gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_default_gpt
correct 31_Conv2d_Min_Add_Multiply.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
10 / 10
tool calls
10
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
3.77 μs
ref runtime
5.07 μs
speedup
1.34x
started
2026-05-02T18:57:21Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
3.77 μs
ref runtime
5.07 μs
speedup
1.34x
kernel mean / median / std
3.77 / — / 0.14 μs
ref mean / median / std
5.07 / — / 0.02 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
2050.10 MB
ref peak
2530.06 MB
kernel / ref
0.81x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
7
ref launches
16
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
2.29x
total cuda time
11559 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
483.72
ref mJ / run
726.12
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.50x
avg power
128.96 W
ref avg power
143.10 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
1.000
dram util %
100.0%
compute util %
64.5%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
tensor-core
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
8388.45 GB/s
dram util %
100.0%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
308.4%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
64.5%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
327.9%
ld sectors / req
39.95
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
332
smem / block
79104 B
block size
1024
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
38874.0%
short_scoreboard
403.1%
mio_throttle
85.4%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a convolution, takes the minimum with a constant, adds a bias term, and multiplies by a scaling factor.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.constant_value = constant_value
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = torch.min(x, torch.tensor(self.constant_value))
        x = x + self.bias
        x = x * self.scaling_factor
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_channels = 64
out_channels = 128
height = width = 128
kernel_size = 3
constant_value = 0.5
bias_shape = (out_channels, 1, 1)
scaling_factor = 2.0

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor]
turn 010.9s turn · 10.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Analyzing tensor operations** I'm exploring how PyTorch handles tensor creation with CUDA and CPU. If x is a CUDA tensor and I create a CPU tensor with `torch.tensor`, could this lead to errors when benchmarking? It seems like `min` should accept both scalar types, and while the potential speedup might be small, processing over 260 million elements could lead to notable gains. For the implementation, I need `ModelNew` to match the state names, including weights and biases, while considering dtype and in-place operations for efficiency. **Optimizing in-place operations** I'm considering how to optimize operations in PyTorch, specifically using `min`, then `add`, and then `mul` directly on y to avoid unnecessary memory allocation. By using an in-place approach, the kernel can write to y while returning the modified y without needing autograd to track changes, which simplifies the process. This could improve performance by reducing overhead. Using a CUDA kernel here seems ideal for taking advantage of parallel processing too!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 112.4s turn · 12.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Exploring custom convolution options** I'm considering whether custom convolutions can be improved using H100 cuDNN for 3x3 kernels, even though writing an implicit GEMM in FP32 could be slower. I need to evaluate Torch settings and decide if I should use PyTorch conv, especially since cuDNN might provide better performance. I should optimize the code by using vectorized float4 and ensure that everything outputs in contiguous NCHW format. Additionally, I need to compile properly with the correct headers and avoid using PYBIND. **Understanding function binding in C++** I'm trying to figure out how to properly use `load_inline` to bind functions in `cpp_sources`, especially for the `torch::Tensor fused_postprocess(...)` declaration. If a CUDA function is defined in `cuda_sources`, it might not be visible, which seems tricky. I think I need to define a host wrapper in `cpp_sources` and a kernel launcher in `cuda_sources`. I'll make sure the kernel launch utilizes `CUDAGuard` and considers the correct dimensions for `x` and `bias`. This will help ensure everything compiles smoothly. **Exploring fusion with convolution bias** I'm thinking about whether I can fuse operations by integrating with the convolution bias. I know that Conv2d has its own bias associated with the output channel, which complicates things. If I keep the post-bias separate, fusing the convolution bias might be tricky. I wonder if it could work better if I disable the convolution bias altogether. It’s a bit of a puzzle, but finding a solution could improve efficiency! **Testing convolution overhead** I'm considering whether using torch.ops for cuDNN convolution with an extension would introduce any overhead. I find this topic a bit random but intriguing. It’s definitely worth testing to see how it performs. The whole idea of efficiency is important, especially in computational tasks. So yes, let's proceed with the test and gather some data on it! It'll be interesting to see what results I get.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n v = fminf(v, constant);\n v = (v + bias[c]) * scale;\n x[idx] = v;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int HW = (int)(x.size(2) * x.size(3));\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, (float)constant, (float)scale);\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 25.3s turn · 5.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n v = fminf(v, constant);\n v = (v + bias[c]) * scale;\n x[idx] = v;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int HW = (int)(x.size(2) * x.size(3));\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, (float)constant, (float)scale);\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 19.0s turn · 19.0s LLM · 6,228 chars (click to expand)
turn 319.0s turn · 19.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing kernel performance** I’m considering the need for benchmarking what's submitted since the final output only reveals runtime. There's definitely room for improvement after the kernel processes output at 260M. The current kernel has a costly division per element. Instead, I think mapping blocks per channel contiguously could work better. With the total N*C channels equating to 16,384 channel planes, and with the HW at 15,876, it sounds simpler if each block handles one row. I’ll also explore vectorizing float4 within each plane! **Optimizing thread handling** I'm thinking about how each thread can manage one float4, with grid y chunks over HW4. The total vectors come to around 65 million, based on N*C*3969. Using vectorized read/write for efficient operations seems like a solid move, especially with bias applied per block. Now, I need to ensure everything aligns properly. Conv output should be aligned to each plane's size, confirming that 15,876 floats fit the alignment requirements. I might also need a fallback for generic dimensions in case HW isn't divisible by 4. So, it could be helpful to combine bias shape reading with modulus per block!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int planes,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n int plane = blockIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.y * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (plane >= planes || j >= HW4) return;\n float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 block(threads);\n dim3 grid(N * C, (HW4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n fused_postprocess_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), N * C, C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 46.7s turn · 6.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int planes,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n int plane = blockIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.y * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (plane >= planes || j >= HW4) return;\n float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 block(threads);\n dim3 grid(N * C, (HW4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n fused_postprocess_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), N * C, C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 58.9s turn · 8.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int planes,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n int plane = blockIdx.x;\n int j = blockIdx.y * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (plane >= planes || j >= HW4) return;\n float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n dim3 block(threads);\n dim3 grid(N * C, (HW4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n fused_postprocess_vec4_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), N * C, C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 619.1s turn · 19.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Estimating scheduling overhead** I’m trying to estimate block scheduling overhead, thinking maybe it’s around 3-5 microseconds per Streaming Multiprocessor (SM). Wait, 262k blocks sounds substantial. Each block has only 256 threads and performs one float4 operation, which translates to a load and store of 4096 bytes. That's 8KB plus operations. With a throughput of 3.35TB/s, the timing per block is about 2.4 nanoseconds, which feels almost impossible — scheduling could be dominating the performance here. **Evaluating vector implementation** I’m working on reducing blocks, where each block handles a plane. I have 256 threads looping over a stride of 256, resulting in 16,384 blocks and each block containing about 3,969 vectors. This setup targets scheduling and load balancing effectively, with sufficient occupancy for 16,000 blocks. By adjusting iterations to be coalesced, we’re optimizing performance. I also want to finalize the kernel and consider a scalar fallback for flexibly implementing functionality. Let's test this out!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n const int plane = blockIdx.x;\n const float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* __restrict__ xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < HW4; j += blockDim.x) {\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel<<<N * C, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 77.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n const int plane = blockIdx.x;\n const float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* __restrict__ xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < HW4; j += blockDim.x) {\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel<<<N * C, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 87.7s turn · 7.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n const int plane = blockIdx.x;\n const float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* __restrict__ xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < HW4; j += blockDim.x) {\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel<<<N * C, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 96.9s turn · 6.9s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const int C,\n const int HW4,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n const int plane = blockIdx.x;\n const float b = bias[plane % C];\n float4* __restrict__ xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));\n for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < HW4; j += blockDim.x) {\n float4 v = xp4[j];\n v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;\n v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;\n xp4[j] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n const long total,\n const int C,\n const int HW,\n const float constant,\n const float scale) {\n long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (idx / HW) % C;\n float v = x[idx];\n x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n const long total = x.numel();\n if (total == 0) return x;\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int C = (int)x.size(1);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n const int HW = H * W;\n const float cst = (float)constant;\n const float scl = (float)scale;\n const int threads = 256;\n if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {\n const int HW4 = HW >> 2;\n fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel<<<N * C, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), C, HW4, cst, scl);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);\n }\n return x;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_postprocess'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.constant_value = float(constant_value)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 3.77 μs Runtime stats: mean=3.77μs median=?μs std=0.14μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 2050.1 MB peak (ref: 2530.06 MB, ratio: 0.8103x) Kernel launches: 7 (ref: 16, fusion ratio: 2.2857) Energy: 483.72 mJ/run (ref: 726.12 mJ, ratio: 1.5011x) SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (95 lines, 3,979 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale);
'''

_cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>

__global__ void fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,
                                                    const float* __restrict__ bias,
                                                    const int C,
                                                    const int HW4,
                                                    const float constant,
                                                    const float scale) {
    const int plane = blockIdx.x;
    const float b = bias[plane % C];
    float4* __restrict__ xp4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(x + ((long)plane * HW4 * 4));
    for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < HW4; j += blockDim.x) {
        float4 v = xp4[j];
        v.x = (fminf(v.x, constant) + b) * scale;
        v.y = (fminf(v.y, constant) + b) * scale;
        v.z = (fminf(v.z, constant) + b) * scale;
        v.w = (fminf(v.w, constant) + b) * scale;
        xp4[j] = v;
    }
}

__global__ void fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel(float* __restrict__ x,
                                                const float* __restrict__ bias,
                                                const long total,
                                                const int C,
                                                const int HW,
                                                const float constant,
                                                const float scale) {
    long idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {
        int c = (idx / HW) % C;
        float v = x[idx];
        x[idx] = (fminf(v, constant) + bias[c]) * scale;
    }
}

torch::Tensor fused_postprocess(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double constant, double scale) {
    const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());
    const long total = x.numel();
    if (total == 0) return x;
    const int N = (int)x.size(0);
    const int C = (int)x.size(1);
    const int H = (int)x.size(2);
    const int W = (int)x.size(3);
    const int HW = H * W;
    const float cst = (float)constant;
    const float scl = (float)scale;
    const int threads = 256;
    if ((HW & 3) == 0 && (((uintptr_t)x.data_ptr<float>()) & 15) == 0) {
        const int HW4 = HW >> 2;
        fused_postprocess_vec4_plane_kernel<<<N * C, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
            x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), C, HW4, cst, scl);
    } else {
        int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);
        if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
        fused_postprocess_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
            x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, HW, cst, scl);
    }
    return x;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='fused_min_bias_scale_ext_v3',
                   cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
                   cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
                   functions=['fused_postprocess'],
                   extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],
                   extra_cflags=['-O3'],
                   verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, constant_value, bias_shape, scaling_factor):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.constant_value = float(constant_value)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))
        self.scaling_factor = float(scaling_factor)

    def forward(self, x):
        y = self.conv(x)
        return _ext.fused_postprocess(y, self.bias, self.constant_value, self.scaling_factor)