gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 41_Gemm_BatchNorm_GELU_ReLU.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
10 / 15
tool calls
10
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
11.20 μs
ref runtime
11.60 μs
speedup
1.04x
started
2026-05-04T03:58:29Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
11.20 μs
ref runtime
11.60 μs
speedup
1.04x
kernel mean / median / std
11.20 / — / 0.08 μs
ref mean / median / std
11.60 / — / 0.19 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
5.10e-05
mean abs error
1.90e-07
max rel error
365114.31
mean rel error
0.01
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
673.69 MB
ref peak
933.19 MB
kernel / ref
0.72x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
9
ref launches
22
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
2.44x
total cuda time
21830 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
8408.62
ref mJ / run
8265.70
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.98x
avg power
750.40 W
ref avg power
710.95 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
1.000
dram util %
100.0%
compute util %
98.3%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
5081.26 GB/s
dram util %
100.0%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
85.4%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
98.3%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
188.0%
ld sectors / req
16.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
343
smem / block
37888 B
block size
224
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
7037.0%
short_scoreboard
534.9%
mio_throttle
0.6%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model that performs a GEMM, BatchNorm, GELU, and ReLU in sequence.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_features).
        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size, out_features).
        """
        x = self.gemm(x)
        x = self.batch_norm(x)
        x = torch.nn.functional.gelu(x)
        x = torch.relu(x)
        return x

