gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 91_ConvTranspose2d_Softmax_BiasAdd_Scaling_Sigmoid.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
15 / 15
tool calls
15
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
8.11 μs
ref runtime
9.27 μs
speedup
1.14x
started
2026-05-04T04:24:05Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
8.11 μs
ref runtime
9.27 μs
speedup
1.14x
kernel mean / median / std
8.11 / — / 0.22 μs
ref mean / median / std
9.27 / — / 0.09 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
2370.63 MB
ref peak
2370.63 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
11
ref launches
12
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.09x
total cuda time
19845 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
968.60
ref mJ / run
1210.20
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.25x
avg power
120.02 W
ref avg power
130.64 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
1.000
dram util %
100.0%
compute util %
51.6%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
tensor-core
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
12466.58 GB/s
dram util %
100.0%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
444.1%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
51.6%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
396.0%
ld sectors / req
19.87
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
334
smem / block
252288 B
block size
2560
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
14646.8%
short_scoreboard
987.3%
mio_throttle
440.0%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model that performs a transposed convolution, applies softmax, adds a bias term, scales the result, and applies sigmoid.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)) 
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv_transpose(x)
        x = torch.softmax(x, dim=1)
        x = x + self.bias
        x = x * self.scaling_factor
        x = torch.sigmoid(x)
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_channels = 64
out_channels = 128
height, width = 64, 64
kernel_size = 4
stride = 2
padding = 1
output_padding = 1
bias_shape = (out_channels, 1, 1)
scaling_factor = 2.0

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor]
turn 09.9s turn · 9.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 38.5s turn · 38.5s LLM · 10,017 chars (click to expand)
turn 138.5s turn · 38.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <vector>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void pack_w_kernel(const float* __restrict__ w, float* __restrict__ wp,\n int IC, int OC, int K) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = IC * K * K * OC;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int oc = idx % OC;\n int t = idx / OC;\n int kw = t % K;\n t /= K;\n int kh = t % K;\n int ic = t / K;\n // w layout: [IC, OC, K, K]\n wp[idx] = w[((ic * OC + oc) * K + kh) * K + kw];\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 2)\nvoid fused_deconv_softmax_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ wp,\n const float* __restrict__ conv_b,\n const float* __restrict__ post_b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int IC, int H, int W, int OC, int K,\n int stride, int pad, int Ho, int Wo,\n float scale) {\n int oc = threadIdx.x;\n int sidx = blockIdx.x;\n int ox = sidx % Wo;\n int oy = (sidx / Wo) % Ho;\n int n = sidx / (Wo * Ho);\n\n float acc = conv_b[oc];\n\n // For transposed convolution: oy = iy*stride - pad + kh\n // wp layout [IC,K,K,OC], OC contiguous.\n for (int ic = 0; ic < IC; ++ic) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < 4; ++kh) {\n if (kh >= K) continue;\n int iy_num = oy + pad - kh;\n if (iy_num < 0 || iy_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int iy = iy_num / stride;\n if (iy < 0 || iy >= H) continue;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < 4; ++kw) {\n if (kw >= K) continue;\n int ix_num = ox + pad - kw;\n if (ix_num < 0 || ix_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int ix = ix_num / stride;\n if (ix < 0 || ix >= W) continue;\n float xv = x[((n * IC + ic) * H + iy) * W + ix];\n float wv = wp[(((ic * K + kh) * K + kw) * OC) + oc];\n acc = fmaf(xv, wv, acc);\n }\n }\n }\n\n __shared__ float smem[128];\n smem[oc] = acc;\n __syncthreads();\n // max reduction, OC assumed 128 for target\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) {\n float v = smem[oc + offset];\n smem[oc] = fmaxf(smem[oc], v);\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = smem[0];\n float e = __expf(acc - m);\n smem[oc] = e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] += smem[oc + offset];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float soft = e / smem[0];\n float z = (soft + post_b[oc]) * scale;\n float sig = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n out[((n * OC + oc) * Ho + oy) * Wo + ox] = sig;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_CUDA(conv_bias); CHECK_CUDA(post_bias);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(weight); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(conv_bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(post_bias);\n CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(conv_bias); CHECK_FLOAT(post_bias);\n int N = x.size(0);\n int IC = x.size(1);\n int H = x.size(2);\n int W = x.size(3);\n int OC = weight.size(1);\n int K = weight.size(2);\n int stride = (int)stride_l;\n int pad = (int)padding_l;\n int outpad = (int)output_padding_l;\n int Ho = (H - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n int Wo = (W - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n auto out = torch::empty({N, OC, Ho, Wo}, x.options());\n auto wp = torch::empty({IC, K, K, OC}, x.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n int totalw = IC * K * K * OC;\n pack_w_kernel<<<(totalw + 255)/256, 256, 0, stream>>>(weight.