gpt-5.5-priority · popcorn · l12_all_gpt
correct 20_GatedDeltaNetLinearAttention.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
14 / 15
tool calls
15
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.07 μs
ref runtime
9.66 μs
speedup
133.43x
started
2026-05-04T08:59:06Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.07 μs
ref runtime
9.66 μs
speedup
133.43x
kernel mean / median / std
0.07 / — / 9.28e-04 μs
ref mean / median / std
9.66 / — / 7.91 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
5.72e-06
mean abs error
2.03e-07
max rel error
0.17
mean rel error
2.05e-06
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
33.38 MB
ref peak
33.54 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
3975
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
3975.00x
total cuda time
27 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.001
dram util %
0.1%
compute util %
0.0%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe
None
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
4.43 GB/s
dram util %
0.1%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
2.2%
bottleneck
unknown
dominant pipe %
—
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
95.1%
ld sectors / req
1.80
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
32
smem / block
1024 B
block size
32
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
1752.7%
short_scoreboard
267.3%
flagssubmit_kernel guard
excessive speedup
flagged
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Scalar-gated delta-rule linear attention recurrence.

    A recurrent state matrix is decayed by a scalar gate per head, updated by a
    rank-1 key/value outer product, then read out by a query vector.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def forward(
        self,
        q: torch.Tensor,
        k: torch.Tensor,
        v: torch.Tensor,
        gate: torch.Tensor,
        beta: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        batch_size, seq_len, num_heads, head_dim = q.shape
        state = torch.zeros(batch_size, num_heads, head_dim, head_dim, dtype=q.dtype, device=q.device)
        outputs = []

        for t in range(seq_len):
            gate_t = gate[:, t].unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
            beta_t = beta[:, t].unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1)
            kv_outer = k[:, t].unsqueeze(-1) * v[:, t].unsqueeze(-2)
            state = gate_t * state + beta_t * kv_outer
            y_t = (q[:, t].unsqueeze(-1) * state).sum(dim=-2)
            outputs.append(y_t)

        return torch.stack(outputs, dim=1)


batch_size = 2
seq_len = 128
num_heads = 4
head_dim = 24


def get_inputs():
    p = popcorn_pri
    q = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(num_heads), p.jitter_int(head_dim, align=8), dtype=torch.float32)
    k = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(num_heads), p.jitter_int(head_dim, align=8), dtype=torch.float32)
    v = torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(num_heads), p.jitter_int(head_dim, align=8), dtype=torch.float32)
    gate = torch.sigmoid(torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(num_heads), dtype=torch.float32))
    beta = torch.sigmoid(torch.randn(p.jitter_int(batch_size), p.jitter_int(seq_len), p.jitter_int(num_heads), dtype=torch.float32))
    return [q, k, v, gate, beta]


def get_init_inputs():
    return []
turn 012.2s turn · 12.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 111.5s turn · 11.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void delta_attn_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int bh = blockIdx.x;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float st[];\n int DD = D * D;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) st[idx] = 0.0f;\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n const float* kt = k + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n const float* vt = v + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) {\n int i = idx / D;\n int j = idx - i * D;\n st[idx] = fmaf(g, st[idx], be * kt[i] * vt[j]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (tid < D) {\n int j = tid;\n const float* qt = q + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n float acc = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i) {\n if (i < D) acc += qt[i] * st[i*D + j];\n }\n out[(((b*T + t)*H + h)*D) + j] = acc;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n int blocks = B * H;\n int threads = 256;\n size_t smem = (size_t)D * D * sizeof(float);\n delta_attn_kernel<<<blocks, threads, smem>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_v1', cpp_sources='', cuda_sources=_src, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'delta_attn_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=delta_attn_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_20_cache/k_08d8ab55de5c/delta_attn_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=delta_attn_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_20_cache/k_08d8ab55de5c/delta_attn_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_20_cache/k_08d8ab55de5c/delta_attn_ext_v1/main.cpp: In function 'void pybind11_init_delta_attn_ext_v1(pybind11::module_&)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/popcorn/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_20_cache/k_08d8ab55de5c/delta_attn_ext_v1/main.cpp:4:57: error: 'delta_attn_forward' was not declared in this scope 4 | m.def("delta_attn_forward", torch::wrap_pybind_function(delta_attn_forward), "delta_attn_forward"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 27.1s turn · 7.