batch_size = 16384
in_features = 4096
out_features = 4096

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_features)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features]
turn 010.3s turn · 10.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 25.6s turn · 25.6s LLM · 8,081 chars (click to expand)
turn 125.6s turn · 25.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (int)(idx & (C - 1)); // C is 4096 in target; corrected below for non-pow2 impossible? target pow2\n float v = y[idx];\n float z = (v - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n float z = y[idx];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\nvoid launch_bn_gelu(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_bn_gelu(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources='',\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_41_cache/k_b5724ec4ac3d/fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o FAILED: [code=1] main.o /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_41_cache/k_b5724ec4ac3d/fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_41_cache/k_b5724ec4ac3d/fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1/main.cpp: In function 'void pybind11_init_fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1(pybind11::module_&)': /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_41_cache/k_b5724ec4ac3d/fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1/main.cpp:4:52: error: 'fused_forward' was not declared in this scope 4 | m.def("fused_forward", torch::wrap_pybind_function(fused_forward), "fused_forward"); | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~ [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_41_cache/k_b5724ec4ac3d/fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 27.9s turn · 7.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering index correctness** I'm thinking about the C index using idx and the C-1, which only works with powers of 2. The constructor could be 4096, but to be safe, it might be better to use idx % C, even though that could be a bit slow. Since this is fixed, it should ensure correctness with out_features set to 4096. Overall, I'm feeling good about it, but I need to compile everything to see if that works properly.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float v = y[idx];\n float z = (v - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n float z = y[idx];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\nvoid launch_bn_gelu(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_bn_gelu(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 38.9s turn · 8.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float v = y[idx];\n float z = (v - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n float z = y[idx];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\nvoid launch_bn_gelu(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_bn_gelu(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 9.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 7,438 chars (click to expand)
turn 49.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating speed and training** I need to find a way to speed things up. Maybe I should look at profiling or submitting for evaluation. If the maximum correctness is zero, does that indicate something about likely evaluation or training? It seems like batch normalization plus activation could be essential here. I want to make sure I'm considering all these elements efficiently. Time is of the essence, so profiling might help clarify the best path forward.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float v = y[idx];\n float z = (v - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n float z = y[idx];\n float out = 0.0f;\n if (z > 0.0f) {\n out = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n }\n y[idx] = out;\n }\n}\n\nvoid launch_bn_gelu(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel();\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_bn_gelu(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v2',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::linear 80655.0μs (39%) calls=1 #2: aten::addmm 80512.0μs (39%) calls=1 #3: aten::batch_norm 11708.0μs (6%) calls=1 #4: aten::_batch_norm_impl_index 11702.0μs (6%) calls=1 #5: aten::native_batch_norm 11690.0μs (6%) calls=1 ... +13 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 11350.78 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 7431.3/3350 GB/s (100.0%) read=4984.7 write=2446.6 GB/s Hit rates: L2=384.9% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=6.8% Pipe util: FMA=144.6%, Tensor=6.8% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 269.3% Eligible warps/cycle: 5.57 Launch: regs/thread=424, smem/blk=46208B, block=1664, grid=86020 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 8439.4% #################### short_scoreboard 727.3% #################### mio_throttle 47.8% ######### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 8439% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 48.8s turn · 48.8s LLM · 11,422 chars (click to expand)
turn 548.8s turn · 48.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating activation and output** I'm thinking about how the activation function and transpose play into the cost. I need to ensure that even with batch normalization, the linear output remains consistent. The linear function returns data in row-major format, which has implications for how batch normalization works over features. I'm contemplating potential optimizations in PyTorch and how striding affects the data processing. It seems there's a lot to consider to maintain performance and consistency! **Calculating warp operations** I'm working on a task involving 32 lanes (or columns) with warp loops running over rows. Each lane is managing one column, which allows me to handle 32 contiguous floats per row in a coalesced manner. I’ll have one warp for every 32 columns, looping over B rows to accumulate sums and sum squares. This results in 4096 divided by 32, which gives me 128 warps to work with. **Considering coding adjustments** I'm thinking through the order and blocks using dim3. There's this potential with erf when using --use_fast_math for approximation. I wonder if the correctness might be similar to max 0, especially since the comparison comes after ReLU. Actually, it seems like using --use_fast_math for erff could yield similar results. Hm, I should probably go ahead and start coding version 3 to see how it all works out!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_relu_val(float z) {\n if (z <= 0.0f) return 0.0f;\n return 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void stats_warp32_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ psum,\n float* __restrict__ psq,\n int B, int C, int splits, int rows_per_split) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int split = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n int r0 = split * rows_per_split;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_split);\n float s = 0.0f;\n float q = 0.0f;\n const float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float v = *ptr;\n s += v;\n q = fmaf(v, v, q);\n ptr += C;\n }\n int out = split * C + c;\n psum[out] = s;\n psq[out] = q;\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum,\n const float* __restrict__ psq,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int B, int C, int splits, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float s = 0.0f, q = 0.0f;\n for (int sp = 0; sp < splits; ++sp) {\n int idx = sp * C + c;\n s += psum[idx];\n q += psq[idx];\n }\n float m = s / (float)B;\n float var = q / (float)B - m * m;\n var = fmaxf(var, 0.0f);\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = inv;\n running_mean[c] = running_mean[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * m;\n float unbiased = var * ((float)B / (float)(B - 1));\n running_var[c] = running_var[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n}\n\n__global__ void apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int B, int C, int rows_per_chunk) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int chunk = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float g = gamma[c];\n float be = beta[c];\n float m = mean[c];\n float inv = invstd[c];\n int r0 = chunk * rows_per_chunk;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_chunk);\n float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float z = ((*ptr - m) * inv) * g + be;\n *ptr = gelu_relu_val(z);\n ptr += C;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float z = (y[idx] - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(z);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(y[idx]);\n}\n\nvoid launch_eval(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\nvoid launch_train_custom(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n double momentum, double eps) {\n int B = (int)y.size(0);\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n const int splits = 16;\n const int rows_per_split = (B + splits - 1) / splits;\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto psum = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto psq = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto mean = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n dim3 grid_stats((C + 31) / 32, splits);\n stats_warp32_kernel<<<grid_stats, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, rows_per_split);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(C + 31) / 32, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n const int rows_per_chunk = 128;\n dim3 grid_apply((C + 31) / 32, (B + rows_per_chunk - 1) / rows_per_chunk);\n apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel<<<grid_apply, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C, rows_per_chunk);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training && y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat && y.dim() == 2 && ((int)y.size(1) % 32 == 0)) {\n launch_train_custom(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_eval(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 15.7s turn · 15.7s LLM · 10,046 chars (click to expand)