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), IC, OC, K);\n int blocks = N * Ho * Wo;\n fused_deconv_softmax_kernel<<<blocks, 128, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),\n post_bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, IC, H, W, OC, K, stride, pad, Ho, Wo, (float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1', cpp_sources='', cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n self.stride = stride if isinstance(stride, int) else stride[0]\n self.padding = padding if isinstance(padding, int) else padding[0]\n self.output_padding = output_padding if isinstance(output_padding, int) else output_padding[0]\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.weight.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor), int(self.stride), int(self.padding), int(self.output_padding))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_91_cache/k_2e6618037a13/fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_91_cache/k_2e6618037a13/fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_91_cache/k_2e6618037a13/fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1/main.cpp: In function 'void pybind11_init_fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1(pybind11::module_&)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_91_cache/k_2e6618037a13/fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1/main.cpp:4:52: error: 'fused_forward' was not declared in this scope 4 | m.def("fused_forward", torch::wrap_pybind_function(fused_forward), "fused_forward"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~ [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_91_cache/k_2e6618037a13/fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 2 · 1 tool call(s) · 11.8s turn · 11.8s LLM · 7,538 chars (click to expand)
turn 211.8s turn · 11.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering C++ and CUDA integration** I’m thinking about whether I need to make declarations in my cpp_sources. It seems like if I load_inline auto main, it doesn't see the CUDA function if I'm only using cuda_sources. Functions are typically in cpp_sources, so I might need to put a wrapper declaration there. Alternatively, I could include C++ in CUDA, but then the main function misses the prototype. It seems like using cpp_sources with a Torch include and proper declaration could be the solution.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <vector>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void pack_w_kernel(const float* __restrict__ w, float* __restrict__ wp,\n int IC, int OC, int K) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = IC * K * K * OC;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int oc = idx % OC;\n int t = idx / OC;\n int kw = t % K;\n t /= K;\n int kh = t % K;\n int ic = t / K;\n wp[idx] = w[((ic * OC + oc) * K + kh) * K + kw];\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 2)\nvoid fused_deconv_softmax_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ wp,\n const float* __restrict__ conv_b,\n const float* __restrict__ post_b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int IC, int H, int W, int OC, int K,\n int stride, int pad, int Ho, int Wo,\n float scale) {\n int oc = threadIdx.x;\n int sidx = blockIdx.x;\n int ox = sidx % Wo;\n int oy = (sidx / Wo) % Ho;\n int n = sidx / (Wo * Ho);\n float acc = conv_b[oc];\n for (int ic = 0; ic < IC; ++ic) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < 4; ++kh) {\n int iy_num = oy + pad - kh;\n if (iy_num < 0 || iy_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int iy = iy_num / stride;\n if (iy < 0 || iy >= H) continue;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < 4; ++kw) {\n int ix_num = ox + pad - kw;\n if (ix_num < 0 || ix_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int ix = ix_num / stride;\n if (ix < 0 || ix >= W) continue;\n float xv = x[((n * IC + ic) * H + iy) * W + ix];\n float wv = wp[(((ic * K + kh) * K + kw) * OC) + oc];\n acc = fmaf(xv, wv, acc);\n }\n }\n }\n __shared__ float smem[128];\n smem[oc] = acc;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] = fmaxf(smem[oc], smem[oc + offset]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = smem[0];\n float e = __expf(acc - m);\n smem[oc] = e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] += smem[oc + offset];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float soft = e / smem[0];\n float z = (soft + post_b[oc]) * scale;\n out[((n * OC + oc) * Ho + oy) * Wo + ox] = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_CUDA(conv_bias); CHECK_CUDA(post_bias);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(weight); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(conv_bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(post_bias);\n CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(conv_bias); CHECK_FLOAT(post_bias);\n int N = x.size(0), IC = x.size(1), H = x.size(2), W = x.size(3);\n int OC = weight.size(1), K = weight.size(2);\n int stride = (int)stride_l, pad = (int)padding_l, outpad = (int)output_padding_l;\n int Ho = (H - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n int Wo = (W - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n auto out = torch::empty({N, OC, Ho, Wo}, x.options());\n auto wp = torch::empty({IC, K, K, OC}, x.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n int totalw = IC * K * K * OC;\n pack_w_kernel<<<(totalw + 255)/256, 256, 0, stream>>>(weight.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), IC, OC, K);\n int blocks = N * Ho * Wo;\n fused_deconv_softmax_kernel<<<blocks, 128, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(), post_bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, IC, H, W, OC, K, stride, pad, Ho, Wo, (float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n self.stride = stride if isinstance(stride, int) else stride[0]\n self.padding = padding if isinstance(padding, int) else padding[0]\n self.output_padding = output_padding if isinstance(output_padding, int) else output_padding[0]\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.weight.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor), int(self.stride), int(self.padding), int(self.output_padding))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 11.0s turn · 11.0s LLM · 7,036 chars (click to expand)
