gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 68_Matmul_Min_Subtract.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
11 / 15
tool calls
11
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
1.43 μs
ref runtime
1.44 μs
speedup
1.01x
started
2026-05-04T08:05:24Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
1.43 μs
ref runtime
1.44 μs
speedup
1.01x
kernel mean / median / std
1.43 / — / 0.00 μs
ref mean / median / std
1.44 / — / 0.00 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
2097.13 MB
ref peak
2105.13 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
8
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
8.00x
total cuda time
21 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
246.22
ref mJ / run
237.72
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.97x
avg power
172.32 W
ref avg power
165.54 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.830
dram util %
52.7%
compute util %
83.0%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
1766.67 GB/s
dram util %
52.7%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
79.7%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
82.9%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
128.5%
ld sectors / req
7.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
270
smem / block
35840 B
block size
384
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
3173.8%
mio_throttle
334.8%
short_scoreboard
332.1%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a matrix multiplication, applies minimum, and subtracts a constant.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.linear(x)
        x = torch.min(x, self.constant)
        x = x - self.constant
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_features = 16384
out_features = 16384
constant = 2.0

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_features)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features, constant]
turn 010.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating ModelNew design** I need to figure out how to craft ModelNew. Do I need evaluation copies of the weights? Typically, I instantiate it with arguments and load a state_dict from references, right? This must include parameters with the same names. The forward method has to handle x @ W.T + b while subtracting a constant. The sizes are enormous, leading to around 34 billion ops. Using PyTorch's linear might be fast, but can I beat cublas with a custom kernel? I need to implement matmul using CUTLASS for high performance. **Exploring performance optimizations** The PyTorch reference uses `nn.Linear` and then processes min/sub separately. I see that cublas gemm might take around 0.5ms, but it’s more like 68.7 GFLOPs based on my calculations. To speed things up, I want to consider fusing the epilogue. Can I use cublas within an extension? It might work if I leverage torch ops inside. I think I need to explore custom CUDA. Loading inline to compile C++ with CUDA seems essential, especially for invoking cublas while managing bias and min operations effectively. **Optimizing Python efficiency** I’m thinking about ways to save Python overhead by fusing min/sub, which might speed things up. The requirement to use `load_inline` to compile and bind CUDA source is essential for this. Can I call the compiled extension from a C++ wrapper using `at::cuda::blas::gemm`? It seems like it would be simpler to just include `cublas_v2` directly. I'll need to explore these options further as I look to streamline the process while ensuring efficiency!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 123.3s turn · 23.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Figuring out memory layout in matrix multiplication** I’m exploring how to compute C_col with the dimensions N x M. There's this standard trick where I interpret row-major C memory as a column-major matrix, which involves a matrix shape of N x M equaling B_col. I need to derive relationships involving A_row and W_row in their respective memory layouts. I'm also considering transposing the matrices and ensuring that the dimensions match up, especially with W_row needing to be treated as a column-major matrix.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n float c = cptr[0];\n for (int i = idx; i < total; i += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int j = i % N;\n float v = y[i] + bias[j];\n v = fminf(v, c) - c;\n y[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n const int64_t M64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t K64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t N64 = weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M64, N64}, x.options());\n int M = (int)M64, N = (int)N64, K = (int)K64;\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n // Match PyTorch default fp32 matmul on Ampere/Hopper (TF32 tensor cores allowed).\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_TF32_TENSOR_OP_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n // Row-major C = X * W^T. Interpret row-major tensors as transposed column-major matrices:\n // C^T (N x M) = W (N x K) * X^T (K x M).\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n N, M, K,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {\n C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n }\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 4096) blocks = 4096;\n epilogue_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 26.0s turn · 6.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n float c = cptr[0];\n for (int i = idx; i < total; i += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int j = i % N;\n float v = y[i] + bias[j];\n v = fminf(v, c) - c;\n y[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n const int64_t M64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t K64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t N64 = weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M64, N64}, x.options());\n int M = (int)M64, N = (int)N64, K = (int)K64;\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_TF32_TENSOR_OP_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n N, M, K,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {\n C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n }\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 4096) blocks = 4096;\n epilogue_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000440', '0.000430', '0.000481', '0.000436', '0.000431'] avg_difference: ['0.000070', '0.000070', '0.000070', '0.000070', '0.000070']
turn 37.9s turn · 7.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n float c = cptr[0];\n for (int i = idx; i < total; i += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int j = i % N;\n float v = y[i] + bias[j];\n v = fminf(v, c) - c;\n y[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N, N, M, K, &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K, x.data_ptr<float>(), K, &beta, y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n int total = M * N;\n epilogue_kernel<<<(total+255)/256, 256, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 48.1s turn · 8.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n float c = cptr[0];\n for (int i = idx; i < total; i += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n int j = i % N;\n float v = y[i] + bias[j];\n v = fminf(v, c) - c;\n y[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N, N, M, K, &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K, x.data_ptr<float>(), K, &beta, y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n int total = M * N;\n epilogue_kernel<<<(total+255)/256, 256, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_v2p', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 31.