gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_default_gpt
correct 94_MSELoss.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
8 / 10
tool calls
8
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
2.89 μs
ref runtime
8.50 μs
speedup
2.94x
started
2026-05-02T06:29:37Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
2.89 μs
ref runtime
8.50 μs
speedup
2.94x
kernel mean / median / std
2.89 / — / 0.09 μs
ref mean / median / std
8.50 / — / 0.08 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
2.98e-08
mean abs error
8.94e-09
max rel error
1.06e-07
mean rel error
4.11e-08
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
8225.01 MB
ref peak
16417.00 MB
kernel / ref
0.50x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
2
ref launches
7
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
3.50x
total cuda time
28 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
377.56
ref mJ / run
1508.86
ratio (ref / kernel)
4.00x
avg power
135.46 W
ref avg power
178.54 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.928
dram util %
92.8%
compute util %
0.0%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe
None
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
3108.82 GB/s
dram util %
92.8%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
82.2%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe %
—
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
99.5%
ld sectors / req
20.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
71
smem / block
2304 B
block size
512
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
22991.4%
short_scoreboard
191.7%
mio_throttle
1.2%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    A model that computes the Mean Squared Error loss for regression tasks.

    Parameters:
        None
    """
    def __init__(self):
        super(Model, self).__init__()

    def forward(self, predictions, targets):
        return torch.mean((predictions - targets) ** 2)