turn 311.0s turn · 11.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <vector>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void pack_w_kernel(const float* __restrict__ w, float* __restrict__ wp,\n int IC, int OC, int K) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = IC * K * K * OC;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int oc = idx % OC;\n int t = idx / OC;\n int kw = t % K;\n t /= K;\n int kh = t % K;\n int ic = t / K;\n wp[idx] = w[((ic * OC + oc) * K + kh) * K + kw];\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 2)\nvoid fused_deconv_softmax_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ wp,\n const float* __restrict__ conv_b,\n const float* __restrict__ post_b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int IC, int H, int W, int OC, int K,\n int stride, int pad, int Ho, int Wo,\n float scale) {\n int oc = threadIdx.x;\n int sidx = blockIdx.x;\n int ox = sidx % Wo;\n int oy = (sidx / Wo) % Ho;\n int n = sidx / (Wo * Ho);\n float acc = conv_b[oc];\n for (int ic = 0; ic < IC; ++ic) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < 4; ++kh) {\n int iy_num = oy + pad - kh;\n if (iy_num < 0 || iy_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int iy = iy_num / stride;\n if (iy < 0 || iy >= H) continue;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < 4; ++kw) {\n int ix_num = ox + pad - kw;\n if (ix_num < 0 || ix_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int ix = ix_num / stride;\n if (ix < 0 || ix >= W) continue;\n float xv = x[((n * IC + ic) * H + iy) * W + ix];\n float wv = wp[(((ic * K + kh) * K + kw) * OC) + oc];\n acc = fmaf(xv, wv, acc);\n }\n }\n }\n __shared__ float smem[128];\n smem[oc] = acc;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] = fmaxf(smem[oc], smem[oc + offset]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = smem[0];\n float e = __expf(acc - m);\n smem[oc] = e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] += smem[oc + offset];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float soft = e / smem[0];\n float z = (soft + post_b[oc]) * scale;\n out[((n * OC + oc) * Ho + oy) * Wo + ox] = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_CUDA(conv_bias); CHECK_CUDA(post_bias);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(weight); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(conv_bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(post_bias);\n CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(conv_bias); CHECK_FLOAT(post_bias);\n int N = x.size(0), IC = x.size(1), H = x.size(2), W = x.size(3);\n int OC = weight.size(1), K = weight.size(2);\n int stride = (int)stride_l, pad = (int)padding_l, outpad = (int)output_padding_l;\n int Ho = (H - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n int Wo = (W - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n auto out = torch::empty({N, OC, Ho, Wo}, x.options());\n auto wp = torch::empty({IC, K, K, OC}, x.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n int totalw = IC * K * K * OC;\n pack_w_kernel<<<(totalw + 255)/256, 256, 0, stream>>>(weight.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), IC, OC, K);\n int blocks = N * Ho * Wo;\n fused_deconv_softmax_kernel<<<blocks, 128, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(), post_bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, IC, H, W, OC, K, stride, pad, Ho, Wo, (float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n self.stride = stride if isinstance(stride, int) else stride[0]\n self.padding = padding if isinstance(padding, int) else padding[0]\n self.output_padding = output_padding if isinstance(output_padding, int) else output_padding[0]\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.weight.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor), int(self.stride), int(self.padding), int(self.output_padding))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=8.34e-07 mean_abs_err=6.35e-08 max_rel_err=3.44e-06
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.6s turn · 10.6s LLM · 8,366 chars (click to expand)
turn 410.6s turn · 10.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <vector>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ void pack_w_kernel(const float* __restrict__ w, float* __restrict__ wp,\n int IC, int OC, int K) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = IC * K * K * OC;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int oc = idx % OC;\n int t = idx / OC;\n int kw = t % K;\n t /= K;\n int kh = t % K;\n int ic = t / K;\n wp[idx] = w[((ic * OC + oc) * K + kh) * K + kw];\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 2)\nvoid fused_deconv_softmax_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ wp,\n const float* __restrict__ conv_b,\n const float* __restrict__ post_b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int IC, int H, int W, int OC, int K,\n int stride, int pad, int Ho, int Wo,\n float scale) {\n int oc = threadIdx.x;\n int sidx = blockIdx.x;\n int ox = sidx % Wo;\n int oy = (sidx / Wo) % Ho;\n int n = sidx / (Wo * Ho);\n float acc = conv_b[oc];\n for (int ic = 0; ic < IC; ++ic) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < 4; ++kh) {\n int iy_num = oy + pad - kh;\n if (iy_num < 0 || iy_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int iy = iy_num / stride;\n if (iy < 0 || iy >= H) continue;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < 4; ++kw) {\n int ix_num = ox + pad - kw;\n if (ix_num < 0 || ix_num % stride != 0) continue;\n int ix = ix_num / stride;\n if (ix < 0 || ix >= W) continue;\n float xv = x[((n * IC + ic) * H + iy) * W + ix];\n float wv = wp[(((ic * K + kh) * K + kw) * OC) + oc];\n acc = fmaf(xv, wv, acc);\n }\n }\n }\n __shared__ float smem[128];\n smem[oc] = acc;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] = fmaxf(smem[oc], smem[oc + offset]);\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float m = smem[0];\n float e = __expf(acc - m);\n smem[oc] = e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset = 64; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n if (oc < offset) smem[oc] += smem[oc + offset];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n float soft = e / smem[0];\n float z = (soft + post_b[oc]) * scale;\n out[((n * OC + oc) * Ho + oy) * Wo + ox] = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias,\n torch::Tensor post_bias, double scale_d,\n int64_t stride_l, int64_t padding_l, int64_t output_padding_l) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_CUDA(conv_bias); CHECK_CUDA(post_bias);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(weight); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(conv_bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(post_bias);\n CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(conv_bias); CHECK_FLOAT(post_bias);\n int N = x.size(0), IC = x.size(1), H = x.size(2), W = x.size(3);\n int OC = weight.size(1), K = weight.size(2);\n int stride = (int)stride_l, pad = (int)padding_l, outpad = (int)output_padding_l;\n int Ho = (H - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n int Wo = (W - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + K + outpad;\n auto out = torch::empty({N, OC, Ho, Wo}, x.options());\n auto wp = torch::empty({IC, K, K, OC}, x.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n int totalw = IC * K * K * OC;\n pack_w_kernel<<<(totalw + 255)/256, 256, 0, stream>>>(weight.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), IC, OC, K);\n int blocks = N * Ho * Wo;\n fused_deconv_softmax_kernel<<<blocks, 128, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), wp.data_ptr<float>(), conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(), post_bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, IC, H, W, OC, K, stride, pad, Ho, Wo, (float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_deconv_softmax_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n self.stride = stride if isinstance(stride, int) else stride[0]\n self.padding = padding if isinstance(padding, int) else padding[0]\n self.output_padding = output_padding if isinstance(output_padding, int) else output_padding[0]\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.weight.contiguous(), self.conv_transpose.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor), int(self.stride), int(self.padding), int(self.output_padding))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 4887.0μs (100%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty 10.0μs (0%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 242314.82 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 153.8/3350 GB/s (4.6%) read=149.3 write=4.4 GB/s Hit rates: L2=187.1% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=45.2% Pipe util: FMA=45.2%, Tensor=0.5% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 104.9% Eligible warps/cycle: 2.88 Launch: regs/thread=63, smem/blk=2560B, block=384, grid=2130560 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 34.51 sectors/req (34.5x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1113.1% #################### mio_throttle 650.9% #################### short_scoreboard 304.1% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1113% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=34.5 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=34.5x (ideal=1.0) -> 35x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 513.8s turn · 13.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Testing performance adjustments** I’m considering whether not to flag static could speed things up. I need to run some tests regarding that. After the kernel runs, there’ll be one block per (n,y,x) with 128 threads. I'll be reading the convolution output in a strided manner across the channels, using NCHW format. Then, I’ll apply softmax and get the final output, which requires a similar reduction approach before writing it all out. It seems the convolution output is allocated 1GB of memory.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 4)\nvoid post_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n int c = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int w = idx % W;\n int h = (idx / W) % H;\n int n = idx / (H*W);\n int base = ((n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w;\n float v = x[base];\n __shared__ float sm[128];\n sm[c] = v;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int off=64; off>0; off>>=1) { if (c<off) sm[c] = fmaxf(sm[c], sm[c+off]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sm[0];\n float e=__expf(v-m);\n sm[c]=e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int off=64; off>0; off>>=1) { if (c<off) sm[c] += sm[c+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n float soft=e/sm[0];\n float z=(soft + b[c]) * scale;\n out[base] = 1.0f/(1.0f+__expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(bias); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(bias);\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty_like(x);\n int blocks=N*H*W;\n cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n post_kernel<<<blocks,128,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,(float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_post_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['fused_post'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv_transpose(x)\n return _ext.fused_post(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 66.0s turn · 6.