_vec4\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 617.3s turn · 17.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float erf_approx(float x) {\n // Abramowitz and Stegun 7.1.26, max abs error ~1.5e-7 before fast exp effects\n float s = x < 0.0f ? -1.0f : 1.0f;\n float ax = fabsf(x);\n float t = 1.0f / (1.0f + 0.3275911f * ax);\n float p = (((((1.061405429f * t - 1.453152027f) * t) + 1.421413741f) * t - 0.284496736f) * t + 0.254829592f) * t;\n float y = 1.0f - p * expf(-ax * ax);\n return s * y;\n}\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_after_leaky(float v) {\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erf_approx(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_vec4_kernel(float4* __restrict__ x4, const float* __restrict__ m,\n int HW4, int C) {\n int hw4 = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int nc = blockIdx.y;\n if (hw4 >= HW4) return;\n int c = nc % C;\n float mult = m[c];\n long idx4 = (long)nc * HW4 + hw4;\n float4 r = x4[idx4];\n r.x = gelu_after_leaky(r.x * mult);\n r.y = gelu_after_leaky(r.y * mult);\n r.z = gelu_after_leaky(r.z * mult);\n r.w = gelu_after_leaky(r.w * mult);\n x4[idx4] = r;\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n x[idx] = gelu_after_leaky(x[idx] * m[c]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 grid((HW4 + threads - 1) / threads, x.size(0) * C);\n fused_postop_vec4_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x.data_ptr<float>()), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), HW4, C);\n } else {\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n }\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_erfapprox\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.58e-07 mean_abs_err=6.86e-09 max_rel_err=7.19e-07
turn 716.2s turn · 16.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating computational methods** I'm considering how to manage computations effectively. It seems like there might not be a timing tool beyond just submitting the task, so I need to choose the best method for this. When I think about pointwise computation, more items per thread can increase the arithmetic workload. However, that could reduce occupancy or register usage. It's important to find the right balance to ensure efficiency. Let’s work through this!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float erf_approx(float x) {\n float s = x < 0.0f ? -1.0f : 1.0f;\n float ax = fabsf(x);\n float t = 1.0f / (1.0f + 0.3275911f * ax);\n float p = (((((1.061405429f * t - 1.453152027f) * t) + 1.421413741f) * t - 0.284496736f) * t + 0.254829592f) * t;\n return s * (1.0f - p * expf(-ax * ax));\n}\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_after_leaky(float v) {\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erf_approx(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel(float4* __restrict__ x4, const float* __restrict__ m,\n int HW4, int C) {\n int nc = blockIdx.y;\n int c = nc % C;\n float mult = m[c];\n int base_hw4 = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;\n long plane = (long)nc * HW4;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {\n int hw4 = base_hw4 + i;\n if (hw4 < HW4) {\n float4 r = x4[plane + hw4];\n r.x = gelu_after_leaky(r.x * mult);\n r.y = gelu_after_leaky(r.y * mult);\n r.z = gelu_after_leaky(r.z * mult);\n r.w = gelu_after_leaky(r.w * mult);\n x4[plane + hw4] = r;\n }\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n x[idx] = gelu_after_leaky(x[idx] * m[c]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 grid((HW4 + threads * 4 - 1) / (threads * 4), x.size(0) * C);\n fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x.data_ptr<float>()), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), HW4, C);\n } else {\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n }\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_vec4x4\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.58e-07 mean_abs_err=6.86e-09 max_rel_err=7.19e-07
turn 811.1s turn · 11.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Finalizing submission process** I need to complete the final submission, but first, I want to perform a static check. The kernel features convolution in PyTorch with a fused post-operation, which should provide good speed. I wonder if there's a way to enhance the fusion process for convolutions, especially considering a fully-conv configuration might be tricky. It seems better to do the static check before submitting, and I should ensure the final code has a unique name.
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float erf_approx(float x) {\n float s = x < 0.0f ? -1.0f : 1.0f;\n float ax = fabsf(x);\n float t = 1.0f / (1.0f + 0.3275911f * ax);\n float p = (((((1.061405429f * t - 1.453152027f) * t) + 1.421413741f) * t - 0.284496736f) * t + 0.254829592f) * t;\n return s * (1.0f - p * expf(-ax * ax));\n}\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_after_leaky(float v) {\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erf_approx(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel(float4* __restrict__ x4, const float* __restrict__ m,\n int HW4, int C) {\n int nc = blockIdx.y;\n int c = nc % C;\n float mult = m[c];\n int base_hw4 = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;\n long plane = (long)nc * HW4;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {\n int hw4 = base_hw4 + i;\n if (hw4 < HW4) {\n float4 r = x4[plane + hw4];\n r.x = gelu_after_leaky(r.x * mult);\n r.y = gelu_after_leaky(r.y * mult);\n r.z = gelu_after_leaky(r.z * mult);\n r.w = gelu_after_leaky(r.w * mult);\n x4[plane + hw4] = r;\n }\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n x[idx] = gelu_after_leaky(x[idx] * m[c]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 grid((HW4 + threads * 4 - 1) / (threads * 4), x.size(0) * C);\n fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x.data_ptr<float>()), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), HW4, C);\n } else {\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n }\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_final\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 98.5s turn · 8.5s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float erf_approx(float x) {\n float s = x < 0.0f ? -1.0f : 1.0f;\n float ax = fabsf(x);\n float t = 1.0f / (1.0f + 0.3275911f * ax);\n float p = (((((1.061405429f * t - 1.453152027f) * t) + 1.421413741f) * t - 0.284496736f) * t + 0.254829592f) * t;\n return s * (1.0f - p * expf(-ax * ax));\n}\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_after_leaky(float v) {\n v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erf_approx(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel(float4* __restrict__ x4, const float* __restrict__ m,\n int HW4, int C) {\n int nc = blockIdx.y;\n int c = nc % C;\n float mult = m[c];\n int base_hw4 = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;\n long plane = (long)nc * HW4;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {\n int hw4 = base_hw4 + i;\n if (hw4 < HW4) {\n float4 r = x4[plane + hw4];\n r.x = gelu_after_leaky(r.x * mult);\n r.y = gelu_after_leaky(r.y * mult);\n r.z = gelu_after_leaky(r.z * mult);\n r.w = gelu_after_leaky(r.w * mult);\n x4[plane + hw4] = r;\n }\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postop_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,\n long total, int C, int HW) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n x[idx] = gelu_after_leaky(x[idx] * m[c]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {\n const long total = x.numel();\n const int C = x.size(1);\n const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 grid((HW4 + threads * 4 - 1) / (threads * 4), x.size(0) * C);\n fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x.data_ptr<float>()), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), HW4, C);\n } else {\n const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n fused_postop_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);\n }\n return x;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"fused_conv_postop_ext_final\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_postop\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 4.80 μs Runtime stats: mean=4.80μs median=?μs std=0.19μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.58e-07 mean_abs_err=6.86e-09 max_rel_err=7.19e-07 Memory: 4097.55 MB peak (ref: 4097.55 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 7 (ref: 10, fusion ratio: 1.4286) Energy: 754.98 mJ/run (ref: 1131.62 mJ, ratio: 1.4989x) SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (90 lines, 3,310 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>

