gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 33_Gemm_Scale_BatchNorm.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
10 / 15
tool calls
10
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
2.72 μs
ref runtime
2.77 μs
speedup
1.02x
started
2026-05-04T04:57:34Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
2.72 μs
ref runtime
2.77 μs
speedup
1.02x
kernel mean / median / std
2.72 / — / 0.01 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.77 / — / 0.01 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
3.67e-05
mean abs error
2.19e-07
max rel error
333449.31
mean rel error
0.01
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
641.38 MB
ref peak
641.44 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
7
ref launches
15
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
2.14x
total cuda time
5628 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
1207.66
ref mJ / run
1230.66
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.02x
avg power
443.04 W
ref avg power
444.91 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.873
dram util %
60.6%
compute util %
87.2%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
2031.27 GB/s
dram util %
60.6%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
36.1%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
87.2%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
129.0%
ld sectors / req
8.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
286
smem / block
38144 B
block size
384
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
3450.8%
short_scoreboard
44.9%
mio_throttle
1.0%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a GEMM (general matrix multiplication), applies scaling, 
    and then batch normalization.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.gemm(x)
        x = x * self.scale
        x = self.bn(x)
        return x

batch_size = 1024
in_features = 8192
out_features = 8192
scale_shape = (out_features,)

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_features)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features, scale_shape]
turn 012.3s turn · 12.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating model crafting** I need to work on crafting ModelNew. I'm wondering if I should evaluate whether it copies weights from the original model. Usually, I instantiate ModelNew and load the state dict. I need to define functions like gemm, scale, and batch normalization with consistent names. I should consider the requirements, like ensuring the operations are executed in training mode, especially with large batches. Using cuBLAS might be faster for GEMM, but writing custom implementations could be challenging. I might need to leverage PyTorch's capabilities to optimize the process. **Considering speed optimizations** I find that the speedup here is modest. I really need something faster than the reference implementation that uses GEMM with separate scaling and batch normalization (BN). Using PyTorch's matmul, potentially with cuBLAS, might help, along with a fused scale and BN kernel. I can call the torch::linear function from C++ to simplify things. During training, I need to handle statistics carefully since BN computes mean and variance over each batch. I also have to ensure I'm aware of the model's mode to update states accurately. **Defining tolerance levels** I need to implement just the right amount of tolerance here. It’s important to strike a balance that ensures everything functions without causing issues. Too little tolerance could lead to errors or system failures, while too much might create unintended consequences. I’ll have to consider the specific requirements for the task at hand and what margins are acceptable. This careful calibration is essential for smooth operations, so I need to be precise in my approach!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 43.0s turn · 43.0s LLM · 9,393 chars (click to expand)
turn 143.0s turn · 43.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Avoiding pybind module** I'm realizing I need to steer clear of the pybind module for this task. I’m considering using cpp_sources that contain the necessary declarations. It seems like I might want to focus on functions like "forward_cuda" to ensure everything is set up properly. It's a bit of a puzzle figuring out how best to approach this, but I’m determined to get it right! Let's see how it all comes together. **Evaluating normalization approach** I'm considering using M as a variable in a multiple context. Maybe a loop could work here. I think normalizing the kernel might provide a simple and contiguous solution. It's interesting to explore how different variables can interact in this process and how they could affect outcomes. I want to ensure that my approach is clear and effective for whatever task comes next! Let's keep everything straightforward and functional.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n auto mean = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n auto invstd = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n bn_stats_launcher(z, scale, running_mean, running_var, mean, invstd, momentum, eps);\n bn_train_norm_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, mean, invstd);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n float y = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps);\n out[idx] = y * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_train_norm_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - mean[j]) * invstd[j] * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n// block: (32,8), one block computes statistics for 32 contiguous columns.\n__global__ void bn_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n float* __restrict__ mean, float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x; // feature within tile, 0..31\n int ty = threadIdx.y; // row-stripe, 0..7\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f, sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n mean[j] = my;\n invstd[j] = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_stats_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n z.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_train_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,\n self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,\n bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 2 · 1 tool call(s) · 11.8s turn · 11.8s LLM · 8,250 chars (click to expand)
turn 211.8s turn · 11.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n auto mean = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n auto invstd = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n bn_stats_launcher(z, scale, running_mean, running_var, mean, invstd, momentum, eps);\n bn_train_norm_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, mean, invstd);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n float y = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps);\n out[idx] = y * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_train_norm_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - mean[j]) * invstd[j] * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n float* __restrict__ mean, float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f, sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n mean[j] = my;\n invstd[j] = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_stats_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_train_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale, self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var, bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.67e-05 mean_abs_err=2.19e-07 max_rel_err=3.33e+05