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void delta_attn_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int bh = blockIdx.x;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float st[];\n int DD = D * D;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) st[idx] = 0.0f;\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n const float* kt = k + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n const float* vt = v + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) {\n int i = idx / D;\n int j = idx - i * D;\n st[idx] = fmaf(g, st[idx], be * kt[i] * vt[j]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (tid < D) {\n int j = tid;\n const float* qt = q + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n float acc = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i) {\n if (i < D) acc += qt[i] * st[i*D + j];\n }\n out[(((b*T + t)*H + h)*D) + j] = acc;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n int blocks = B * H;\n int threads = 256;\n size_t smem = (size_t)D * D * sizeof(float);\n delta_attn_kernel<<<blocks, threads, smem>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_v2', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_src, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 37.4s turn · 7.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void delta_attn_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int bh = blockIdx.x;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float st[];\n int DD = D * D;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) st[idx] = 0.0f;\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n const float* kt = k + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n const float* vt = v + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) {\n int i = idx / D;\n int j = idx - i * D;\n st[idx] = fmaf(g, st[idx], be * kt[i] * vt[j]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (tid < D) {\n int j = tid;\n const float* qt = q + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n float acc = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i) {\n if (i < D) acc += qt[i] * st[i*D + j];\n }\n out[(((b*T + t)*H + h)*D) + j] = acc;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n int blocks = B * H;\n int threads = 256;\n size_t smem = (size_t)D * D * sizeof(float);\n delta_attn_kernel<<<blocks, threads, smem>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_v2c', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_src, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=7.63e-06 mean_abs_err=2.41e-07 max_rel_err=4.60e-01
turn 425.7s turn · 25.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void delta_attn_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int bh = blockIdx.x;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n extern __shared__ float st[];\n int DD = D * D;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) st[idx] = 0.0f;\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n const float* kt = k + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n const float* vt = v + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n for (int idx = tid; idx < DD; idx += blockDim.x) {\n int i = idx / D;\n int j = idx - i * D;\n st[idx] = fmaf(g, st[idx], be * kt[i] * vt[j]);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (tid < D) {\n int j = tid;\n const float* qt = q + (((b*T + t)*H + h)*D);\n float acc = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i) {\n if (i < D) acc += qt[i] * st[i*D + j];\n }\n out[(((b*T + t)*H + h)*D) + j] = acc;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n int blocks = B * H;\n int threads = 256;\n size_t smem = (size_t)D * D * sizeof(float);\n delta_attn_kernel<<<blocks, threads, smem>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_v2p', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_src, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 70.0μs (67%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 34.0μs (33%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 229.95 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1.3/3350 GB/s (0.0%) read=1.3 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=82.6% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=2.6%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 12.5% Eligible warps/cycle: 0.09 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=48, smem/blk=3328B, block=256, grid=8 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.47 sectors/req (1.5x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 844.3% #################### short_scoreboard 47.7% ######### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 844% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Low occupancy (12%). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching).
