gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 67_Conv2d_GELU_GlobalAvgPool.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
15 / 15
tool calls
16
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
9.75 μs
ref runtime
6.53 μs
speedup
0.67x
started
2026-05-04T07:03:20Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
9.75 μs
ref runtime
6.53 μs
speedup
0.67x
kernel mean / median / std
9.75 / — / 0.04 μs
ref mean / median / std
6.53 / — / 0.01 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
1.19e-07
mean abs error
5.21e-09
max rel error
3.43e-07
mean rel error
4.51e-08
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
289.07 MB
ref peak
4321.29 MB
kernel / ref
0.07x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
14
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
14.00x
total cuda time
23 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
1209.36
ref mJ / run
725.96
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.60x
avg power
124.22 W
ref avg power
111.17 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.222
dram util %
0.8%
compute util %
22.1%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
27.87 GB/s
dram util %
0.8%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
24.9%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
22.1%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
90.8%
ld sectors / req
4.84
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
128
smem / block
2048 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
640.8%
short_scoreboard
6.2%
mio_throttle
0.1%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a convolution, applies GELU, and then performs global average pooling.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Args:
            x: Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_channels, height, width)
        Returns:
            Output tensor of shape (batch_size, out_channels)
        """
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = torch.nn.functional.gelu(x)
        x = torch.nn.functional.adaptive_avg_pool2d(x, 1)
        x = x.squeeze(-1).squeeze(-1)
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_channels = 8
out_channels = 64
height, width = 256, 256
kernel_size = 3

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size]
turn 010.6s turn · 10.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating Python model architecture** I need to craft a Python model with some extensions. I’m thinking about the evaluation copies and how the weights get loaded — likely in the ModelNew constructor with the same arguments. Normally, benchmark tests initialize the model and reference with the same seed. I need to define compatible parameters for nn.Conv2d in ModelNew while considering operation specifics. The complexity of calculations is quite heavy, so optimizing the process is essential. Fusing and reducing operations is a smart approach to improve efficiency! **Optimizing PyTorch convolution** I’m analyzing the performance of a PyTorch convolution, and I notice there's a huge potential reuse loss with O=64. It seems like the PyTorch convolution is cuDNN optimized and reuses outputs across channels. However, the writes are significant, especially since reading the input multiple times adds up. With all the calculations, I realize I'm looking at a substantial computational load. I need to ensure that the GELU implementation matches the expected accuracy, and figuring out how to optimize this with CUDA kernels is the next step!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 119.0s turn · 19.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Preparing with Torch** I need to make sure I include cuda_runtime, so I'm on the right track. I think there's also the function torch::empty_like, which should come into play for the output. Maybe I won't need the try/except block this time. It feels like I'm simplifying things a bit, which is nice! Let’s get everything ready to go and confirm that I have all the necessary components set up correctly.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\n\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math_constants.h>\n\n__global__ void conv_gelu_gap_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int O, int K) {\n int o = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int Ho = H - K + 1;\n int Wo = W - K + 1;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float bias = b[o];\n // specialized fast path for the benchmark shape C=8,K=3,H=W=256\n if (C == 8 && K == 3) {\n const float* wp = w + o * 8 * 9;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * 8 + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n const float* wc = wp + c * 9;\n v = fmaf(xp[0], wc[0], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[1], wc[1], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2], wc[2], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W], wc[3], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+1], wc[4], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+2], wc[5], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W], wc[6], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+1], wc[7], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+2], wc[8], v);\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n } else {\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n for (int ky = 0; ky < K; ++ky) {\n for (int kx = 0; kx < K; ++kx) {\n float xv = x[((n*C + c)*H + yy + ky)*W + xx + kx];\n float ww = w[((o*C + c)*K + ky)*K + kx];\n v = fmaf(xv, ww, v);\n }\n }\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float v = sh[tid];\n v += sh[tid + 32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n if (tid == 0) out[n * O + o] = v / (float)S;\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N = (int)x.size(0);\n int C = (int)x.size(1);\n int H = (int)x.size(2);\n int W = (int)x.size(3);\n int O = (int)w.size(0);\n int K = (int)w.size(2);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O, N);\n conv_gelu_gap_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, O, K);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 27.7s turn · 7.