torch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier);
"""

cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cmath>

__device__ __forceinline__ float erf_approx(float x) {
    float s = x < 0.0f ? -1.0f : 1.0f;
    float ax = fabsf(x);
    float t = 1.0f / (1.0f + 0.3275911f * ax);
    float p = (((((1.061405429f * t - 1.453152027f) * t) + 1.421413741f) * t - 0.284496736f) * t + 0.254829592f) * t;
    return s * (1.0f - p * expf(-ax * ax));
}

__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_after_leaky(float v) {
    v = (v >= 0.0f) ? v : (0.01f * v);
    return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erf_approx(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));
}

__global__ void fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel(float4* __restrict__ x4, const float* __restrict__ m,
                                           int HW4, int C) {
    int nc = blockIdx.y;
    int c = nc % C;
    float mult = m[c];
    int base_hw4 = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x) * 4;
    long plane = (long)nc * HW4;
    #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        int hw4 = base_hw4 + i;
        if (hw4 < HW4) {
            float4 r = x4[plane + hw4];
            r.x = gelu_after_leaky(r.x * mult);
            r.y = gelu_after_leaky(r.y * mult);
            r.z = gelu_after_leaky(r.z * mult);
            r.w = gelu_after_leaky(r.w * mult);
            x4[plane + hw4] = r;
        }
    }
}

__global__ void fused_postop_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ m,
                                           long total, int C, int HW) {
    long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (idx >= total) return;
    int c = (idx / HW) % C;
    x[idx] = gelu_after_leaky(x[idx] * m[c]);
}

torch::Tensor fused_postop(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor multiplier) {
    const long total = x.numel();
    const int C = x.size(1);
    const int HW = x.size(2) * x.size(3);
    const int threads = 256;
    if ((HW & 3) == 0) {
        const int HW4 = HW >> 2;
        dim3 grid((HW4 + threads * 4 - 1) / (threads * 4), x.size(0) * C);
        fused_postop_vec4x4_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
            reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x.data_ptr<float>()), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), HW4, C);
    } else {
        const int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
        fused_postop_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
            x.data_ptr<float>(), multiplier.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW);
    }
    return x;
}
"""

_ext = load_inline(name="fused_conv_postop_ext_final", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,
                   functions=["fused_postop"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3", "--use_fast_math"])

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, multiplier_shape):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.multiplier = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(multiplier_shape))
    def forward(self, x):
        y = self.conv(x)
        return _ext.fused_postop(y, self.multiplier)