turn 615.7s turn · 15.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_relu_val(float z) {\n if (z <= 0.0f) return 0.0f;\n return 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void stats_warp32_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ psum,\n float* __restrict__ psq,\n int B, int C, int splits, int rows_per_split) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int split = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n int r0 = split * rows_per_split;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_split);\n float s = 0.0f;\n float q = 0.0f;\n const float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float v = *ptr;\n s += v;\n q = fmaf(v, v, q);\n ptr += C;\n }\n int out = split * C + c;\n psum[out] = s;\n psq[out] = q;\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum,\n const float* __restrict__ psq,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int B, int C, int splits, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float s = 0.0f, q = 0.0f;\n for (int sp = 0; sp < splits; ++sp) {\n int idx = sp * C + c;\n s += psum[idx];\n q += psq[idx];\n }\n float m = s / (float)B;\n float var = q / (float)B - m * m;\n var = fmaxf(var, 0.0f);\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = inv;\n running_mean[c] = running_mean[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * m;\n float unbiased = var * ((float)B / (float)(B - 1));\n running_var[c] = running_var[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n}\n\n__global__ void apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int B, int C, int rows_per_chunk) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int chunk = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float g = gamma[c];\n float be = beta[c];\n float m = mean[c];\n float inv = invstd[c];\n int r0 = chunk * rows_per_chunk;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_chunk);\n float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float z = ((*ptr - m) * inv) * g + be;\n *ptr = gelu_relu_val(z);\n ptr += C;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float z = (y[idx] - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(z);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(y[idx]);\n}\n\nvoid launch_eval(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\nvoid launch_train_custom(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n double momentum, double eps) {\n int B = (int)y.size(0);\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n const int splits = 16;\n const int rows_per_split = (B + splits - 1) / splits;\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto psum = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto psq = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto mean = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n dim3 grid_stats((C + 31) / 32, splits);\n stats_warp32_kernel<<<grid_stats, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, rows_per_split);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(C + 31) / 32, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n const int rows_per_chunk = 128;\n dim3 grid_apply((C + 31) / 32, (B + rows_per_chunk - 1) / rows_per_chunk);\n apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel<<<grid_apply, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C, rows_per_chunk);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training && y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat && y.dim() == 2 && ((int)y.size(1) % 32 == 0)) {\n launch_train_custom(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_eval(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.10e-05 mean_abs_err=1.90e-07 max_rel_err=3.65e+05
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 16.0s turn · 16.0s LLM · 11,745 chars (click to expand)
turn 716.0s turn · 16.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_relu_val(float z) {\n if (z <= 0.0f) return 0.0f;\n return 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void stats_warp32_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ psum,\n float* __restrict__ psq,\n int B, int C, int splits, int rows_per_split) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int split = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n int r0 = split * rows_per_split;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_split);\n float s = 0.0f;\n float q = 0.0f;\n const float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float v = *ptr;\n s += v;\n q = fmaf(v, v, q);\n ptr += C;\n }\n int out = split * C + c;\n psum[out] = s;\n psq[out] = q;\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum,\n const float* __restrict__ psq,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int B, int C, int splits, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float s = 0.0f, q = 0.0f;\n for (int sp = 0; sp < splits; ++sp) {\n int idx = sp * C + c;\n s += psum[idx];\n q += psq[idx];\n }\n float m = s / (float)B;\n float var = q / (float)B - m * m;\n var = fmaxf(var, 0.0f);\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = inv;\n running_mean[c] = running_mean[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * m;\n float unbiased = var * ((float)B / (float)(B - 1));\n running_var[c] = running_var[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n}\n\n__global__ void apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int B, int C, int rows_per_chunk) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int chunk = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float g = gamma[c];\n float be = beta[c];\n float m = mean[c];\n float inv = invstd[c];\n int r0 = chunk * rows_per_chunk;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_chunk);\n float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float z = ((*ptr - m) * inv) * g + be;\n *ptr = gelu_relu_val(z);\n ptr += C;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float z = (y[idx] - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(z);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(y[idx]);\n}\n\nvoid launch_eval(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\nvoid launch_train_custom(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n double momentum, double eps) {\n int B = (int)y.size(0);\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n const int splits = 16;\n const int rows_per_split = (B + splits - 1) / splits;\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto psum = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto psq = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto mean = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n dim3 grid_stats((C + 31) / 32, splits);\n stats_warp32_kernel<<<grid_stats, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, rows_per_split);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(C + 31) / 32, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n const int rows_per_chunk = 128;\n dim3 grid_apply((C + 31) / 32, (B + rows_per_chunk - 1) / rows_per_chunk);\n apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel<<<grid_apply, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C, rows_per_chunk);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training && y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat && y.dim() == 2 && ((int)y.size(1) % 32 == 0)) {\n launch_train_custom(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_eval(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::linear 86501.0μs (50%) calls=1 #2: aten::addmm 86332.0μs (50%) calls=1 #3: aten::t 95.0μs (0%) calls=1 #4: aten::transpose 46.0μs (0%) calls=1 #5: aten::as_strided 20.0μs (0%) calls=1 ... +4 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 11112.03 μs [↓238.8μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 5061.4/3350 GB/s (100.0%) read=4244.2 write=817.2 GB/s Hit rates: L2=188.3% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=98.2% [↑91.4% ok] Pipe util: FMA=98.2%, Tensor=2.6% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 85.3% [↓184.0% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 2.08 Launch: regs/thread=343, smem/blk=37888B, block=224, grid=22656 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 7129.4% #################### short_scoreboard 687.1% #################### mio_throttle 1.0% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 7129% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 11350.78→11112.03μs (↓238.75) ok Compute%: 6.82→98.20% (↑91.37) ok Occupancy: 269.34→85.30% (↓184.05) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 5.57→2.08 (↓3.49) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 20.00→16.00 (↓4.00) ok L2 hit%: 384.90→188.35% (↓196.56) REGRESSED
turn 8 · 1 tool call(s) · 33.4s turn · 33.4s LLM · 10,987 chars (click to expand)
turn 833.4s turn · 33.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering precision in cuBLASLt** I'm thinking about using cuBLASLt with TF32 in our extension, but I wonder if it will pass the tolerance tests compared to FP32. There's a chance it might not align with the expected outcomes. It’s important to evaluate the potential implications if it fails, as that could impact the performance and reliability of whatever we’re trying to achieve. I’ll need to dive deeper into the specifications and run some checks. **Evaluating correctness margin** I'm considering the correctness margin for v3, which is only 2%. It seems acceptable, but there might be minor differences if the state runs with running_var. The run correctness check has passed with 5. That's good! However, I wonder if there's a potential issue when using model.eval() — could it match the previous exact path? It's good that I’m checking this statically to ensure everything is in order. Let's keep an eye on it!