batch_size = 32768
input_shape = (32768,)
dim = 1

def get_inputs():
    scale = torch.rand(())
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, *input_shape)*scale, torch.rand(batch_size, *input_shape)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return []
turn 02.5s turn · 2.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 23.5s turn · 23.5s LLM · 6,727 chars (click to expand)
turn 123.5s turn · 23.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating implementation details** I'm thinking about how to implement this. I need to understand the evaluation, likely coming from get_inputs. The constructor won't have any arguments, and I'll return a scalar tensor on CUDA. I need to handle contiguous float32 types and wonder if torch.rand defaults to CUDA. In benchmarks, it's likely that I’ll be using CUDA tensors. I might consider using a C++ wrapper to allocate partial sums and launch two kernels. For accuracy tolerance, I’ll need to keep in mind the output's mean of the squared differences and how to manage potential overflow. **Analyzing performance concerns** I'm dealing with an error that could come from summing 1 billion terms as a float, where the mean error might drop below 1e-6. For performance, the read is 8.6GB, but the output is tiny. I have a sense that PyTorch materializes a temporary buffer, which could add an extra 12.9GB and slow things down considerably. I need to consider using a two-pass kernel for partial sums, focusing on vectorized float4 for better memory coalescing. Using a grid-stride loop with 256 threads will help manage 1 billion elements efficiently, and I might aim for larger block sizes like 4096. **Deciding on kernel strategy** I’m considering how to set up the second kernel to reduce the partial sums. I might use either one block or multiple blocks if the grid exceeds 1024. If I go with 4096 partials, each block can handle that, and each thread could load multiple elements. This approach should help optimize the reduction process, ensuring I properly utilize the GPU's resources for maximum efficiency. I'm just trying to find the best balance for performance here!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#ifndef CHECK_CUDA\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#endif\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) {\n sum += partial[i];\n }\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions);\n CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((n + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 8192) blocks = 8192;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n mse_stage1_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(\n predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 26.9s turn · 6.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#ifndef CHECK_CUDA\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#endif\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) {\n sum += partial[i];\n }\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions);\n CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n int blocks = (int)((n + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 8192) blocks = 8192;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n mse_stage1_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(\n predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.49e-08 mean_abs_err=5.96e-09 max_rel_err=9.99e-08
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 20.4s turn · 20.4s LLM · 8,671 chars (click to expand)
turn 320.4s turn · 20.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing memory allocation timing** I'm thinking about optimizing the timing for a single submit reveal since that can only run once. There’s no timing tool available, so I’m considering improving correctness instead. I should reference how everything allocates memory, particularly with large temporary allocations. It could help to use `torch.empty` or even CUB for faster reductions, but maybe handwritten methods work better. I need to think about vectorized float4 loads for better memory throughput, as well as alignment. **Considering tensor alignment and kernel implementation** I’m thinking about how PyTorch tensors are likely 256-byte aligned and that `n` should be divisible by 4. I could check for reinterpretation for correctness. To be on the safe side, I might use vectorized approaches when ensuring alignment with a vector kernel for all `n`. Each thread would handle a float4 and sum four fmaf, managing any remainder in the same kernel. I need to ensure the block count aligns with `n4` and consider how non-aligned inputs might still work if they’re sliced correctly. **Assessing data alignment and offsets** I'm evaluating how a slice offset and being contiguous could mean having a non-zero storage offset. The data pointer might be 4-byte aligned but not 16-byte aligned, which is tricky since contiguous doesn't guarantee that. For correctness, I might need to ensure only direct inputs are aligned properly. A fallback for misalignment could involve checking if the address is a multiple of 4. I should also include the proper header for integer types and ensure that any selected kernel works for vector sizes greater than or equal to 4. **Testing kernel configurations** I’m thinking about the kernel types here. I need to ensure I'm using a vector kernel tail when it comes to n4*4, but I also have to reinterpret float4 for alignment. The blocks will either be constrained by 8192 or determined by the ceil of n4 divided by 256. If n4 equals 0, then I should revert to scalar. It seems I need to go on and test if this configuration works correctly.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdint>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__device__ __forceinline__ void store_block_sum(float sum, float* __restrict__ partial) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_vec4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ p4,\n const float4* __restrict__ t4,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n4) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 a = p4[idx];\n float4 b = t4[idx];\n float d0 = a.x - b.x;\n float d1 = a.y - b.y;\n float d2 = a.z - b.z;\n float d3 = a.w - b.w;\n sum = fmaf(d0, d0, sum);\n sum = fmaf(d1, d1, sum);\n sum = fmaf(d2, d2, sum);\n sum = fmaf(d3, d3, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) sum += partial[i];\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions); CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n const float* p = predictions.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* t = targets.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t);\n bool use_vec4 = ((addr & 15) == 0) && ((n & 3LL) == 0);\n int64_t items = use_vec4 ? (n >> 2) : n;\n int blocks = (int)((items + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 8192) blocks = 8192;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (use_vec4) {\n mse_stage1_vec4_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p), reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n >> 2);\n } else {\n mse_stage1_scalar_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(p, t, partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 21.6s turn · 21.6s LLM · 6,578 chars (click to expand)