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\n\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math_constants.h>\n\n__global__ void conv_gelu_gap_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int O, int K) {\n int o = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int Ho = H - K + 1;\n int Wo = W - K + 1;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float bias = b[o];\n // specialized fast path for the benchmark shape C=8,K=3,H=W=256\n if (C == 8 && K == 3) {\n const float* wp = w + o * 8 * 9;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * 8 + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n const float* wc = wp + c * 9;\n v = fmaf(xp[0], wc[0], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[1], wc[1], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2], wc[2], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W], wc[3], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+1], wc[4], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+2], wc[5], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W], wc[6], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+1], wc[7], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+2], wc[8], v);\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n } else {\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n for (int ky = 0; ky < K; ++ky) {\n for (int kx = 0; kx < K; ++kx) {\n float xv = x[((n*C + c)*H + yy + ky)*W + xx + kx];\n float ww = w[((o*C + c)*K + ky)*K + kx];\n v = fmaf(xv, ww, v);\n }\n }\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float v = sh[tid];\n v += sh[tid + 32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n if (tid == 0) out[n * O + o] = v / (float)S;\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N = (int)x.size(0);\n int C = (int)x.size(1);\n int H = (int)x.size(2);\n int W = (int)x.size(3);\n int O = (int)w.size(0);\n int K = (int)w.size(2);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O, N);\n conv_gelu_gap_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, O, K);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=5.21e-09 max_rel_err=3.43e-07
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 8.6s turn · 8.6s LLM · 7,259 chars (click to expand)
turn 38.6s turn · 8.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating performance needs** I need to decide whether to profile my system's performance or submit it as is. It feels essential to optimize before moving forward, but I wonder if profiling could give me the insights I need to make better decisions. I think I’ll lean towards profiling first, as it might help identify the areas that need improvement. Balancing performance and efficiency is key here, so getting a clear picture is my first step.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\n\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math_constants.h>\n\n__global__ void conv_gelu_gap_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int O, int K) {\n int o = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int Ho = H - K + 1;\n int Wo = W - K + 1;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float bias = b[o];\n // specialized fast path for the benchmark shape C=8,K=3,H=W=256\n if (C == 8 && K == 3) {\n const float* wp = w + o * 8 * 9;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * 8 + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n const float* wc = wp + c * 9;\n v = fmaf(xp[0], wc[0], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[1], wc[1], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2], wc[2], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W], wc[3], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+1], wc[4], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+2], wc[5], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W], wc[6], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+1], wc[7], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+2], wc[8], v);\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n } else {\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n for (int ky = 0; ky < K; ++ky) {\n for (int kx = 0; kx < K; ++kx) {\n float xv = x[((n*C + c)*H + yy + ky)*W + xx + kx];\n float ww = w[((o*C + c)*K + ky)*K + kx];\n v = fmaf(xv, ww, v);\n }\n }\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float v = sh[tid];\n v += sh[tid + 32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n if (tid == 0) out[n * O + o] = v / (float)S;\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N = (int)x.size(0);\n int C = (int)x.size(1);\n int H = (int)x.size(2);\n int W = (int)x.size(3);\n int O = (int)w.size(0);\n int K = (int)w.size(2);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O, N);\n conv_gelu_gap_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, O, K);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 37.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 9730.30 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 27.9/3350 GB/s (0.8%) read=27.6 write=0.3 GB/s Hit rates: L2=82.2% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=22.1% Pipe util: FMA=22.1%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 24.9% Eligible warps/cycle: 0.49 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=128, smem/blk=2048B, block=256, grid=8192 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.84 sectors/req (4.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 638.5% #################### short_scoreboard 6.2% # --- Optimization Hints --- -> 639% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.8x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (25%) limited by registers (128/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 25.5s turn · 25.5s LLM · 6,846 chars (click to expand)