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_relu_val(float z) {\n if (z <= 0.0f) return 0.0f;\n return 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void stats_warp32_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ psum,\n float* __restrict__ psq,\n int B, int C, int splits, int rows_per_split) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int split = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n int r0 = split * rows_per_split;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_split);\n float s = 0.0f;\n float q = 0.0f;\n const float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float v = *ptr;\n s += v;\n q = fmaf(v, v, q);\n ptr += C;\n }\n int out = split * C + c;\n psum[out] = s;\n psq[out] = q;\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum,\n const float* __restrict__ psq,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int B, int C, int splits, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float s = 0.0f, q = 0.0f;\n for (int sp = 0; sp < splits; ++sp) {\n int idx = sp * C + c;\n s += psum[idx];\n q += psq[idx];\n }\n float m = s / (float)B;\n float var = q / (float)B - m * m;\n var = fmaxf(var, 0.0f);\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = inv;\n running_mean[c] = running_mean[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * m;\n float unbiased = var * ((float)B / (float)(B - 1));\n running_var[c] = running_var[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n}\n\n__global__ void apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int B, int C, int rows_per_chunk) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int chunk = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float g = gamma[c];\n float be = beta[c];\n float m = mean[c];\n float inv = invstd[c];\n int r0 = chunk * rows_per_chunk;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_chunk);\n float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float z = ((*ptr - m) * inv) * g + be;\n *ptr = gelu_relu_val(z);\n ptr += C;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float z = (y[idx] - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(z);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(y[idx]);\n}\n\nvoid launch_eval(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\nvoid launch_train_custom(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n double momentum, double eps) {\n int B = (int)y.size(0);\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n const int splits = 16;\n const int rows_per_split = (B + splits - 1) / splits;\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto psum = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto psq = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto mean = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n dim3 grid_stats((C + 31) / 32, splits);\n stats_warp32_kernel<<<grid_stats, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, rows_per_split);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(C + 31) / 32, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n const int rows_per_chunk = 128;\n dim3 grid_apply((C + 31) / 32, (B + rows_per_chunk - 1) / rows_per_chunk);\n apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel<<<grid_apply, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C, rows_per_chunk);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training && y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat && y.dim() == 2 && ((int)y.size(1) % 32 == 0)) {\n launch_train_custom(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_eval(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 9 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 16.0s turn · 16.0s LLM · 10,302 chars (click to expand)
turn 916.0s turn · 16.0s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cmath>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_relu_val(float z) {\n if (z <= 0.0f) return 0.0f;\n return 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * 0.70710678118654752440f));\n}\n\n__global__ void stats_warp32_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n float* __restrict__ psum,\n float* __restrict__ psq,\n int B, int C, int splits, int rows_per_split) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int split = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n int r0 = split * rows_per_split;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_split);\n float s = 0.0f;\n float q = 0.0f;\n const float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float v = *ptr;\n s += v;\n q = fmaf(v, v, q);\n ptr += C;\n }\n int out = split * C + c;\n psum[out] = s;\n psq[out] = q;\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum,\n const float* __restrict__ psq,\n float* __restrict__ mean,\n float* __restrict__ invstd,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean,\n float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int B, int C, int splits, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float s = 0.0f, q = 0.0f;\n for (int sp = 0; sp < splits; ++sp) {\n int idx = sp * C + c;\n s += psum[idx];\n q += psq[idx];\n }\n float m = s / (float)B;\n float var = q / (float)B - m * m;\n var = fmaxf(var, 0.0f);\n float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n mean[c] = m;\n invstd[c] = inv;\n running_mean[c] = running_mean[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * m;\n float unbiased = var * ((float)B / (float)(B - 1));\n running_var[c] = running_var[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n}\n\n__global__ void apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int B, int C, int rows_per_chunk) {\n int tile = blockIdx.x;\n int chunk = blockIdx.y;\n int lane = threadIdx.x;\n int c = tile * 32 + lane;\n if (c >= C) return;\n float g = gamma[c];\n float be = beta[c];\n float m = mean[c];\n float inv = invstd[c];\n int r0 = chunk * rows_per_chunk;\n int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_chunk);\n float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;\n for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {\n float z = ((*ptr - m) * inv) * g + be;\n *ptr = gelu_relu_val(z);\n ptr += C;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ var,\n int64_t total, int C, float eps) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);\n float z = (y[idx] - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(z);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(y[idx]);\n}\n\nvoid launch_eval(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),\n mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {\n int64_t total = y.numel(); int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);\n gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n}\n\nvoid launch_train_custom(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n double momentum, double eps) {\n int B = (int)y.size(0);\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n const int splits = 16;\n const int rows_per_split = (B + splits - 1) / splits;\n auto opts = y.options();\n auto psum = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto psq = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);\n auto mean = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n auto invstd = torch::empty({C}, opts);\n dim3 grid_stats((C + 31) / 32, splits);\n stats_warp32_kernel<<<grid_stats, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, rows_per_split);\n finalize_stats_kernel<<<(C + 31) / 32, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n const int rows_per_chunk = 128;\n dim3 grid_apply((C + 31) / 32, (B + rows_per_chunk - 1) / rows_per_chunk);\n apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel<<<grid_apply, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),\n B, C, rows_per_chunk);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,\n torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);\n if (training && y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat && y.dim() == 2 && ((int)y.size(1) % 32 == 0)) {\n launch_train_custom(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else if (training) {\n y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);\n launch_gelu(y);\n } else {\n launch_eval(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v3',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['fused_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n mom = self.batch_norm.momentum\n if mom is None:\n mom = 0.1\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,\n self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,\n self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 11.20 μs Runtime stats: mean=11.20μs median=?μs std=0.08μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=5.10e-05 mean_abs_err=1.90e-07 max_rel_err=3.65e+05 Memory: 673.69 MB peak (ref: 933.19 MB, ratio: 0.7219x) Kernel launches: 9 (ref: 22, fusion ratio: 2.4444) Energy: 8408.62 mJ/run (ref: 8265.7 mJ, ratio: 0.983x) SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (205 lines, 8,774 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,
                            torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,
                            torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,
                            bool training, double momentum, double eps);
'''

_cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/ATen.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cmath>

__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_relu_val(float z) {
    if (z <= 0.0f) return 0.0f;
    return 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * 0.70710678118654752440f));
}

__global__ void stats_warp32_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,
                                    float* __restrict__ psum,
                                    float* __restrict__ psq,
                                    int B, int C, int splits, int rows_per_split) {
    int tile = blockIdx.x;
    int split = blockIdx.y;
    int lane = threadIdx.x;
    int c = tile * 32 + lane;
    if (c >= C) return;
    int r0 = split * rows_per_split;
    int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_split);
    float s = 0.0f;
    float q = 0.0f;
    const float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;
    for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {
        float v = *ptr;
        s += v;
        q = fmaf(v, v, q);
        ptr += C;
    }
    int out = split * C + c;
    psum[out] = s;
    psq[out] = q;
}

__global__ void finalize_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ psum,
                                      const float* __restrict__ psq,
                                      float* __restrict__ mean,
                                      float* __restrict__ invstd,
                                      float* __restrict__ running_mean,
                                      float* __restrict__ running_var,
                                      int B, int C, int splits, float momentum, float eps) {
    int tile = blockIdx.x;
    int lane = threadIdx.x;
    int c = tile * 32 + lane;
    if (c >= C) return;
    float s = 0.0f, q = 0.0f;
    for (int sp = 0; sp < splits; ++sp) {
        int idx = sp * C + c;
        s += psum[idx];
        q += psq[idx];
    }
    float m = s / (float)B;
    float var = q / (float)B - m * m;
    var = fmaxf(var, 0.0f);
    float inv = rsqrtf(var + eps);
    mean[c] = m;
    invstd[c] = inv;
    running_mean[c] = running_mean[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * m;
    float unbiased = var * ((float)B / (float)(B - 1));
    running_var[c] = running_var[c] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;
}