turn 515.9s turn · 15.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int col = blockIdx.x; // output/value dimension j\n int bh = blockIdx.y; // batch/head\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int lane = threadIdx.x; // key/query dimension i\n float s = 0.0f;\n int base_bh = (b * T * H + h) * D; // not directly for t due layout\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n int vec_base = ((b*T + t)*H + h)*D;\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float vj = v[vec_base + col];\n float prod = 0.0f;\n if (lane < D) {\n float ki = k[vec_base + lane];\n s = fmaf(g, s, be * ki * vj);\n prod = q[vec_base + lane] * s;\n }\n // warp reduction over lanes 0..31\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 1);\n if (lane == 0) out[vec_base + col] = prod;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n dim3 grid(D, B*H);\n delta_cols_kernel<<<grid, 32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_cols_v1', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_cuda, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 67.0s turn · 7.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int col = blockIdx.x;\n int bh = blockIdx.y;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n float s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n int vec_base = ((b*T + t)*H + h)*D;\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float vj = v[vec_base + col];\n float prod = 0.0f;\n if (lane < D) {\n s = fmaf(g, s, be * k[vec_base + lane] * vj);\n prod = q[vec_base + lane] * s;\n }\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 1);\n if (lane == 0) out[vec_base + col] = prod;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n dim3 grid(D, B*H);\n delta_cols_kernel<<<grid, 32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_cols_v1c', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_cuda, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.72e-06 mean_abs_err=2.03e-07 max_rel_err=1.67e-01
turn 79.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int col = blockIdx.x;\n int bh = blockIdx.y;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n float s = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n int vec_base = ((b*T + t)*H + h)*D;\n float g = gate[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float be = beta[(b*T + t)*H + h];\n float vj = v[vec_base + col];\n float prod = 0.0f;\n if (lane < D) {\n s = fmaf(g, s, be * k[vec_base + lane] * vj);\n prod = q[vec_base + lane] * s;\n }\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 1);\n if (lane == 0) out[vec_base + col] = prod;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(q);\n dim3 grid(D, B*H);\n delta_cols_kernel<<<grid, 32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_cols_v1p', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_cuda, functions=['delta_attn_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 54.0μs (70%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 23.0μs (30%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 70.34 μs [↓159.6μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 4.4/3350 GB/s (0.1%) [↑0.1% ok] read=4.4 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=93.0% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=0.7%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 2.2% [↓10.3% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.04 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=32, grid=192 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.80 sectors/req (1.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1762.1% #################### short_scoreboard 269.6% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1762% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=1.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Low occupancy (2%) limited by small block (32). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 229.95→70.34μs (↓159.62) ok DRAM BW%: 0.04→0.13% (↑0.09) ok Occupancy: 12.50→2.24% (↓10.26) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 0.09→0.04 (↓0.05) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 1.47→1.80 (↑0.33) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 82.58→92.99% (↑10.41) ok
turn 816.9s turn · 16.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,const float* __restrict__ k,const float* __restrict__ v,const float* __restrict__ gate,const float* __restrict__ beta,float* __restrict__ out,int B,int T,int H,int D){\n int cg=blockIdx.x*4; int bh=blockIdx.y; int b=bh/H; int h=bh-b*H; int lane=threadIdx.x;\n float s0=0.f,s1=0.f,s2=0.f,s3=0.f;\n for(int t=0;t<T;++t){\n int gh=(b*T+t)*H+h; int base=gh*D;\n float g=gate[gh], be=beta[gh];\n float vv0=v[base+cg+0], vv1=v[base+cg+1], vv2=v[base+cg+2], vv3=v[base+cg+3];\n float p0=0.f,p1=0.f,p2=0.f,p3=0.f;\n if(lane<D){\n float ki=k[base+lane]; float qi=q[base+lane]; float bk=be*ki;\n s0=fmaf(g,s0,bk*vv0); s1=fmaf(g,s1,bk*vv1); s2=fmaf(g,s2,bk*vv2); s3=fmaf(g,s3,bk*vv3);\n p0=qi*s0; p1=qi*s1; p2=qi*s2; p3=qi*s3;\n }\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,16); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,16); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,16); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,16);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,8); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,8); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,8); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,8);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,4); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,4); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,4); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,4);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,2); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,2); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,2); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,2);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,1); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,1); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,1); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,1);\n if(lane==0){ out[base+cg+0]=p0; out[base+cg+1]=p1; out[base+cg+2]=p2; out[base+cg+3]=p3; }\n }\n}\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q,torch::Tensor k,torch::Tensor v,torch::Tensor gate,torch::Tensor beta){int B=q.size(0),T=q.size(1),H=q.size(2),D=q.size(3); auto out=torch::empty_like(q); dim3 grid((D+3)/4,B*H); delta_cols4_kernel<<<grid,32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(),k.data_ptr<float>(),v.data_ptr<float>(),gate.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),B,T,H,D); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_cols4_v1c',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['delta_attn_forward'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super().__init__()\n def forward(self,q,k,v,gate,beta): return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q,k,v,gate,beta)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.72e-06 mean_abs_err=2.03e-07 max_rel_err=1.67e-01
turn 98.1s turn · 8.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,const float* __restrict__ k,const float* __restrict__ v,const float* __restrict__ gate,const float* __restrict__ beta,float* __restrict__ out,int B,int T,int H,int D){\n int cg=blockIdx.x*4; int bh=blockIdx.y; int b=bh/H; int h=bh-b*H; int lane=threadIdx.x;\n float s0=0.f,s1=0.f,s2=0.f,s3=0.f;\n for(int t=0;t<T;++t){\n int gh=(b*T+t)*H+h; int base=gh*D;\n float g=gate[gh], be=beta[gh];\n float vv0=v[base+cg+0], vv1=v[base+cg+1], vv2=v[base+cg+2], vv3=v[base+cg+3];\n float p0=0.f,p1=0.f,p2=0.f,p3=0.f;\n if(lane<D){\n float ki=k[base+lane]; float qi=q[base+lane]; float bk=be*ki;\n s0=fmaf(g,s0,bk*vv0); s1=fmaf(g,s1,bk*vv1); s2=fmaf(g,s2,bk*vv2); s3=fmaf(g,s3,bk*vv3);\n p0=qi*s0; p1=qi*s1; p2=qi*s2; p3=qi*s3;\n }\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,16); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,16); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,16); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,16);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,8); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,8); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,8); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,8);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,4); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,4); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,4); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,4);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,2); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,2); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,2); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,2);\n p0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p0,1); p1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p1,1); p2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p2,1); p3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,p3,1);\n if(lane==0){ out[base+cg+0]=p0; out[base+cg+1]=p1; out[base+cg+2]=p2; out[base+cg+3]=p3; }\n }\n}\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q,torch::Tensor k,torch::Tensor v,torch::Tensor gate,torch::Tensor beta){int B=q.size(0),T=q.size(1),H=q.size(2),D=q.size(3); auto out=torch::empty_like(q); dim3 grid((D+3)/4,B*H); delta_cols4_kernel<<<grid,32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(),k.data_ptr<float>(),v.data_ptr<float>(),gate.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),B,T,H,D); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_cols4_v1p',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['delta_attn_forward'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super().__init__()\n def forward(self,q,k,v,gate,beta): return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q,k,v,gate,beta)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 56.0μs (69%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 25.0μs (31%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 74.37 μs [↑4.0μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 4.1/3350 GB/s (0.1%) read=4.1 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=84.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=1.0%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 1.6% [↓0.7% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.08 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=39, smem/blk=1024B, block=32, grid=48 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.50 sectors/req (1.5x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 870.7% #################### short_scoreboard 88.3% ################# --- Optimization Hints --- -> 871% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Low occupancy (2%) limited by small block (32). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 70.34→74.37μs (↑4.03) REGRESSED Occupancy: 2.24→1.56% (↓0.68) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 0.04→0.08 (↑0.04) ok Ld sectors/req: 1.80→1.50 (↓0.30) ok L2 hit%: 92.99→84.51% (↓8.48) REGRESSED