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 4)\nvoid post_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n int c = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int w = idx % W;\n int h = (idx / W) % H;\n int n = idx / (H*W);\n int base = ((n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w;\n float v = x[base];\n __shared__ float sm[128];\n sm[c] = v;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int off=64; off>0; off>>=1) { if (c<off) sm[c] = fmaxf(sm[c], sm[c+off]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sm[0];\n float e=__expf(v-m);\n sm[c]=e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int off=64; off>0; off>>=1) { if (c<off) sm[c] += sm[c+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n float soft=e/sm[0];\n float z=(soft + b[c]) * scale;\n out[base] = 1.0f/(1.0f+__expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(bias); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(bias);\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty_like(x);\n int blocks=N*H*W;\n cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n post_kernel<<<blocks,128,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,(float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_post_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['fused_post'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv_transpose(x)\n return _ext.fused_post(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.001724', '0.001775', '0.001887', '0.001849', '0.001668'] avg_difference: ['0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000']
turn 77.8s turn · 7.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Addressing math precision issues** I noticed that using fast math for exponentials might lead to mismatches up to .001 when applying the sigmoid function. Maybe I need to switch to using `expf` instead of relying on fast math. I should also remove any flags like `--use_fast_math`, as the tolerance level I need is 1e-4. It seems like for fused functions, everything passed because softmax is quite close to the expected results, but here, I really need that precision. Using `expf` sounds like the right choice.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 4)\nvoid post_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n int c = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int w = idx % W;\n int h = (idx / W) % H;\n int n = idx / (H*W);\n int base = ((n*C + c)*H + h)*W + w;\n float v = x[base];\n __shared__ float sm[128];\n sm[c] = v;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int off=64; off>0; off>>=1) { if (c<off) sm[c] = fmaxf(sm[c], sm[c+off]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sm[0];\n float e=expf(v-m);\n sm[c]=e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int off=64; off>0; off>>=1) { if (c<off) sm[c] += sm[c+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n float soft=e/sm[0];\n float z=(soft + b[c]) * scale;\n out[base] = 1.0f/(1.0f+expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(bias); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x); CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(bias); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(bias);\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty_like(x);\n int blocks=N*H*W;\n cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n post_kernel<<<blocks,128,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,(float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_post_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['fused_post'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv_transpose(x)\n return _ext.fused_post(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.001742', '0.001692', '0.001870', '0.001624', '0.001910'] avg_difference: ['0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000']
turn 8 · 1 tool call(s) · 28.0s turn · 28.0s LLM · 6,103 chars (click to expand)
turn 828.0s turn · 28.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating model mismatch** I'm wondering about the mismatch in the ModelNew due to the conv_transpose layers using TF32. The comparison to the reference conv output might be affected by how torch operations work. I'm noticing that the final outputs could differ since the cuDNN algorithm is non-deterministic with TF32. Yet, both seem to use the ConvTranspose2d module, so maybe when testing, the reference was created and then copied over to ModelNew's state dictionary. **Considering neural network optimization** I'm exploring using PyTorch with convolution and softmax, focusing on custom elements for potential speed improvements, though they may be modest. The current full deconvolution seems too slow and I want to optimize that. I'm analyzing reasons behind the 242ms computation time, suspecting issues like excess blocks or uncoalesced access. I need a better algorithm using cuBLAS while considering how to manage tensor shapes effectively. I'll look into torch operations for a more efficient output. **Exploring tensor formats** I'm considering the layout of tensors and whether using channels_last might improve output performance while maintaining the same shape. The reference returns an NCHW contiguous format, but what really matters is the correctness of the values rather than the strides. If convolutions run faster with a channels_last format and help with coalescing, that could lead to significant speed improvements. I also need to figure out how to create convolution weights in this channels_last format. **Evaluating output format** I'm considering whether the conv_transpose will output with channels_last format. I think it likely will, but I need to check for correctness. The values might be similar, but there could be slight variations in the convolution algorithm that I'm tolerating. I wonder if the post reduction will be more accurate, especially with contiguous data across channels and keeping the same order. I'll implement post_strided with strides, as it should work for both NCHW and channels_last. Correctness is crucial!