turn 425.5s turn · 25.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering weights in threads** I’m thinking about how each thread loads the same weights, which makes them uniform. Maybe using a constant L1 would work. If we load 4 times 72 weights to share per block, that could help reduce some overhead. This gives us 288 floats, which is about 1.1KB. I wonder if we could start with the first 288 threads while keeping the block size at 256, so we can manage the loop more efficiently.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_exact(float v) {\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int H, int W, int O) {\n int og = blockIdx.x * 4;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n constexpr int C = 8;\n constexpr int K2 = 72;\n int Ho = H - 2;\n int Wo = W - 2;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n __shared__ float sw[4 * K2];\n __shared__ float sh[4][256];\n for (int i = tid; i < 4*K2; i += blockDim.x) {\n int oo = i / K2;\n int kk = i - oo * K2;\n sw[i] = w[(og + oo) * K2 + kk];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n float b0 = b[og+0], b1 = b[og+1], b2 = b[og+2], b3 = b[og+3];\n float sum0 = 0.f, sum1 = 0.f, sum2 = 0.f, sum3 = 0.f;\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v0 = b0, v1 = b1, v2 = b2, v3 = b3;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * C + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n float a0 = xp[0];\n float a1 = xp[1];\n float a2 = xp[2];\n float a3 = xp[W];\n float a4 = xp[W+1];\n float a5 = xp[W+2];\n float a6 = xp[2*W];\n float a7 = xp[2*W+1];\n float a8 = xp[2*W+2];\n const float* w0 = sw + 0*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w1 = sw + 1*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w2 = sw + 2*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w3 = sw + 3*K2 + c*9;\n v0 = fmaf(a0, w0[0], v0); v1 = fmaf(a0, w1[0], v1); v2 = fmaf(a0, w2[0], v2); v3 = fmaf(a0, w3[0], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a1, w0[1], v0); v1 = fmaf(a1, w1[1], v1); v2 = fmaf(a1, w2[1], v2); v3 = fmaf(a1, w3[1], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a2, w0[2], v0); v1 = fmaf(a2, w1[2], v1); v2 = fmaf(a2, w2[2], v2); v3 = fmaf(a2, w3[2], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a3, w0[3], v0); v1 = fmaf(a3, w1[3], v1); v2 = fmaf(a3, w2[3], v2); v3 = fmaf(a3, w3[3], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a4, w0[4], v0); v1 = fmaf(a4, w1[4], v1); v2 = fmaf(a4, w2[4], v2); v3 = fmaf(a4, w3[4], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a5, w0[5], v0); v1 = fmaf(a5, w1[5], v1); v2 = fmaf(a5, w2[5], v2); v3 = fmaf(a5, w3[5], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a6, w0[6], v0); v1 = fmaf(a6, w1[6], v1); v2 = fmaf(a6, w2[6], v2); v3 = fmaf(a6, w3[6], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a7, w0[7], v0); v1 = fmaf(a7, w1[7], v1); v2 = fmaf(a7, w2[7], v2); v3 = fmaf(a7, w3[7], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a8, w0[8], v0); v1 = fmaf(a8, w1[8], v1); v2 = fmaf(a8, w2[8], v2); v3 = fmaf(a8, w3[8], v3);\n }\n sum0 += gelu_exact(v0);\n sum1 += gelu_exact(v1);\n sum2 += gelu_exact(v2);\n sum3 += gelu_exact(v3);\n }\n sh[0][tid] = sum0; sh[1][tid] = sum1; sh[2][tid] = sum2; sh[3][tid] = sum3;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = 128; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) {\n sh[0][tid] += sh[0][tid+s];\n sh[1][tid] += sh[1][tid+s];\n sh[2][tid] += sh[2][tid+s];\n sh[3][tid] += sh[3][tid+s];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float r0 = sh[0][tid] + sh[0][tid+32];\n float r1 = sh[1][tid] + sh[1][tid+32];\n float r2 = sh[2][tid] + sh[2][tid+32];\n float r3 = sh[3][tid] + sh[3][tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int off=16; off>0; off>>=1) {\n r0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r0, off);\n r1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r1, off);\n r2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r2, off);\n r3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r3, off);\n }\n if (tid == 0) {\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)S;\n out[n*O + og+0] = r0 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+1] = r1 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+2] = r2 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+3] = r3 * inv;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N=(int)x.size(0), H=(int)x.size(2), W=(int)x.size(3), O=(int)w.size(0);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O/4, N);\n conv_gelu_gap4_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, H, W, O);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 13.6s turn · 13.6s LLM · 6,431 chars (click to expand)
turn 513.6s turn · 13.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_exact(float v) {\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int H, int W, int O) {\n int og = blockIdx.x * 4;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n constexpr int C = 8;\n constexpr int K2 = 72;\n int Ho = H - 2;\n int Wo = W - 2;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n __shared__ float sw[4 * K2];\n __shared__ float sh[4][256];\n for (int i = tid; i < 4*K2; i += blockDim.x) {\n int oo = i / K2;\n int kk = i - oo * K2;\n sw[i] = w[(og + oo) * K2 + kk];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n float b0 = b[og+0], b1 = b[og+1], b2 = b[og+2], b3 = b[og+3];\n float sum0 = 0.f, sum1 = 0.f, sum2 = 0.f, sum3 = 0.f;\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v0 = b0, v1 = b1, v2 = b2, v3 = b3;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * C + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n float a0 = xp[0];\n float a1 = xp[1];\n float a2 = xp[2];\n float a3 = xp[W];\n float a4 = xp[W+1];\n float a5 = xp[W+2];\n float a6 = xp[2*W];\n float a7 = xp[2*W+1];\n float a8 = xp[2*W+2];\n const float* w0 = sw + 0*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w1 = sw + 1*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w2 = sw + 2*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w3 = sw + 3*K2 + c*9;\n v0 = fmaf(a0, w0[0], v0); v1 = fmaf(a0, w1[0], v1); v2 = fmaf(a0, w2[0], v2); v3 = fmaf(a0, w3[0], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a1, w0[1], v0); v1 = fmaf(a1, w1[1], v1); v2 = fmaf(a1, w2[1], v2); v3 = fmaf(a1, w3[1], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a2, w0[2], v0); v1 = fmaf(a2, w1[2], v1); v2 = fmaf(a2, w2[2], v2); v3 = fmaf(a2, w3[2], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a3, w0[3], v0); v1 = fmaf(a3, w1[3], v1); v2 = fmaf(a3, w2[3], v2); v3 = fmaf(a3, w3[3], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a4, w0[4], v0); v1 = fmaf(a4, w1[4], v1); v2 = fmaf(a4, w2[4], v2); v3 = fmaf(a4, w3[4], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a5, w0[5], v0); v1 = fmaf(a5, w1[5], v1); v2 = fmaf(a5, w2[5], v2); v3 = fmaf(a5, w3[5], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a6, w0[6], v0); v1 = fmaf(a6, w1[6], v1); v2 = fmaf(a6, w2[6], v2); v3 = fmaf(a6, w3[6], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a7, w0[7], v0); v1 = fmaf(a7, w1[7], v1); v2 = fmaf(a7, w2[7], v2); v3 = fmaf(a7, w3[7], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a8, w0[8], v0); v1 = fmaf(a8, w1[8], v1); v2 = fmaf(a8, w2[8], v2); v3 = fmaf(a8, w3[8], v3);\n }\n sum0 += gelu_exact(v0);\n sum1 += gelu_exact(v1);\n sum2 += gelu_exact(v2);\n sum3 += gelu_exact(v3);\n }\n sh[0][tid] = sum0; sh[1][tid] = sum1; sh[2][tid] = sum2; sh[3][tid] = sum3;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = 128; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) {\n sh[0][tid] += sh[0][tid+s];\n sh[1][tid] += sh[1][tid+s];\n sh[2][tid] += sh[2][tid+s];\n sh[3][tid] += sh[3][tid+s];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float r0 = sh[0][tid] + sh[0][tid+32];\n float r1 = sh[1][tid] + sh[1][tid+32];\n float r2 = sh[2][tid] + sh[2][tid+32];\n float r3 = sh[3][tid] + sh[3][tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int off=16; off>0; off>>=1) {\n r0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r0, off);\n r1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r1, off);\n r2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r2, off);\n r3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r3, off);\n }\n if (tid == 0) {\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)S;\n out[n*O + og+0] = r0 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+1] = r1 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+2] = r2 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+3] = r3 * inv;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N=(int)x.size(0), H=(int)x.size(2), W=(int)x.size(3), O=(int)w.size(0);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O/4, N);\n conv_gelu_gap4_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, H, W, O);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.79e-07 mean_abs_err=3.92e-09 max_rel_err=3.43e-07
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 14.0s turn · 14.0s LLM · 8,081 chars (click to expand)
turn 614.0s turn · 14.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_exact(float v) {\n return 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int H, int W, int O) {\n int og = blockIdx.x * 4;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n constexpr int C = 8;\n constexpr int K2 = 72;\n int Ho = H - 2;\n int Wo = W - 2;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n __shared__ float sw[4 * K2];\n __shared__ float sh[4][256];\n for (int i = tid; i < 4*K2; i += blockDim.x) {\n int oo = i / K2;\n int kk = i - oo * K2;\n sw[i] = w[(og + oo) * K2 + kk];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n float b0 = b[og+0], b1 = b[og+1], b2 = b[og+2], b3 = b[og+3];\n float sum0 = 0.f, sum1 = 0.f, sum2 = 0.f, sum3 = 0.f;\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v0 = b0, v1 = b1, v2 = b2, v3 = b3;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * C + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n float a0 = xp[0];\n float a1 = xp[1];\n float a2 = xp[2];\n float a3 = xp[W];\n float a4 = xp[W+1];\n float a5 = xp[W+2];\n float a6 = xp[2*W];\n float a7 = xp[2*W+1];\n float a8 = xp[2*W+2];\n const float* w0 = sw + 0*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w1 = sw + 1*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w2 = sw + 2*K2 + c*9;\n const float* w3 = sw + 3*K2 + c*9;\n v0 = fmaf(a0, w0[0], v0); v1 = fmaf(a0, w1[0], v1); v2 = fmaf(a0, w2[0], v2); v3 = fmaf(a0, w3[0], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a1, w0[1], v0); v1 = fmaf(a1, w1[1], v1); v2 = fmaf(a1, w2[1], v2); v3 = fmaf(a1, w3[1], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a2, w0[2], v0); v1 = fmaf(a2, w1[2], v1); v2 = fmaf(a2, w2[2], v2); v3 = fmaf(a2, w3[2], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a3, w0[3], v0); v1 = fmaf(a3, w1[3], v1); v2 = fmaf(a3, w2[3], v2); v3 = fmaf(a3, w3[3], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a4, w0[4], v0); v1 = fmaf(a4, w1[4], v1); v2 = fmaf(a4, w2[4], v2); v3 = fmaf(a4, w3[4], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a5, w0[5], v0); v1 = fmaf(a5, w1[5], v1); v2 = fmaf(a5, w2[5], v2); v3 = fmaf(a5, w3[5], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a6, w0[6], v0); v1 = fmaf(a6, w1[6], v1); v2 = fmaf(a6, w2[6], v2); v3 = fmaf(a6, w3[6], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a7, w0[7], v0); v1 = fmaf(a7, w1[7], v1); v2 = fmaf(a7, w2[7], v2); v3 = fmaf(a7, w3[7], v3);\n v0 = fmaf(a8, w0[8], v0); v1 = fmaf(a8, w1[8], v1); v2 = fmaf(a8, w2[8], v2); v3 = fmaf(a8, w3[8], v3);\n }\n sum0 += gelu_exact(v0);\n sum1 += gelu_exact(v1);\n sum2 += gelu_exact(v2);\n sum3 += gelu_exact(v3);\n }\n sh[0][tid] = sum0; sh[1][tid] = sum1; sh[2][tid] = sum2; sh[3][tid] = sum3;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = 128; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) {\n sh[0][tid] += sh[0][tid+s];\n sh[1][tid] += sh[1][tid+s];\n sh[2][tid] += sh[2][tid+s];\n sh[3][tid] += sh[3][tid+s];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float r0 = sh[0][tid] + sh[0][tid+32];\n float r1 = sh[1][tid] + sh[1][tid+32];\n