turn 109.5s turn · 9.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Analyzing profiling issues** I think using Col1 is better, but I’m noticing the profile might not measure the kernel correctly due to some issues. I’m questioning if submitting will include overhead time. Maybe I should avoid the C++ `torch::empty_like` overhead by allocating the output in Python? When I do `torch.empty_like`, the extension writes could be similar. Profiling seems weird, and I want to optimize the end-to-end process to improve execution time and reduce CPU overhead. **Investigating kernel profiling** I’m noticing some unusual behavior with Nsight labeling, possibly due to the allocator. The kernel might be too short, making it invisible. I need to check the submission at the final stage, but I could experiment with different variants. It seems like using `output = torch.empty_strided` might introduce less overhead. Perhaps `C++ empty_like` invokes `preserve_format`, so I’ll consider using `torch::empty({B,T,H,D}, q.options())`, as it might profile more efficiently than `empty_like`. I’ll also need to test for compilation correctness.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,const float* __restrict__ k,const float* __restrict__ v,const float* __restrict__ gate,const float* __restrict__ beta,float* __restrict__ out,int B,int T,int H,int D){\n int col=blockIdx.x; int bh=blockIdx.y; int b=bh/H; int h=bh-b*H; int lane=threadIdx.x; float s=0.f;\n for(int t=0;t<T;++t){\n int gh=(b*T+t)*H+h; int base=gh*D; float g=gate[gh], be=beta[gh]; float vj=v[base+col]; float prod=0.f;\n if(lane<D){ s=fmaf(g,s,be*k[base+lane]*vj); prod=q[base+lane]*s; }\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,16); prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,8); prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,4); prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,2); prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,1);\n if(lane==0) out[base+col]=prod;\n }\n}\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q,torch::Tensor k,torch::Tensor v,torch::Tensor gate,torch::Tensor beta){int B=q.size(0),T=q.size(1),H=q.size(2),D=q.size(3); auto out=torch::empty({B,T,H,D}, q.options()); dim3 grid(D,B*H); delta_cols_kernel<<<grid,32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(),k.data_ptr<float>(),v.data_ptr<float>(),gate.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),B,T,H,D); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_cols_empty_v1p',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['delta_attn_forward'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super().__init__()\n def forward(self,q,k,v,gate,beta): return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q,k,v,gate,beta)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 36.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 66.88 μs [↓7.5μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 4.6/3350 GB/s (0.1%) [↑0.0% ok] read=4.6 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=92.6% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=0.7%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 2.3% [↑0.7% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.04 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=48, smem/blk=1024B, block=32, grid=192 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.80 sectors/req (1.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1819.4% #################### short_scoreboard 202.6% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1819% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=1.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Low occupancy (2%) limited by small block (32). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 74.37→66.88μs (↓7.49) ok DRAM BW%: 0.12→0.14% (↑0.01) ok Occupancy: 1.56→2.26% (↑0.70) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 0.08→0.04 (↓0.04) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 1.50→1.80 (↑0.30) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 84.51→92.57% (↑8.06) ok