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_post_strided(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 4)\nvoid post_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b, float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, long sN, long sC, long sH, long sW, float scale) {\n int c = threadIdx.x;\n int idx = blockIdx.x;\n int w = idx % W;\n int h = (idx / W) % H;\n int n = idx / (H*W);\n long off = (long)n*sN + (long)c*sC + (long)h*sH + (long)w*sW;\n float v = x[off];\n __shared__ float sm[128];\n sm[c] = v;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset=64; offset>0; offset>>=1) { if (c<offset) sm[c] = fmaxf(sm[c], sm[c+offset]); __syncthreads(); }\n float m=sm[0];\n float e=expf(v-m);\n sm[c]=e;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int offset=64; offset>0; offset>>=1) { if (c<offset) sm[c] += sm[c+offset]; __syncthreads(); }\n float z=(e/sm[0] + b[c]) * scale;\n out[off] = 1.0f/(1.0f+expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_post_strided(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(bias); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(bias);\n int N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty_strided(x.sizes(), x.strides(), x.options());\n cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n post_kernel<<<N*H*W,128,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.contiguous().data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W, x.stride(0),x.stride(1),x.stride(2),x.stride(3),(float)scale_d);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_post_strided_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['fused_post_strided'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.conv_transpose = self.conv_transpose.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n x = x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n y = self.conv_transpose(x)\n return _ext.fused_post_strided(y, self.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (2 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.001691', '0.001044', '0.001159'] avg_difference: ['0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000']
turn 910.3s turn · 10.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering numerical precision** I’m seeing a potential issue with differences greater than 0.001, which might be rare due to the fast sigmoid function. Would using a more precise double for the exponential function help? I think PyTorch generally uses high precision, so maybe I should try using double for softmax and sigmoid calculations as well. In the kernel, using double for e/sum could be beneficial, even if it’s slower, as correctness is the priority.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d);\n'''\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n__global__ void post_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int N,int C,int H,int W,double scale){\n int c=threadIdx.x; int idx=blockIdx.x; int w=idx%W; int h=(idx/W)%H; int n=idx/(H*W); int base=((n*C+c)*H+h)*W+w; float vf=x[base];\n __shared__ double sm[128]; sm[c]=(double)vf; __syncthreads();\n for(int off=64;off>0;off>>=1){ if(c<off) sm[c]=fmax(sm[c],sm[c+off]); __syncthreads(); }\n double m=sm[0]; double e=exp((double)vf-m); sm[c]=e; __syncthreads();\n for(int off=64;off>0;off>>=1){ if(c<off) sm[c]+=sm[c+off]; __syncthreads(); }\n double z=(e/sm[0] + (double)b[c])*scale; out[base]=(float)(1.0/(1.0+exp(-z)));\n}\ntorch::Tensor fused_post(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale_d){\n int N=x.size(0),C=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3); auto out=torch::empty_like(x); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); post_kernel<<<N*H*W,128,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),bias.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,scale_d); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='fused_post_double_ext_v1',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['fused_post'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride,padding,output_padding,bias_shape,scaling_factor):\n super().__init__(); self.conv_transpose=nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride=stride,padding=padding,output_padding=output_padding); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)); self.scaling_factor=scaling_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=self.conv_transpose(x); return _ext.fused_post(y.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous(),float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.002077', '0.001897', '0.001867', '0.002065', '0.002124'] avg_difference: ['0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000', '0.000000']
turn 107.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n__global__ void k(const float* x,const float* b,float* o,long total,int C,int H,int W,float scale){long i=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(i>=total)return; long hw=(long)H*W; int c=(i/hw)%C; float z=(x[i]+b[c])*scale; o[i]=1.0f/(1.0f+expf(-z));}\ntorch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale){auto o=torch::empty_like(x); long total=x.numel(); k<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),bias.data_ptr<float>(),o.data_ptr<float>(),total,x.size(1),x.size(2),x.size(3),(float)scale); return o;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='elem_ext_v1',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['elem'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride,padding,output_padding,bias_shape,scaling_factor):\n super().