__global__ void apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,
                                           const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                                           const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                           const float* __restrict__ mean,
                                           const float* __restrict__ invstd,
                                           int B, int C, int rows_per_chunk) {
    int tile = blockIdx.x;
    int chunk = blockIdx.y;
    int lane = threadIdx.x;
    int c = tile * 32 + lane;
    if (c >= C) return;
    float g = gamma[c];
    float be = beta[c];
    float m = mean[c];
    float inv = invstd[c];
    int r0 = chunk * rows_per_chunk;
    int r1 = min(B, r0 + rows_per_chunk);
    float* ptr = y + (int64_t)r0 * C + c;
    for (int r = r0; r < r1; ++r) {
        float z = ((*ptr - m) * inv) * g + be;
        *ptr = gelu_relu_val(z);
        ptr += C;
    }
}

__global__ void bn_gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,
                                    const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                                    const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                    const float* __restrict__ mean,
                                    const float* __restrict__ var,
                                    int64_t total, int C, float eps) {
    int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {
        int c = (C == 4096) ? (int)(idx & 4095) : (int)(idx % C);
        float z = (y[idx] - mean[c]) * rsqrtf(var[c] + eps) * gamma[c] + beta[c];
        y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(z);
    }
}

__global__ void gelu_relu_kernel(float* __restrict__ y, int64_t total) {
    int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int64_t stride = (int64_t)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    for (; idx < total; idx += stride) y[idx] = gelu_relu_val(y[idx]);
}

void launch_eval(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,
                    torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor var, double eps) {
    int64_t total = y.numel(); int C = (int)y.size(1);
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);
    bn_gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(),
        mean.data_ptr<float>(), var.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, (float)eps);
}

void launch_gelu(torch::Tensor y) {
    int64_t total = y.numel(); int threads = 256;
    int blocks = (int)std::min<int64_t>((total + threads - 1) / threads, 65535);
    gelu_relu_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), total);
}

void launch_train_custom(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta,
                         torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,
                         double momentum, double eps) {
    int B = (int)y.size(0);
    int C = (int)y.size(1);
    const int splits = 16;
    const int rows_per_split = (B + splits - 1) / splits;
    auto opts = y.options();
    auto psum = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);
    auto psq = torch::empty({splits, C}, opts);
    auto mean = torch::empty({C}, opts);
    auto invstd = torch::empty({C}, opts);
    dim3 grid_stats((C + 31) / 32, splits);
    stats_warp32_kernel<<<grid_stats, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        y.data_ptr<float>(), psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, rows_per_split);
    finalize_stats_kernel<<<(C + 31) / 32, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        psum.data_ptr<float>(), psq.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),
        running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, splits, (float)momentum, (float)eps);
    const int rows_per_chunk = 128;
    dim3 grid_apply((C + 31) / 32, (B + rows_per_chunk - 1) / rows_per_chunk);
    apply_train_bn_gelu_kernel<<<grid_apply, 32, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        y.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(),
        B, C, rows_per_chunk);
}

torch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor w, torch::Tensor linear_bias,
                            torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,
                            torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,
                            bool training, double momentum, double eps) {
    auto y = at::linear(x, w, linear_bias);
    if (training && y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat && y.dim() == 2 && ((int)y.size(1) % 32 == 0)) {
        launch_train_custom(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);
    } else if (training) {
        y = at::batch_norm(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, true, momentum, eps, true);
        launch_gelu(y);
    } else {
        launch_eval(y, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);
    }
    return y;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='fused_linear_bn_gelu_relu_ext_v3',
                   cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
                   cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
                   functions=['fused_forward'],
                   extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],
                   extra_cflags=['-O3'],
                   verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features)

    def forward(self, x):
        mom = self.batch_norm.momentum
        if mom is None:
            mom = 0.1
        return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias,
                                  self.batch_norm.weight, self.batch_norm.bias,
                                  self.batch_norm.running_mean, self.batch_norm.running_var,
                                  self.training, float(mom), float(self.batch_norm.eps))