correct
5_Matrix_scalar_multiplication.py
started
2026-05-02T19:20:52Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
4.35 / — / 0.07 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.87 / — / 0.12 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
0.50x
energyNVML (pynvml)
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.10x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
2126.64 GB/s
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
Simple model that performs a matrix-scalar multiplication (C = A * s)
"""
def __init__(self):
super(Model, self).__init__()
def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:
"""
Performs matrix-scalar multiplication.
Args:
A: Input matrix of shape (M, N)
s: Scalar value
Returns:
C: Resulting matrix of shape (M, N)
"""
return A * s
M = 16384 * 4
N = 4096 * 4
def get_inputs():
A = torch.rand(M, N)
s = 3.14
return [A, s]
def get_init_inputs():
return [] # No special initialization inputs neededturn 08.1s turn · 8.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Crafting GPU Kernels for Large Tensors**
I’m looking into crafting a kernel for huge tensors, specifically with elements totaling around 1.07 billion floats. That’s about 4GB, which might be too big! It seems like I’ll need CUDA for input and ensure the output remains the same size. I’m considering using `torch.empty_like` and possibly employ float4 to optimize memory usage. Given the size, I’ll need to implement 64-bit indexing and manage kernel execution per thread. It looks like adhering to aligned storage is crucial too!
**Optimizing CUDA Kernel Execution**
I'm thinking about using vectorized float4 per thread, perhaps with 256 threads, to improve processing efficiency. Each thread could handle multiple float4 values using a grid-stride approach, and I might unroll some loops for optimization. I’ll need to ensure I'm working in the correct environment, likely involving `load_inline` and a C++ wrapper with `at::empty_like`. I'll check if `torch.empty_strided` can also be utilized and ensure the data types are strictly float32 for correctness. Now, it’s time to get GPU specs!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 115.3s turn · 15.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n4) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n int64_t n4 = n / 4;\n int64_t need = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = (int) (need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = (int) (need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='scale_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['scale_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 25.6s turn · 5.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n4) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n int64_t n4 = n / 4;\n int64_t need = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = (int) (need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = (int) (need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='scale_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['scale_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 318.2s turn · 18.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n4) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x * 4;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n int64_t i = tid * 4;\n for (; i + 3 < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v0 = in4[i];\n float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];\n float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];\n float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];\n v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;\n v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;\n v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;\n v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v0;\n out4[i + 1] = v1;\n out4[i + 2] = v2;\n out4[i + 3] = v3;\n }\n for (; i < n4; i += (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) out[i] = in[i] * s;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in), ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n int64_t n4 = n >> 2;\n int64_t need = (n4 + threads * 4 - 1) / (threads * 4);\n int blocks = (int)(need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = (int)(need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='scale_ext_v2', cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=['scale_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 47.0s turn · 7.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n4) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x * 4;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n int64_t i = tid * 4;\n for (; i + 3 < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v0 = in4[i];\n float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];\n float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];\n float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];\n v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;\n v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;\n v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;\n v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v0;\n out4[i + 1] = v1;\n out4[i + 2] = v2;\n out4[i + 3] = v3;\n }\n for (; i < n4; i += (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) out[i] = in[i] * s;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in), ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n int64_t n4 = n >> 2;\n int64_t need = (n4 + threads * 4 - 1) / (threads * 4);\n int blocks = (int)(need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = (int)(need < (int64_t)sms * 32 ? need : (int64_t)sms * 32);\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='scale_ext_v2', cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=['scale_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 534.6s turn · 34.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int n4) {\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n\n int groups = n4 >> 2; // four float4 values per group = 16 floats\n for (int g = tid; g < groups; g += stride) {\n int i = g << 2;\n float4 v0 = in4[i];\n float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];\n float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];\n float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];\n v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;\n v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;\n v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;\n v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v0;\n out4[i + 1] = v1;\n out4[i + 2] = v2;\n out4[i + 3] = v3;\n }\n int tail = groups << 2;\n for (int i = tail + tid; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n\n constexpr int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0) && (n / 4 <= INT_MAX)) {\n int n4 = static_cast<int>(n >> 2);\n int64_t work = (static_cast<int64_t>(n4) + 15) / 16; // groups of 16 floats per thread iteration\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(work < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? work : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(need < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? need : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['scale_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 69.8s turn · 9.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int n4) {\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n\n int groups = n4 >> 2; // four float4 values per group = 16 floats\n for (int g = tid; g < groups; g += stride) {\n int i = g << 2;\n float4 v0 = in4[i];\n float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];\n float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];\n float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];\n v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;\n v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;\n v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;\n v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v0;\n out4[i + 1] = v1;\n out4[i + 2] = v2;\n out4[i + 3] = v3;\n }\n int tail = groups << 2;\n for (int i = tail + tid; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n\n constexpr int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0) && (n / 4 <= INT_MAX)) {\n int n4 = static_cast<int>(n >> 2);\n int64_t work = (static_cast<int64_t>(n4) + 15) / 16; // groups of 16 floats per thread iteration\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(work < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? work : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(need < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? need : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['scale_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 78.0s turn · 8.