__init__(); self.conv_transpose=nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride=stride,padding=padding,output_padding=output_padding); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)); self.scaling_factor=scaling_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=self.conv_transpose(x); y=torch.softmax(y,dim=1); return _ext.elem(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 115.2s turn · 5.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering speed optimizations** I’m looking at the elementwise operations—how can I make them faster? It seems like separating functions like add, multiply, and sigmoid might be beneficial, but there’s also the reference to softmax that needs consideration. It looks like we could possibly expedite the process by profiling how our element-wise kernel can handle these operations. I need to make sure that all elements are accounted for in terms of performance.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n__global__ void k(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ o,long total,int C,int H,int W,float scale){long i=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(i>=total)return; long hw=(long)H*W; int c=(i/hw)%C; float z=(x[i]+b[c])*scale; o[i]=1.0f/(1.0f+expf(-z));}\ntorch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale){auto o=torch::empty_like(x); long total=x.numel(); k<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),bias.data_ptr<float>(),o.data_ptr<float>(),total,x.size(1),x.size(2),x.size(3),(float)scale); return o;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='elem_ext_v1',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['elem'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride,padding,output_padding,bias_shape,scaling_factor):\n super().__init__(); self.conv_transpose=nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride=stride,padding=padding,output_padding=output_padding); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)); self.scaling_factor=scaling_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=self.conv_transpose(x); y=torch.softmax(y,dim=1); return _ext.elem(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::conv_transpose2d 133557.0μs (24%) calls=1 #2: aten::convolution 133507.0μs (24%) calls=1 #3: aten::_convolution 133469.0μs (24%) calls=1 #4: aten::cudnn_convolution_transpose 113589.0μs (20%) calls=1 #5: aten::add_ 19042.0μs (3%) calls=1 ... +6 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 8039.90 μs [↓234274.9μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 12536.6/3350 GB/s (100.0%) [↑95.4% ok] read=6355.7 write=6180.8 GB/s Hit rates: L2=396.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=51.9% [↑6.7% ok] Pipe util: FMA=80.3%, Tensor=51.9% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 444.1% [↑339.2% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 4.50 Launch: regs/thread=334, smem/blk=252288B, block=2560, grid=2430080 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 19.87 sectors/req (19.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 14708.3% #################### short_scoreboard 990.9% #################### mio_throttle 437.8% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 14708% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=19.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=19.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 242314.82→8039.90μs (↓234274.91) ok DRAM BW%: 4.59→100.00% (↑95.41) ok Compute%: 45.18→51.85% (↑6.67) ok Occupancy: 104.87→444.07% (↑339.21) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 2.88→4.50 (↑1.62) ok Ld sectors/req: 34.51→19.87 (↓14.64) ok L2 hit%: 187.11→396.54% (↑209.43) ok
turn 1227.8s turn · 27.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor elem_strided(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n__global__ void k(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ o,long total,int C,int H,int W,long sN,long sC,long sH,long sW,float scale){long linear=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(linear>=total)return; int w=linear%W; long t=linear/W; int h=t%H; t/=H; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; long off=(long)n*sN+(long)c*sC+(long)h*sH+(long)w*sW; float z=(x[off]+b[c])*scale; o[off]=1.0f/(1.0f+expf(-z));}\ntorch::Tensor elem_strided(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale){auto o=torch::empty_strided(x.sizes(), x.strides(), x.options()); long total=x.numel(); k<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),bias.data_ptr<float>(),o.data_ptr<float>(),total,x.size(1),x.size(2),x.size(3),x.stride(0),x.stride(1),x.stride(2),x.stride(3),(float)scale); return o;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='elem_strided_ext_v1',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['elem_strided'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride,padding,output_padding,bias_shape,scaling_factor):\n super().__init__(); self.conv_transpose=nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride=stride,padding=padding,output_padding=output_padding); self.conv_transpose=self.conv_transpose.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)); self.scaling_factor=scaling_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n x=x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last); y=self.conv_transpose(x); y=torch.softmax(y,dim=1); return _ext.elem_strided(y, self.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 136.4s turn · 6.