float r2 = sh[2][tid] + sh[2][tid+32];\n float r3 = sh[3][tid] + sh[3][tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int off=16; off>0; off>>=1) {\n r0 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r0, off);\n r1 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r1, off);\n r2 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r2, off);\n r3 += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, r3, off);\n }\n if (tid == 0) {\n float inv = 1.0f / (float)S;\n out[n*O + og+0] = r0 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+1] = r1 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+2] = r2 * inv;\n out[n*O + og+3] = r3 * inv;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap4_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N=(int)x.size(0), H=(int)x.size(2), W=(int)x.size(3), O=(int)w.size(0);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O/4, N);\n conv_gelu_gap4_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, H, W, O);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 52.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 39606.91 μs [↑29876.6μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2726.2/3350 GB/s (81.4%) [↑80.5% ok] read=2410.9 write=315.3 GB/s Hit rates: L2=27.6% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=4.0%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 24.8% [↓0.1% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.09 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=128, smem/blk=6272B, block=256, grid=2048 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.86 sectors/req (4.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 4219.1% #################### short_scoreboard 3.7% mio_throttle 3.7% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 4219% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (25%) limited by registers (128/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 9730.30→39606.91μs (↑29876.61) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 0.83→81.38% (↑80.55) ok Occupancy: 24.90→24.84% (↓0.06) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 0.49→0.09 (↓0.40) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 4.84→4.86 (↑0.01) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 82.19→27.57% (↓54.61) REGRESSED
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 16.1s turn · 16.1s LLM · 6,945 chars (click to expand)
turn 716.1s turn · 16.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Testing grid performance** I see that v1 grid with 8192 is enough for 132 SM and 62 blocks per SM waves, and occupancy isn't limited by the grid. Latency depends on loads, so adding more blocks won't increase resident blocks due to regulations. I should consider that lower regulations may be needed. I could compute fewer unrolled to reduce regulations. So, let’s move forward and test v1 without unrolling c.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) { auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options()); launcher(x,w,b,out); return out; }\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,4) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid<32){ float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32]; #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off); if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S; }\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out){ int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0); kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O); }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size):\n super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_67_cache/k_f68115d062f1/conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3/main.cpp -o main.o [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_67_cache/k_f68115d062f1/conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_67_cache/k_f68115d062f1/conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_67_cache/k_f68115d062f1/conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3/cuda.cu(20): error: "#" not expected here if(tid<32){ float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32]; #pragma unroll ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_67_cache/k_f68115d062f1/conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3/cuda.cu(20): error: expected an expression if(tid<32){ float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32]; #pragma unroll ^ 2 errors detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_67_cache/k_f68115d062f1/conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 823.5s turn · 23.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) { auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options()); launcher(x,w,b,out); return out; }\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,4) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid<32){ float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off); if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S; }\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out){ int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0); kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O); }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3b',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size):\n super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 95.8s turn · 5.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) { auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options()); launcher(x,w,b,out); return out; }\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,4) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid<32){ float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off); if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S; }\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out){ int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0); kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O); }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3b',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size):\n super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=5.21e-09 max_rel_err=3.43e-07