turn 421.6s turn · 21.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdint>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__device__ __forceinline__ void store_block_sum(float sum, float* __restrict__ partial) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_vec4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ p4,\n const float4* __restrict__ t4,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n4) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 a = p4[idx];\n float4 b = t4[idx];\n float d0 = a.x - b.x;\n float d1 = a.y - b.y;\n float d2 = a.z - b.z;\n float d3 = a.w - b.w;\n sum = fmaf(d0, d0, sum);\n sum = fmaf(d1, d1, sum);\n sum = fmaf(d2, d2, sum);\n sum = fmaf(d3, d3, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) sum += partial[i];\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions); CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n const float* p = predictions.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* t = targets.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t);\n bool use_vec4 = ((addr & 15) == 0) && ((n & 3LL) == 0);\n int64_t items = use_vec4 ? (n >> 2) : n;\n int blocks = (int)((items + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 8192) blocks = 8192;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (use_vec4) {\n mse_stage1_vec4_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(\n reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p), reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n >> 2);\n } else {\n mse_stage1_scalar_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(p, t, partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 44.5s turn · 44.5s LLM · 8,827 chars (click to expand)
turn 544.5s turn · 44.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating memory performance** I’m considering how to handle output scalar memory recycling and whether I need to use memset. I’m questioning which option is faster since memory performance is crucial. Even if the second kernel microsecond saved might seem irrelevant, I think atomic operations at the end of 8192 could be quite contended. The stage 2 kernel launch time is around 5 microseconds, so perhaps the atomic operations are slower. I'll consider reducing atomic counts to grid blocks, as 8192 could work. **Considering performance optimization** I’m thinking about whether unrolling 4 accumulators might enhance instruction-level parallelism or improve memory throughput. Right now, I have a loop that loads values a and b, and then performs a fused multiply-add (FMA) operation with 4. However, it seems like the load latency might be an issue, as the compiler may not overlap this across iterations. I wonder if having enough warps could help with this situation as well.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdint>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__device__ __forceinline__ void store_block_sum(float sum, float* __restrict__ partial) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float4 load4(const float4* __restrict__ p, int64_t i) { return p[i]; }\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_vec4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ p4,\n const float4* __restrict__ t4,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n4) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n float s0 = 0.0f, s1 = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f, s3 = 0.0f;\n int64_t stride4 = stride << 2;\n for (; idx + 3 * stride < n4; idx += stride4) {\n float4 a0 = load4(p4, idx); float4 b0 = load4(t4, idx);\n float4 a1 = load4(p4, idx + stride); float4 b1 = load4(t4, idx + stride);\n float4 a2 = load4(p4, idx + 2*stride); float4 b2 = load4(t4, idx + 2*stride);\n float4 a3 = load4(p4, idx + 3*stride); float4 b3 = load4(t4, idx + 3*stride);\n float d;\n d = a0.x - b0.x; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.y - b0.y; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.z - b0.z; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.w - b0.w; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0);\n d = a1.x - b1.x; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.y - b1.y; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.z - b1.z; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.w - b1.w; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1);\n d = a2.x - b2.x; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.y - b2.y; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.z - b2.z; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.w - b2.w; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2);\n d = a3.x - b3.x; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.y - b3.y; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.z - b3.z; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.w - b3.w; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3);\n }\n float sum = (s0 + s1) + (s2 + s3);\n for (; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 a = p4[idx]; float4 b = t4[idx];\n float d = a.x - b.x; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.y - b.y; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.z - b.z; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.w - b.w; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) sum += partial[i];\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions); CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n const float* p = predictions.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* t = targets.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t);\n bool use_vec4 = ((addr & 15) == 0) && ((n & 3LL) == 0);\n int64_t items = use_vec4 ? (n >> 2) : n;\n int blocks = (int)((items + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 2048) blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (use_vec4) {\n mse_stage1_vec4_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p), reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n >> 2);\n } else {\n mse_stage1_scalar_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(p, t, partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_v3\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.98e-08 mean_abs_err=8.94e-09 max_rel_err=1.06e-07
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 13.1s turn · 13.1s LLM · 7,638 chars (click to expand)
turn 613.1s turn · 13.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdint>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__device__ __forceinline__ void store_block_sum(float sum, float* __restrict__ partial) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float4 load4(const float4* __restrict__ p, int64_t i) { return p[i]; }\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_vec4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ p4,\n const float4* __restrict__ t4,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n4) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n float s0 = 0.0f, s1 = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f, s3 = 0.0f;\n int64_t stride4 = stride << 2;\n for (; idx + 3 * stride < n4; idx += stride4) {\n float4 a0 = load4(p4, idx); float4 b0 = load4(t4, idx);\n float4 a1 = load4(p4, idx + stride); float4 b1 = load4(t4, idx + stride);\n float4 a2 = load4(p4, idx + 2*stride); float4 b2 = load4(t4, idx + 2*stride);\n float4 a3 = load4(p4, idx + 3*stride); float4 b3 = load4(t4, idx + 3*stride);\n float d;\n d = a0.x - b0.x; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.y - b0.y; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.z - b0.z; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.w - b0.w; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0);\n d = a1.x - b1.x; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.y - b1.y; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.z - b1.z; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.w - b1.w; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1);\n d = a2.x - b2.x; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.y - b2.y; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.z - b2.z; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.w - b2.w; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2);\n d = a3.x - b3.x; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.y - b3.y; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.z - b3.z; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.w - b3.w; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3);\n }\n float sum = (s0 + s1) + (s2 + s3);\n for (; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 a = p4[idx]; float4 b = t4[idx];\n float d = a.x - b.x; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.y - b.y; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.z - b.z; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.w - b.w; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) sum += partial[i];\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions); CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n const float* p = predictions.