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int n4) {\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n\n int groups = n4 >> 2; // four float4 values per group = 16 floats\n for (int g = tid; g < groups; g += stride) {\n int i = g << 2;\n float4 v0 = in4[i];\n float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];\n float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];\n float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];\n v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;\n v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;\n v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;\n v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v0;\n out4[i + 1] = v1;\n out4[i + 2] = v2;\n out4[i + 3] = v3;\n }\n int tail = groups << 2;\n for (int i = tail + tid; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n\n constexpr int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0) && (n / 4 <= INT_MAX)) {\n int n4 = static_cast<int>(n >> 2);\n int64_t work = (static_cast<int64_t>(n4) + 15) / 16; // groups of 16 floats per thread iteration\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(work < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? work : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(need < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? need : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='scale_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['scale_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 810.5s turn · 10.5s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Considering code efficiency**
I need to submit the final code as it is. I’m exploring opportunities, like using `torch.empty_like`, since it might help when memory is bound. PyTorch's A* implementations may resemble this. I’m wondering about `torch.empty_strided`, but that doesn’t seem suitable here. With a large 4GB input and output, that's a total of 8GB needed. The H100 has a timing of 2.4 ms. I’m considering using a vectorized 128-bit approach and possibly tweaking the thread groups for better efficiency. I'll need to finalize the `submit_kernel`.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int n4) {\n int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);\n float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);\n\n int groups = n4 >> 2; // four float4 values per group = 16 floats\n for (int g = tid; g < groups; g += stride) {\n int i = g << 2;\n float4 v0 = in4[i];\n float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];\n float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];\n float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];\n v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;\n v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;\n v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;\n v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v0;\n out4[i + 1] = v1;\n out4[i + 2] = v2;\n out4[i + 3] = v3;\n }\n int tail = groups << 2;\n for (int i = tail + tid; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in4[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)\nvoid scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {\n int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n int64_t n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n\n constexpr int threads = 256;\n int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;\n float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0) && (n / 4 <= INT_MAX)) {\n int n4 = static_cast<int>(n >> 2);\n int64_t work = (static_cast<int64_t>(n4) + 15) / 16;\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(work < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? work : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);\n } else {\n int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;\n int blocks = static_cast<int>(need < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? need : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);\n if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;\n scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);\n }\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='scale_ext_final',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['scale_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 4.35 μs
Runtime stats: mean=4.35μs median=?μs std=0.07μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
Memory: 8225.0 MB peak (ref: 8225.0 MB, ratio: 1.0x)
Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 1, fusion ratio: 0.5)
Energy: 1753.88 mJ/run (ref: 1923.42 mJ, ratio: 1.0967x)
SOL score: 0.6348
final submitted kernel (102 lines, 3,533 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
_cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);
'''
_cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdint.h>
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)
void scale_float4x4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int n4) {
int tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
const float4* __restrict__ in4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in);
float4* __restrict__ out4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out);
int groups = n4 >> 2; // four float4 values per group = 16 floats
for (int g = tid; g < groups; g += stride) {
int i = g << 2;
float4 v0 = in4[i];
float4 v1 = in4[i + 1];
float4 v2 = in4[i + 2];
float4 v3 = in4[i + 3];
v0.x *= s; v0.y *= s; v0.z *= s; v0.w *= s;
v1.x *= s; v1.y *= s; v1.z *= s; v1.w *= s;
v2.x *= s; v2.y *= s; v2.z *= s; v2.w *= s;
v3.x *= s; v3.y *= s; v3.z *= s; v3.w *= s;
out4[i] = v0;
out4[i + 1] = v1;
out4[i + 2] = v2;
out4[i + 3] = v3;
}
int tail = groups << 2;
for (int i = tail + tid; i < n4; i += stride) {
float4 v = in4[i];
v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;
out4[i] = v;
}
}
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 8)
void scale_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, float s, int64_t n) {
int64_t tid = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
for (int64_t i = tid; i < n; i += stride) {
out[i] = in[i] * s;
}
}
torch::Tensor scale_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s_double) {
auto C = torch::empty_like(A);
int64_t n = A.numel();
if (n == 0) return C;
constexpr int threads = 256;
int sms = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties()->multiProcessorCount;
float s = static_cast<float>(s_double);
const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();
float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();
cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);
uintptr_t ci = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);
if (((ai | ci) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0) && (n / 4 <= INT_MAX)) {
int n4 = static_cast<int>(n >> 2);
int64_t work = (static_cast<int64_t>(n4) + 15) / 16;
int blocks = static_cast<int>(work < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? work : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);
if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;
scale_float4x4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n4);
} else {
int64_t need = (n + threads - 1) / threads;
int blocks = static_cast<int>(need < static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8 ? need : static_cast<int64_t>(sms) * 8);
if (blocks < 1) blocks = 1;
scale_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, s, n);
}
return C;
}
'''
_ext = load_inline(
name='scale_ext_final',
cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],
cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],
functions=['scale_forward'],
extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],
extra_cflags=['-O3'],
verbose=False,
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:
return _ext.scale_forward(A, s)