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 1427.26 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1670.1/3350 GB/s (49.9%) read=1668.4 write=1.7 GB/s Hit rates: L2=129.1% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=90.8% Pipe util: FMA=90.8%, Tensor=1.8% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 83.4% Eligible warps/cycle: 2.01 Launch: regs/thread=272, smem/blk=35840B, block=384, grid=8320 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 7.00 sectors/req (7.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1326.5% #################### short_scoreboard 168.6% #################### mio_throttle 102.1% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1327% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=7.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=7.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 7x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 529.9s turn · 29.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering cublasLt implementation** I'm exploring the cublasLt algorithm, wondering if it's faster than cublasSgemm. I want to test it out and implement row-major descriptors. For matrix multiplication, I need to compute dimensions M, N, and K carefully. The operation description will involve various settings, including scale type and transpositions. I think the bias pointer might help if output columns are supported. I also contemplate whether the correctness would match what PyTorch uses, and I’ll need to assess code complexity while including the necessary headers. **Evaluating cublasLt use** I'm thinking about the best way to handle each cublasLt call. It’s expensive on the CPU but not on the GPU. Should I consider using a static handle to create it only once for thread safety? I might have to check if we can cache sizes since they’re fixed. Evaluating timing might require considering CPU overhead separately from GPU events. Also, I wonder if using a NULL algorithm pointer in cublasLtMatmul is valid—maybe it defaults to standard behavior? I need to compile and run the tests to find out!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublasLt.h>\n\n__global__ void minsub_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int total) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n float c = cptr[0];\n for (int i = idx; i < total; i += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n float v = y[i];\n y[i] = fminf(v, c) - c;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n static cublasLtHandle_t ltHandle = nullptr;\n if (ltHandle == nullptr) cublasLtCreate(&ltHandle);\n cublasLtMatmulDesc_t opDesc;\n cublasLtMatrixLayout_t aDesc, bDesc, cDesc;\n cublasOperation_t transa = CUBLAS_OP_N;\n cublasOperation_t transb = CUBLAS_OP_T;\n cublasLtMatmulDescCreate(&opDesc, CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F, CUDA_R_32F);\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA, &transa, sizeof(transa));\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB, &transb, sizeof(transb));\n cublasLtEpilogue_t epi = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE, &epi, sizeof(epi));\n const void* biasPtr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &biasPtr, sizeof(biasPtr));\n cublasLtOrder_t order = CUBLASLT_ORDER_ROW;\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&aDesc, CUDA_R_32F, M, K, K);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(aDesc, CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER, &order, sizeof(order));\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&bDesc, CUDA_R_32F, N, K, K);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(bDesc, CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER, &order, sizeof(order));\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&cDesc, CUDA_R_32F, M, N, N);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(cDesc, CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER, &order, sizeof(order));\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasLtMatmul(ltHandle, opDesc, &alpha,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), aDesc, weight.data_ptr<float>(), bDesc,\n &beta, y.data_ptr<float>(), cDesc, y.data_ptr<float>(), cDesc,\n nullptr, nullptr, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasLtMatmulDescDestroy(opDesc);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(aDesc); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(bDesc); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(cDesc);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n int total = M*N;\n minsub_kernel<<<(total+255)/256, 256, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_lt1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 68.0s turn · 8.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublasLt.h>\n\n__global__ void minsub_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int total) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n float c = cptr[0];\n for (int i = idx; i < total; i += blockDim.x * gridDim.x) {\n float v = y[i];\n y[i] = fminf(v, c) - c;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n static cublasLtHandle_t ltHandle = nullptr;\n if (ltHandle == nullptr) cublasLtCreate(&ltHandle);\n cublasLtMatmulDesc_t opDesc;\n cublasLtMatrixLayout_t aDesc, bDesc, cDesc;\n cublasOperation_t transa = CUBLAS_OP_N;\n cublasOperation_t transb = CUBLAS_OP_T;\n cublasLtMatmulDescCreate(&opDesc, CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F, CUDA_R_32F);\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA, &transa, sizeof(transa));\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB, &transb, sizeof(transb));\n cublasLtEpilogue_t epi = CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS;\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE, &epi, sizeof(epi));\n const void* biasPtr = bias.data_ptr<float>();\n cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(opDesc, CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER, &biasPtr, sizeof(biasPtr));\n cublasLtOrder_t order = CUBLASLT_ORDER_ROW;\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&aDesc, CUDA_R_32F, M, K, K);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(aDesc, CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER, &order, sizeof(order));\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&bDesc, CUDA_R_32F, N, K, K);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(bDesc, CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER, &order, sizeof(order));\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&cDesc, CUDA_R_32F, M, N, N);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(cDesc, CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER, &order, sizeof(order));\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasLtMatmul(ltHandle, opDesc, &alpha,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), aDesc, weight.data_ptr<float>(), bDesc,\n &beta, y.data_ptr<float>(), cDesc, y.data_ptr<float>(), cDesc,\n nullptr, nullptr, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasLtMatmulDescDestroy(opDesc);\n cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(aDesc); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(bDesc); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(cDesc);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n int total = M*N;\n minsub_kernel<<<(total+255)/256, 256, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_lt1c', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: ? trials did not all match. runtime_error: CUDA error: unknown error Search for `cudaErrorUnknown' in https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-runtime-api/group__CUDART__TYPES.html for more information. CUDA kernel errors might be asynchronously r...
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 7,458 chars (click to expand)