turn 105.9s turn · 5.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) { auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options()); launcher(x,w,b,out); return out; }\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,4) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){ if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads(); }\n if(tid<32){ float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off); if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S; }\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out){ int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0); kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O); }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v3b',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size):\n super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 41.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 11353.47 μs [↓28253.4μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 23.9/3350 GB/s (0.7%) [↓80.7% REGRESSED] read=23.7 write=0.2 GB/s Hit rates: L2=96.0% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=24.0% Pipe util: FMA=24.0%, Tensor=0.6% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 49.0% [↑24.2% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 1.57 Launch: regs/thread=64, smem/blk=2048B, block=256, grid=8192 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 2.93 sectors/req (2.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 462.9% #################### short_scoreboard 16.0% ### mio_throttle 0.5% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 463% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=2.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=2.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 3x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 39606.91→11353.47μs (↓28253.44) ok DRAM BW%: 81.38→0.71% (↓80.66) REGRESSED Occupancy: 24.84→48.99% (↑24.15) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 0.09→1.57 (↑1.48) ok Ld sectors/req: 4.86→2.93 (↓1.93) ok L2 hit%: 27.57→96.04% (↑68.46) ok
turn 119.7s turn · 9.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Exploring CUDA optimizations** I'm considering GPU optimizations, particularly focusing on adjusting the max register count. The original configuration uses 128 registers, but I wonder if setting maxrregcount to 96 or 64 could improve performance. I'm also thinking about using launch bounds with full unroll in C. It seems like testing different configurations might provide insights, especially with the impact of spills. I'm curious about whether combining original settings with launch bounds would enhance speed without decreasing efficiency.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options());launcher(x,w,b,out);return out;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,3) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads();}\n if(tid<32){float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off);\n if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S;}\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b,torch::Tensor out){int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0);kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v4',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size): super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 12 · 2 tool call(s) · 22.1s turn · 22.1s LLM · 6,665 chars (click to expand)
turn 1222.1s turn · 22.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating performance metrics** I think I need to continue assessing the correctness and profile for version 4. It’s looking like I’ll need about three turns to finalize the submission. Comparing the previous versions, v1 had a response time of 9.73 ms, which is better than v3 with 11.3 ms. It seems v4 might perform similarly to v1, but I have to check the launch bounds and unroll parameters before making that call. Just one tool call should be enough!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options());launcher(x,w,b,out);return out;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,3) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads();}\n if(tid<32){float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off);\n if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S;}\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b,torch::Tensor out){int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0);kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v4',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size): super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options());launcher(x,w,b,out);return out;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,3) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads();}\n if(tid<32){float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off);\n if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S;}\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b,torch::Tensor out){int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0);kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v4',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size): super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=5.21e-09 max_rel_err=3.43e-07
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 1311.0s turn · 11.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating optimization strategies** I'm considering optimizing with approximate tanh gelu, but I'm wondering if the correctness should lean on the exact PyTorch gelu default. I have two turns left, and I'm debating whether to submit v1 or v4. The user mentions 36 calls across the two turns, so maybe I should run a profile on v4 first? That would use one turn for profiling, then submit in the next. But I’m cautious since it might be more expensive. It seems profiling v4 could be worthwhile!