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* t = targets.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t);\n bool use_vec4 = ((addr & 15) == 0) && ((n & 3LL) == 0);\n int64_t items = use_vec4 ? (n >> 2) : n;\n int blocks = (int)((items + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 2048) blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (use_vec4) {\n mse_stage1_vec4_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p), reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n >> 2);\n } else {\n mse_stage1_scalar_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(p, t, partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_v3\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 7 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 18.8s turn · 18.8s LLM · 8,618 chars (click to expand)
turn 718.8s turn · 18.8s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Clarifying code execution** I'm considering how the code execution might return NaN for empty cases, which I could just ignore. It seems like the static elements are fine, but I wonder if there could be name conflicts between different compile and run sessions. If multiple sessions use the same name and code changes, that could be an issue. To avoid duplicates, I should think about using unique names. Plus, I need to ensure the final code is a complete Python file. I’ll submit after confirming everything is ready.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cstdint>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n return v;\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__device__ __forceinline__ void store_block_sum(float sum, float* __restrict__ partial) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);\n if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;\n }\n}\n\nstatic __device__ __forceinline__ float4 load4(const float4* __restrict__ p, int64_t i) { return p[i]; }\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_vec4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ p4,\n const float4* __restrict__ t4,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n4) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n float s0 = 0.0f, s1 = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f, s3 = 0.0f;\n int64_t stride4 = stride << 2;\n for (; idx + 3 * stride < n4; idx += stride4) {\n float4 a0 = load4(p4, idx); float4 b0 = load4(t4, idx);\n float4 a1 = load4(p4, idx + stride); float4 b1 = load4(t4, idx + stride);\n float4 a2 = load4(p4, idx + 2*stride); float4 b2 = load4(t4, idx + 2*stride);\n float4 a3 = load4(p4, idx + 3*stride); float4 b3 = load4(t4, idx + 3*stride);\n float d;\n d = a0.x - b0.x; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.y - b0.y; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.z - b0.z; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.w - b0.w; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0);\n d = a1.x - b1.x; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.y - b1.y; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.z - b1.z; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.w - b1.w; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1);\n d = a2.x - b2.x; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.y - b2.y; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.z - b2.z; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.w - b2.w; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2);\n d = a3.x - b3.x; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.y - b3.y; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.z - b3.z; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.w - b3.w; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3);\n }\n float sum = (s0 + s1) + (s2 + s3);\n for (; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 a = p4[idx]; float4 b = t4[idx];\n float d = a.x - b.x; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.y - b.y; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.z - b.z; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n d = a.w - b.w; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage1_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {\n float d = p[idx] - t[idx];\n sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);\n }\n store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);\n}\n\ntemplate<int BLOCK>\n__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int blocks,\n int64_t n) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) sum += partial[i];\n sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);\n __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];\n if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;\n if (tid < 32) {\n total = warp_reduce_sum(total);\n if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n CHECK_CUDA(predictions); CHECK_CUDA(targets);\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"predictions must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"targets must be float32\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), \"size mismatch\");\n TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), \"predictions must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), \"targets must be contiguous\");\n const int64_t n = predictions.numel();\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n if (n == 0) return out;\n constexpr int BLOCK = 256;\n const float* p = predictions.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* t = targets.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t);\n bool use_vec4 = ((addr & 15) == 0) && ((n & 3LL) == 0);\n int64_t items = use_vec4 ? (n >> 2) : n;\n int blocks = (int)((items + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);\n if (blocks > 2048) blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (use_vec4) {\n mse_stage1_vec4_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p), reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n >> 2);\n } else {\n mse_stage1_scalar_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(p, t, partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"mse_mean_ext_final\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"mse_forward\"], verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 2.89 μs Runtime stats: mean=2.89μs median=?μs std=0.09μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.98e-08 mean_abs_err=8.94e-09 max_rel_err=1.06e-07 Memory: 8225.01 MB peak (ref: 16417.0 MB, ratio: 0.501x) Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 7, fusion ratio: 3.5) Energy: 377.56 mJ/run (ref: 1508.86 mJ, ratio: 3.9963x) SOL score: 0.928
final submitted kernel (148 lines, 6,465 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);
"""