turn 710.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublasLt.h>\n__global__ void minsub_kernel(float* y, const float* cptr, int total){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; float c=cptr[0]; for(int i=idx;i<total;i+=blockDim.x*gridDim.x){float v=y[i]; y[i]=fminf(v,c)-c;}}\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant){\n int M=x.size(0),K=x.size(1),N=weight.size(0); auto y=torch::empty({M,N},x.options()); auto workspace=torch::empty({1<<24}, x.options().dtype(torch::kUInt8));\n static cublasLtHandle_t ltHandle=nullptr; if(!ltHandle) cublasLtCreate(&ltHandle);\n cublasLtMatmulDesc_t op; cublasLtMatrixLayout_t ad,bd,cd; cublasLtMatmulPreference_t pref; cublasOperation_t ta=CUBLAS_OP_N,tb=CUBLAS_OP_T;\n cublasLtMatmulDescCreate(&op,CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F,CUDA_R_32F); cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(op,CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,&ta,sizeof(ta)); cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(op,CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,&tb,sizeof(tb));\n cublasLtEpilogue_t epi=CUBLASLT_EPILOGUE_BIAS; cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(op,CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_EPILOGUE,&epi,sizeof(epi)); const void* bp=bias.data_ptr<float>(); cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(op,CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_BIAS_POINTER,&bp,sizeof(bp));\n cublasLtOrder_t order=CUBLASLT_ORDER_ROW; cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&ad,CUDA_R_32F,M,K,K); cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(ad,CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER,&order,sizeof(order)); cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&bd,CUDA_R_32F,N,K,K); cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(bd,CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER,&order,sizeof(order)); cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(&cd,CUDA_R_32F,M,N,N); cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(cd,CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_ORDER,&order,sizeof(order));\n cublasLtMatmulPreferenceCreate(&pref); size_t ws=1<<24; cublasLtMatmulPreferenceSetAttribute(pref,CUBLASLT_MATMUL_PREF_MAX_WORKSPACE_BYTES,&ws,sizeof(ws)); cublasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t heur; int ret=0; cublasLtMatmulAlgoGetHeuristic(ltHandle,op,ad,bd,cd,cd,pref,1,&heur,&ret);\n float alpha=1.0f,beta=0.0f; cublasStatus_t stat=CUBLAS_STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED; if(ret>0) stat=cublasLtMatmul(ltHandle,op,&alpha,x.data_ptr<float>(),ad,weight.data_ptr<float>(),bd,&beta,y.data_ptr<float>(),cd,y.data_ptr<float>(),cd,&heur.algo,workspace.data_ptr(),ws,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasLtMatmulPreferenceDestroy(pref); cublasLtMatmulDescDestroy(op); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(ad); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(bd); cublasLtMatrixLayoutDestroy(cd); if(stat!=CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n int total=M*N; minsub_kernel<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(),constant.data_ptr<float>(),total); C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK(); return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_lt2',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_features,out_features,constant):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.linear=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.constant=nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x,self.linear.weight,self.linear.bias,self.constant)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'fused_linear_min_ext_lt2': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_min_ext_lt2 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_68_cache/k_11806359d265/fused_linear_min_ext_lt2/main.cpp -o main.o [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_min_ext_lt2 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_68_cache/k_11806359d265/fused_linear_min_ext_lt2/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=1] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_min_ext_lt2 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_68_cache/k_11806359d265/fused_linear_min_ext_lt2/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h(63): catastrophic error: error while writing generated C file: No space left on device 1 catastrophic error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_68_cache/k_11806359d265/fused_linear_min_ext_lt2/cuda.cu". Compilation terminated. ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 812.0s turn · 12.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering compilation and accuracy** I'm thinking about how each load might bring some bias together, and I wonder if there's a way to speed things up. Should we implement a final version with a 2D epilogue and consider whether to compile without using disk space? Maybe we can avoid redundant compilations? I have to think about the global math mode for cublas and how that could influence accuracy. I’m also considering how running ModelNew after the reference could potentially impact correctness. I need to check the precision for PyTorch as well.
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int M, int N) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (j < N && row < M) {\n float c = cptr[0];\n float v = y[row * N + j] + bias[j];\n y[row * N + j] = fminf(v, c) - c;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n N, M, K, &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {\n C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n }\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((N + block.x - 1) / block.x, M);\n epilogue_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), M, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 95.6s turn · 5.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int M, int N) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (j < N && row < M) {\n float c = cptr[0];\n float v = y[row * N + j] + bias[j];\n y[row * N + j] = fminf(v, c) - c;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N, N, M, K, &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K, x.data_ptr<float>(), K, &beta, y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((N + block.x - 1) / block.x, M);\n epilogue_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), M, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_final2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 105.9s turn · 5.9s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int M, int N) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (j < N && row < M) {\n float c = cptr[0];\n float v = y[row * N + j] + bias[j];\n y[row * N + j] = fminf(v, c) - c;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {\n int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);\n auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);\n float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;\n\n // Compute row-major y = x * weight^T using cuBLAS' column-major interface:\n // the same memory is viewed as y^T = weight * x^T.\n cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n N, M, K,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {\n C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);\n }\n\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((N + block.x - 1) / block.x, M);\n epilogue_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), M, N);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_submission',\n cpp_sources=cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 1.43 μs Runtime stats: mean=1.43μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 2097.13 MB peak (ref: 2105.13 MB, ratio: 0.9962x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 8, fusion ratio: 8.0) Energy: 246.22 mJ/run (ref: 237.72 mJ, ratio: 0.9655x) SOL score: 0.8295
final submitted kernel (73 lines, 2,818 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant);
'''

cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cublas_v2.h>

__global__ void epilogue_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, const float* __restrict__ bias, const float* __restrict__ cptr, int M, int N) {
    int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int row = blockIdx.y;
    if (j < N && row < M) {
        float c = cptr[0];
        float v = y[row * N + j] + bias[j];
        y[row * N + j] = fminf(v, c) - c;
    }
}

torch::Tensor fused_linear_min_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor constant) {
    int M = (int)x.size(0), K = (int)x.size(1), N = (int)weight.size(0);
    auto y = torch::empty({M, N}, x.options());

    cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();
    cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());
    cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);
    float alpha = 1.0f, beta = 0.0f;

    // Compute row-major y = x * weight^T using cuBLAS' column-major interface:
    // the same memory is viewed as y^T = weight * x^T.
    cublasStatus_t stat = cublasSgemm(handle, CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,
                                      N, M, K,
                                      &alpha,
                                      weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,
                                      x.data_ptr<float>(), K,
                                      &beta,
                                      y.data_ptr<float>(), N);
    if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        C10_CUDA_CHECK(cudaErrorUnknown);
    }

    dim3 block(256);
    dim3 grid((N + block.x - 1) / block.x, M);
    epilogue_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), constant.data_ptr<float>(), M, N);
    C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();
    return y;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_min_ext_submission',
                   cpp_sources=cpp_src,
                   cuda_sources=cuda_src,
                   functions=['fused_linear_min_cuda'],
                   extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],
                   extra_cflags=['-O3'],
                   verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, constant):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.constant = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(constant))

    def forward(self, x):
        return _ext.fused_linear_min_cuda(x, self.linear.weight, self.linear.bias, self.constant)