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b){auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),w.size(0)},x.options());launcher(x,w,b,out);return out;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu(float v){return 0.5f*v*(1.0f+erff(v*0.70710678118654752440f));}\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,3) void kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ out,int H,int W,int O){\n int o=blockIdx.x,n=blockIdx.y,tid=threadIdx.x; int Wo=W-2; int S=(H-2)*Wo; float sum=0.f; float bias=b[o]; const float* wp=w+o*72;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for(int p=tid;p<S;p+=256){ int yy=p/Wo; int xx=p-yy*Wo; float v=bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int c=0;c<8;c++){ const float* xp=x+((n*8+c)*H+yy)*W+xx; const float* wc=wp+c*9;\n v=fmaf(xp[0],wc[0],v); v=fmaf(xp[1],wc[1],v); v=fmaf(xp[2],wc[2],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[W],wc[3],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+1],wc[4],v); v=fmaf(xp[W+2],wc[5],v);\n v=fmaf(xp[2*W],wc[6],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+1],wc[7],v); v=fmaf(xp[2*W+2],wc[8],v);\n }\n sum += gelu(v);\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256]; sh[tid]=sum; __syncthreads();\n for(int s=128;s>32;s>>=1){if(tid<s) sh[tid]+=sh[tid+s]; __syncthreads();}\n if(tid<32){float r=sh[tid]+sh[tid+32];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int off=16;off>0;off>>=1) r+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,r,off);\n if(tid==0) out[n*O+o]=r/(float)S;}\n}\nvoid launcher(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor w,torch::Tensor b,torch::Tensor out){int N=x.size(0),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),O=w.size(0);kernel<<<dim3(O,N),dim3(256)>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),w.data_ptr<float>(),b.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),H,W,O);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_v4',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_gelu_gap'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size): super().__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight,self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 45.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 13032.77 μs [↑1679.3μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 23.3/3350 GB/s (0.7%) [↓0.0% REGRESSED] read=20.7 write=2.7 GB/s Hit rates: L2=98.4% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=16.8% [↓7.2% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=16.8%, Tensor=0.7% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 37.1% [↓11.9% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.43 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=80, smem/blk=2048B, block=256, grid=8192 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.84 sectors/req (4.8x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1449.0% #################### short_scoreboard 5.3% # --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1449% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.8x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 11353.47→13032.77μs (↑1679.30) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 0.71→0.70% (↓0.02) REGRESSED Compute%: 23.99→16.83% (↓7.16) REGRESSED Occupancy: 48.99→37.07% (↓11.92) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 1.57→0.43 (↓1.14) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 2.93→4.84 (↑1.91) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 96.04→98.36% (↑2.32) ok
turn 1411.4s turn · 11.4s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);\n\ntorch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());\n conv_gelu_gap_launcher(x, w, b, out);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math_constants.h>\n\n__global__ void conv_gelu_gap_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int O, int K) {\n int o = blockIdx.x;\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int Ho = H - K + 1;\n int Wo = W - K + 1;\n int S = Ho * Wo;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float bias = b[o];\n if (C == 8 && K == 3) {\n const float* wp = w + o * 8 * 9;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {\n const float* xp = x + ((n * 8 + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;\n const float* wc = wp + c * 9;\n v = fmaf(xp[0], wc[0], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[1], wc[1], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2], wc[2], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W], wc[3], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+1], wc[4], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[W+2], wc[5], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W], wc[6], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+1], wc[7], v);\n v = fmaf(xp[2*W+2], wc[8], v);\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n } else {\n for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {\n int yy = p / Wo;\n int xx = p - yy * Wo;\n float v = bias;\n for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {\n for (int ky = 0; ky < K; ++ky) {\n for (int kx = 0; kx < K; ++kx) {\n float xv = x[((n*C + c)*H + yy + ky)*W + xx + kx];\n float ww = w[((o*C + c)*K + ky)*K + kx];\n v = fmaf(xv, ww, v);\n }\n }\n }\n