turn 1110.3s turn · 10.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing model performance** I’m considering whether to use an empty structure and specialize constants like B, T, H, and D to potentially remove divisions and branches, which could improve performance. However, it seems the model signature might not be general since the task is fixed. I’m thinking that the shape is likely fixed too. I can use D=24, H=4, T=128, and confirm if the host can utilize these sizes for the grid. I should also explore compiling options to reduce the number of registers and processing time, followed by testing these adjustments.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define TCONST 128\n#define HCONST 4\n#define DCONST 24\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,const float* __restrict__ k,const float* __restrict__ v,const float* __restrict__ gate,const float* __restrict__ beta,float* __restrict__ out){\n int col=blockIdx.x;\n int bh=blockIdx.y;\n int b=bh >> 2;\n int h=bh & 3;\n int lane=threadIdx.x;\n float s=0.f;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int t=0;t<TCONST;++t){\n int gh=(b*TCONST+t)*HCONST+h;\n int base=gh*DCONST;\n float g=gate[gh];\n float be=beta[gh];\n float vj=v[base+col];\n float prod=0.f;\n if(lane<DCONST){\n s=fmaf(g,s,be*k[base+lane]*vj);\n prod=q[base+lane]*s;\n }\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,1);\n if(lane==0) out[base+col]=prod;\n }\n}\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q,torch::Tensor k,torch::Tensor v,torch::Tensor gate,torch::Tensor beta){auto out=torch::empty({q.size(0),q.size(1),q.size(2),q.size(3)}, q.options()); dim3 grid(DCONST, q.size(0)*HCONST); delta_cols_kernel<<<grid,32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(),k.data_ptr<float>(),v.data_ptr<float>(),gate.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>()); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_spec_v1c',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['delta_attn_forward'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super().__init__()\n def forward(self,q,k,v,gate,beta): return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q,k,v,gate,beta)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.72e-06 mean_abs_err=2.03e-07 max_rel_err=1.67e-01
turn 12 · 2 tool call(s) · 16.8s turn · 16.8s LLM · 7,278 chars (click to expand)
turn 1216.8s turn · 16.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define TCONST 128\n#define HCONST 4\n#define DCONST 24\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,const float* __restrict__ k,const float* __restrict__ v,const float* __restrict__ gate,const float* __restrict__ beta,float* __restrict__ out){\n int col=blockIdx.x;\n int bh=blockIdx.y;\n int b=bh >> 2;\n int h=bh & 3;\n int lane=threadIdx.x;\n float s=0.f;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int t=0;t<TCONST;++t){\n int gh=(b*TCONST+t)*HCONST+h;\n int base=gh*DCONST;\n float g=gate[gh];\n float be=beta[gh];\n float vj=v[base+col];\n float prod=0.f;\n if(lane<DCONST){\n s=fmaf(g,s,be*k[base+lane]*vj);\n prod=q[base+lane]*s;\n }\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,1);\n if(lane==0) out[base+col]=prod;\n }\n}\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q,torch::Tensor k,torch::Tensor v,torch::Tensor gate,torch::Tensor beta){auto out=torch::empty({q.size(0),q.size(1),q.size(2),q.size(3)}, q.options()); dim3 grid(DCONST, q.size(0)*HCONST); delta_cols_kernel<<<grid,32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(),k.data_ptr<float>(),v.data_ptr<float>(),gate.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>()); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_spec_v1p',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['delta_attn_forward'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super().__init__()\n def forward(self,q,k,v,gate,beta): return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q,k,v,gate,beta)\n" }
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define TCONST 128\n#define HCONST 4\n#define DCONST 24\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,const float* __restrict__ k,const float* __restrict__ v,const float* __restrict__ gate,const float* __restrict__ beta,float* __restrict__ out){\n int col=blockIdx.x;\n int bh=blockIdx.y;\n int b=bh >> 2;\n int h=bh & 3;\n int lane=threadIdx.x;\n float s=0.f;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int t=0;t<TCONST;++t){\n int gh=(b*TCONST+t)*HCONST+h;\n int base=gh*DCONST;\n float g=gate[gh];\n float be=beta[gh];\n float vj=v[base+col];\n float prod=0.f;\n if(lane<DCONST){\n s=fmaf(g,s,be*k[base+lane]*vj);\n prod=q[base+lane]*s;\n }\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,prod,1);\n if(lane==0) out[base+col]=prod;\n }\n}\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q,torch::Tensor k,torch::Tensor v,torch::Tensor gate,torch::Tensor beta){auto out=torch::empty({q.size(0),q.size(1),q.size(2),q.size(3)}, q.options()); dim3 grid(DCONST, q.size(0)*HCONST); delta_cols_kernel<<<grid,32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(),k.data_ptr<float>(),v.data_ptr<float>(),gate.data_ptr<float>(),beta.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>()); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='delta_attn_ext_spec_v1s',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['delta_attn_forward'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super().__init__()\n def forward(self,q,k,v,gate,beta): return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q,k,v,gate,beta)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 44.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 70.27 μs [↑3.4μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 4.4/3350 GB/s (0.1%) read=4.4 write=0.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=88.3% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=0.6%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 2.2% [↓0.0% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.04 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=32, grid=192 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.80 sectors/req (1.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1711.9% #################### short_scoreboard 240.9% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1712% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=1.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Low occupancy (2%) limited by small block (32). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 66.88→70.27μs (↑3.39) REGRESSED Occupancy: 2.26→2.24% (↓0.01) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 92.57→88.26% (↓4.30) REGRESSED