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor elem_strided(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n__global__ void k(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ o,long total,int C,int H,int W,long sN,long sC,long sH,long sW,float scale){long linear=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; if(linear>=total)return; int w=linear%W; long t=linear/W; int h=t%H; t/=H; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; long off=(long)n*sN+(long)c*sC+(long)h*sH+(long)w*sW; float z=(x[off]+b[c])*scale; o[off]=1.0f/(1.0f+expf(-z));}\ntorch::Tensor elem_strided(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale){auto o=torch::empty_strided(x.sizes(), x.strides(), x.options()); long total=x.numel(); k<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),bias.data_ptr<float>(),o.data_ptr<float>(),total,x.size(1),x.size(2),x.size(3),x.stride(0),x.stride(1),x.stride(2),x.stride(3),(float)scale); return o;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='elem_strided_ext_v1',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['elem_strided'],verbose=False,extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride,padding,output_padding,bias_shape,scaling_factor):\n super().__init__(); self.conv_transpose=nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,stride=stride,padding=padding,output_padding=output_padding); self.conv_transpose=self.conv_transpose.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)); self.scaling_factor=scaling_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n x=x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last); y=self.conv_transpose(x); y=torch.softmax(y,dim=1); return _ext.elem_strided(y, self.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::conv_transpose2d 591627.0μs (22%) calls=1 #2: aten::convolution 591599.0μs (22%) calls=1 #3: aten::_convolution 591558.0μs (22%) calls=1 #4: aten::cudnn_convolution_transpose 583015.0μs (21%) calls=1 #5: aten::contiguous 85045.0μs (3%) calls=1 ... +15 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 9667.33 μs [↑1627.4μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 9879.0/3350 GB/s (100.0%) read=4888.4 write=4990.6 GB/s Hit rates: L2=381.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=53.7% [↑1.8% ok] Pipe util: FMA=79.1%, Tensor=53.7% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 416.9% [↓27.2% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 5.23 Launch: regs/thread=282, smem/blk=238592B, block=2048, grid=3326400 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 75.37 sectors/req (75.4x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 16443.8% #################### short_scoreboard 521.4% #################### mio_throttle 33.3% ###### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 16444% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=75.4 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=75.4x (ideal=1.0) -> 75x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 8039.90→9667.33μs (↑1627.42) REGRESSED Compute%: 51.85→53.65% (↑1.80) ok Occupancy: 444.07→416.89% (↓27.19) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 4.50→5.23 (↑0.73) ok Ld sectors/req: 19.87→75.37 (↑55.50) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 396.54→381.45% (↓15.09) REGRESSED
turn 145.6s turn · 5.6s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n\n__global__ void elem_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ o,\n long total, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n long i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (i >= total) return;\n long hw = (long)H * W;\n int c = (int)((i / hw) % C);\n float z = (x[i] + b[c]) * scale;\n o[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-z));\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {\n auto o = torch::empty_like(x);\n long total = x.numel();\n elem_kernel<<<(total + 255) / 256, 256, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), o.data_ptr<float>(),\n total, (int)x.size(1), (int)x.size(2), (int)x.size(3), (float)scale);\n return o;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='elem_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['elem'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv_transpose(x)\n y = torch.softmax(y, dim=1)\n return _ext.elem(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 8.11 μs Runtime stats: mean=8.11μs median=?μs std=0.22μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 2370.63 MB peak (ref: 2370.63 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 11 (ref: 12, fusion ratio: 1.0909) Energy: 968.6 mJ/run (ref: 1210.2 mJ, ratio: 1.2494x) SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (51 lines, 1,970 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);
'''

cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>

__global__ void elem_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,
                            const float* __restrict__ b,
                            float* __restrict__ o,
                            long total, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {
    long i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (i >= total) return;
    long hw = (long)H * W;
    int c = (int)((i / hw) % C);
    float z = (x[i] + b[c]) * scale;
    o[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-z));
}

torch::Tensor elem(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {
    auto o = torch::empty_like(x);
    long total = x.numel();
    elem_kernel<<<(total + 255) / 256, 256, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        x.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), o.data_ptr<float>(),
        total, (int)x.size(1), (int)x.size(2), (int)x.size(3), (float)scale);
    return o;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='elem_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,
                   functions=['elem'], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'])

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, output_padding, bias_shape, scaling_factor):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv_transpose = nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        y = self.conv_transpose(x)
        y = torch.softmax(y, dim=1)
        return _ext.elem(y.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous(), float(self.scaling_factor))