float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n sum += g;\n }\n }\n __shared__ float sh[256];\n sh[tid] = sum;\n __syncthreads();\n for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 32; s >>= 1) {\n if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];\n __syncthreads();\n }\n if (tid < 32) {\n float v = sh[tid];\n v += sh[tid + 32];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n if (tid == 0) out[n * O + o] = v / (float)S;\n }\n}\n\nvoid conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {\n int N = (int)x.size(0);\n int C = (int)x.size(1);\n int H = (int)x.size(2);\n int W = (int)x.size(3);\n int O = (int)w.size(0);\n int K = (int)w.size(2);\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid(O, N);\n conv_gelu_gap_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, O, K);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 9.75 μs Runtime stats: mean=9.75μs median=?μs std=0.04μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=5.21e-09 max_rel_err=3.43e-07 Memory: 289.07 MB peak (ref: 4321.29 MB, ratio: 0.0669x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 14, fusion ratio: 14.0) Energy: 1209.36 mJ/run (ref: 725.96 mJ, ratio: 0.6003x) SOL score: 0.2215
final submitted kernel (117 lines, 4,147 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>

void conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out);

torch::Tensor conv_gelu_gap(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b) {
    auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), w.size(0)}, x.options());
    conv_gelu_gap_launcher(x, w, b, out);
    return out;
}
'''

cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <math_constants.h>

__global__ void conv_gelu_gap_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,
                                     const float* __restrict__ w,
                                     const float* __restrict__ b,
                                     float* __restrict__ out,
                                     int N, int C, int H, int W, int O, int K) {
    int o = blockIdx.x;
    int n = blockIdx.y;
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    int Ho = H - K + 1;
    int Wo = W - K + 1;
    int S = Ho * Wo;
    float sum = 0.0f;
    const float bias = b[o];
    if (C == 8 && K == 3) {
        const float* wp = w + o * 8 * 9;
        #pragma unroll 1
        for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {
            int yy = p / Wo;
            int xx = p - yy * Wo;
            float v = bias;
            #pragma unroll
            for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {
                const float* xp = x + ((n * 8 + c) * H + yy) * W + xx;
                const float* wc = wp + c * 9;
                v = fmaf(xp[0], wc[0], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[1], wc[1], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[2], wc[2], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[W], wc[3], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[W+1], wc[4], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[W+2], wc[5], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[2*W], wc[6], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[2*W+1], wc[7], v);
                v = fmaf(xp[2*W+2], wc[8], v);
            }
            float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));
            sum += g;
        }
    } else {
        for (int p = tid; p < S; p += blockDim.x) {
            int yy = p / Wo;
            int xx = p - yy * Wo;
            float v = bias;
            for (int c = 0; c < C; ++c) {
                for (int ky = 0; ky < K; ++ky) {
                    for (int kx = 0; kx < K; ++kx) {
                        float xv = x[((n*C + c)*H + yy + ky)*W + xx + kx];
                        float ww = w[((o*C + c)*K + ky)*K + kx];
                        v = fmaf(xv, ww, v);
                    }
                }
            }
            float g = 0.5f * v * (1.0f + erff(v * 0.70710678118654752440f));
            sum += g;
        }
    }
    __shared__ float sh[256];
    sh[tid] = sum;
    __syncthreads();
    for (int s = blockDim.x >> 1; s > 32; s >>= 1) {
        if (tid < s) sh[tid] += sh[tid + s];
        __syncthreads();
    }
    if (tid < 32) {
        float v = sh[tid];
        v += sh[tid + 32];
        #pragma unroll
        for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
            v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);
        }
        if (tid == 0) out[n * O + o] = v / (float)S;
    }
}

void conv_gelu_gap_launcher(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor b, torch::Tensor out) {
    int N = (int)x.size(0);
    int C = (int)x.size(1);
    int H = (int)x.size(2);
    int W = (int)x.size(3);
    int O = (int)w.size(0);
    int K = (int)w.size(2);
    dim3 block(256);
    dim3 grid(O, N);
    conv_gelu_gap_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), w.data_ptr<float>(), b.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, O, K);
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='conv_gelu_gap_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_gelu_gap'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
    def forward(self, x):
        return _ext.conv_gelu_gap(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)