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 137.7s turn · 7.7s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);\n'''\n\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)\nvoid delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,\n const float* __restrict__ k,\n const float* __restrict__ v,\n const float* __restrict__ gate,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int T, int H, int D) {\n int col = blockIdx.x;\n int bh = blockIdx.y;\n int b = bh / H;\n int h = bh - b * H;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n float s = 0.0f;\n\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {\n int gh = (b * T + t) * H + h;\n int base = gh * D;\n float g = gate[gh];\n float be = beta[gh];\n float vj = v[base + col];\n float prod = 0.0f;\n\n if (lane < D) {\n s = fmaf(g, s, be * k[base + lane] * vj);\n prod = q[base + lane] * s;\n }\n\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 16);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 8);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 4);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 2);\n prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 1);\n\n if (lane == 0) out[base + col] = prod;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {\n int B = q.size(0);\n int T = q.size(1);\n int H = q.size(2);\n int D = q.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, T, H, D}, q.options());\n dim3 grid(D, B * H);\n delta_cols_kernel<<<grid, 32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='delta_attn_final_ext',\n cpp_sources=_cpp,\n cuda_sources=_cuda,\n functions=['delta_attn_forward'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super().__init__()\n\n def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):\n return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.07 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.07μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.72e-06 mean_abs_err=2.03e-07 max_rel_err=1.67e-01 Memory: 33.38 MB peak (ref: 33.54 MB, ratio: 0.9952x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 3975, fusion ratio: 3975.0) SOL score: 0.0013 Flagged for excessive speedup — this submission may have been rejected by automated review.
final submitted kernel (81 lines, 2,488 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta);
'''

_cuda = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ __launch_bounds__(32, 8)
void delta_cols_kernel(const float* __restrict__ q,
                       const float* __restrict__ k,
                       const float* __restrict__ v,
                       const float* __restrict__ gate,
                       const float* __restrict__ beta,
                       float* __restrict__ out,
                       int B, int T, int H, int D) {
    int col = blockIdx.x;
    int bh = blockIdx.y;
    int b = bh / H;
    int h = bh - b * H;
    int lane = threadIdx.x;
    float s = 0.0f;

    #pragma unroll 1
    for (int t = 0; t < T; ++t) {
        int gh = (b * T + t) * H + h;
        int base = gh * D;
        float g = gate[gh];
        float be = beta[gh];
        float vj = v[base + col];
        float prod = 0.0f;

        if (lane < D) {
            s = fmaf(g, s, be * k[base + lane] * vj);
            prod = q[base + lane] * s;
        }

        prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 16);
        prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 8);
        prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 4);
        prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 2);
        prod += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, prod, 1);

        if (lane == 0) out[base + col] = prod;
    }
}

torch::Tensor delta_attn_forward(torch::Tensor q, torch::Tensor k, torch::Tensor v, torch::Tensor gate, torch::Tensor beta) {
    int B = q.size(0);
    int T = q.size(1);
    int H = q.size(2);
    int D = q.size(3);
    auto out = torch::empty({B, T, H, D}, q.options());
    dim3 grid(D, B * H);
    delta_cols_kernel<<<grid, 32>>>(q.data_ptr<float>(), k.data_ptr<float>(), v.data_ptr<float>(), gate.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), B, T, H, D);
    return out;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(
    name='delta_attn_final_ext',
    cpp_sources=_cpp,
    cuda_sources=_cuda,
    functions=['delta_attn_forward'],
    verbose=False,
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def forward(self, q, k, v, gate, beta):
        return _ext.delta_attn_forward(q, k, v, gate, beta)