_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cstdint>

#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x " must be a CUDA tensor")

static __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {
    #pragma unroll
    for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);
    return v;
}

template<int BLOCK>
__device__ __forceinline__ void store_block_sum(float sum, float* __restrict__ partial) {
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);
    __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];
    if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;
    __syncthreads();
    float block_sum = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;
    if (tid < 32) {
        block_sum = warp_reduce_sum(block_sum);
        if (tid == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = block_sum;
    }
}

static __device__ __forceinline__ float4 load4(const float4* __restrict__ p, int64_t i) { return p[i]; }

template<int BLOCK>
__global__ void mse_stage1_vec4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ p4,
                                       const float4* __restrict__ t4,
                                       float* __restrict__ partial,
                                       int64_t n4) {
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;
    int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;
    float s0 = 0.0f, s1 = 0.0f, s2 = 0.0f, s3 = 0.0f;
    int64_t stride4 = stride << 2;
    for (; idx + 3 * stride < n4; idx += stride4) {
        float4 a0 = load4(p4, idx);            float4 b0 = load4(t4, idx);
        float4 a1 = load4(p4, idx + stride);   float4 b1 = load4(t4, idx + stride);
        float4 a2 = load4(p4, idx + 2*stride); float4 b2 = load4(t4, idx + 2*stride);
        float4 a3 = load4(p4, idx + 3*stride); float4 b3 = load4(t4, idx + 3*stride);
        float d;
        d = a0.x - b0.x; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.y - b0.y; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.z - b0.z; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0); d = a0.w - b0.w; s0 = fmaf(d,d,s0);
        d = a1.x - b1.x; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.y - b1.y; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.z - b1.z; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1); d = a1.w - b1.w; s1 = fmaf(d,d,s1);
        d = a2.x - b2.x; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.y - b2.y; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.z - b2.z; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2); d = a2.w - b2.w; s2 = fmaf(d,d,s2);
        d = a3.x - b3.x; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.y - b3.y; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.z - b3.z; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3); d = a3.w - b3.w; s3 = fmaf(d,d,s3);
    }
    float sum = (s0 + s1) + (s2 + s3);
    for (; idx < n4; idx += stride) {
        float4 a = p4[idx]; float4 b = t4[idx];
        float d = a.x - b.x; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);
        d = a.y - b.y; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);
        d = a.z - b.z; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);
        d = a.w - b.w; sum = fmaf(d,d,sum);
    }
    store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);
}

template<int BLOCK>
__global__ void mse_stage1_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,
                                  const float* __restrict__ t,
                                  float* __restrict__ partial,
                                  int64_t n) {
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * BLOCK + tid;
    int64_t stride = (int64_t)gridDim.x * BLOCK;
    float sum = 0.0f;
    for (; idx < n; idx += stride) {
        float d = p[idx] - t[idx];
        sum = fmaf(d, d, sum);
    }
    store_block_sum<BLOCK>(sum, partial);
}

template<int BLOCK>
__global__ void mse_stage2_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,
                                  float* __restrict__ out,
                                  int blocks,
                                  int64_t n) {
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    float sum = 0.0f;
    for (int i = tid; i < blocks; i += BLOCK) sum += partial[i];
    sum = warp_reduce_sum(sum);
    __shared__ float warp_sums[BLOCK / 32];
    if ((tid & 31) == 0) warp_sums[tid >> 5] = sum;
    __syncthreads();
    float total = (tid < (BLOCK / 32)) ? warp_sums[tid] : 0.0f;
    if (tid < 32) {
        total = warp_reduce_sum(total);
        if (tid == 0) out[0] = total / (float)n;
    }
}

torch::Tensor mse_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {
    CHECK_CUDA(predictions); CHECK_CUDA(targets);
    TORCH_CHECK(predictions.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, "predictions must be float32");
    TORCH_CHECK(targets.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, "targets must be float32");
    TORCH_CHECK(predictions.numel() == targets.numel(), "size mismatch");
    TORCH_CHECK(predictions.is_contiguous(), "predictions must be contiguous");
    TORCH_CHECK(targets.is_contiguous(), "targets must be contiguous");
    const int64_t n = predictions.numel();
    auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());
    if (n == 0) return out;
    constexpr int BLOCK = 256;
    const float* p = predictions.data_ptr<float>();
    const float* t = targets.data_ptr<float>();
    uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t);
    bool use_vec4 = ((addr & 15) == 0) && ((n & 3LL) == 0);
    int64_t items = use_vec4 ? (n >> 2) : n;
    int blocks = (int)((items + BLOCK - 1) / BLOCK);
    if (blocks > 2048) blocks = 2048;
    auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    if (use_vec4) {
        mse_stage1_vec4_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p), reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n >> 2);
    } else {
        mse_stage1_scalar_kernel<BLOCK><<<blocks, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(p, t, partial.data_ptr<float>(), n);
    }
    mse_stage2_kernel<BLOCK><<<1, BLOCK, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, n);
    return out;
}
"""

_ext = load_inline(name="mse_mean_ext_final", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
                   functions=["mse_forward"], verbose=False,
                   extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3", "--use_fast_math"],
                   extra_cflags=["-O3"])

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
    def forward(self, predictions, targets):
        return _ext.mse_forward(predictions, targets)