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.6s turn · 10.6s LLM · 7,346 chars (click to expand)
turn 310.6s turn · 10.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd);\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n auto mean = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n auto invstd = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n bn_stats_launcher(z, scale, running_mean, running_var, mean, invstd, momentum, eps);\n bn_train_norm_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, mean, invstd);\n } else { bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps); }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(;idx<total;idx+=stride){int j=idx%N; float v=z[idx]*scale[j]; float y=(v-rmean[j])*rsqrtf(rvar[j]+eps); out[idx]=y*gamma[j]+beta[j];}}\n__global__ void bn_train_norm_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ mean,const float* __restrict__ invstd, int total, int N) {int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(;idx<total;idx+=stride){int j=idx%N; float v=z[idx]*scale[j]; out[idx]=(v-mean[j])*invstd[j]*gamma[j]+beta[j];}}\n__global__ void bn_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, const float* __restrict__ scale,float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,float* __restrict__ mean, float* __restrict__ invstd,int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {int tx=threadIdx.x; int ty=threadIdx.y; int j=blockIdx.x*32+tx; __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32]; __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32]; float s=0.0f, ss=0.0f; if(j<N){for(int r=ty;r<M;r+=8){float v=z[r*N+j]; s+=v; ss+=v*v;}} sh_sum[ty][tx]=s; sh_sumsq[ty][tx]=ss; __syncthreads(); if(ty==0&&j<N){float sum=0.0f,sumsq=0.0f; #pragma unroll\nfor(int k=0;k<8;++k){sum+=sh_sum[k][tx]; sumsq+=sh_sumsq[k][tx];} float invM=1.0f/(float)M; float mz=sum*invM; float varz=sumsq*invM-mz*mz; varz=fmaxf(varz,0.0f); float sc=scale[j]; float my=mz*sc; float vary=varz*sc*sc; mean[j]=my; invstd[j]=rsqrtf(vary+eps); float unbiased=(M>1)?(vary*((float)M/(float)(M-1))):0.0f; running_mean[j]=running_mean[j]*(1.0f-momentum)+momentum*my; running_var[j]=running_var[j]*(1.0f-momentum)+momentum*unbiased;}}\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps){int M=(int)z.size(0),N=(int)z.size(1); int total=M*N; int threads=256; int blocks=min((total+threads-1)/threads,32768); bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),bn_w.data_ptr<float>(),bn_b.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),total,N,(float)eps);} \nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps){int M=(int)z.size(0),N=(int)z.size(1); dim3 threads(32,8); dim3 blocks((N+31)/32); bn_stats_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),mean.data_ptr<float>(),invstd.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,(float)momentum,(float)eps);} \nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd){int M=(int)z.size(0),N=(int)z.size(1); int total=M*N; int threads=256; int blocks=min((total+threads-1)/threads,32768); bn_train_norm_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),bn_w.data_ptr<float>(),bn_b.data_ptr<float>(),mean.data_ptr<float>(),invstd.data_ptr<float>(),total,N);} \n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v1prof', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources, functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super().__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape)); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=eps,momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.scale,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,bool(self.bn.training),float(self.bn.momentum),float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (fail)
failprofile_kernel profile_kernel FAILED: worker exited with code 1. _EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_33_cache/k_a2455b31a687/gemm_scale_bn_ext_v1prof/main.cpp -o main.o ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 13.6s turn · 13.6s LLM · 10,347 chars (click to expand)
turn 413.6s turn · 13.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing code compilation** I'm running into a problem where the profile failed to compile due to an inline pragma in a compressed string. That seems irrelevant, but I wonder if I should use the original full code instead. Maybe I'll try submitting it as is, but I also want to optimize it. Should I get the timing hidden? It makes sense to profile the original version for better results. I need to figure this out!
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n auto mean = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n auto invstd = torch::empty({z.size(1)}, z.options());\n bn_stats_launcher(z, scale, running_mean, running_var, mean, invstd, momentum, eps);\n bn_train_norm_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, mean, invstd);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n float y = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps);\n out[idx] = y * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_train_norm_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ mean,\n const float* __restrict__ invstd, int total, int N) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - mean[j]) * invstd[j] * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_stats_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, const float* __restrict__ scale,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n float* __restrict__ mean, float* __restrict__ invstd,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f, sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n mean[j] = my;\n invstd[j] = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_stats_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_stats_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n z.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_train_norm_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor mean, torch::Tensor invstd) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_train_norm_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), mean.data_ptr<float>(), invstd.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v1p2', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,\n self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,\n bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::linear 72622.0μs (50%) calls=1 #2: aten::addmm 72470.0μs (50%) calls=1 #3: aten::t 88.0μs (0%) calls=1 #4: aten::transpose 47.0μs (0%) calls=1 #5: aten::as_strided 17.0μs (0%) calls=1 ... +4 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 2732.32 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 3224.8/3350 GB/s (96.3%) read=2736.1 write=488.6 GB/s Hit rates: L2=156.4% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=108.8% Pipe util: FMA=108.8%, Tensor=1.2% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 93.7% Eligible warps/cycle: 2.98 Launch: regs/thread=326, smem/blk=38912B, block=640, grid=33536 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 12.00 sectors/req (12.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 3957.9% #################### short_scoreboard 177.8% #################### mio_throttle 44.5% ######## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 3958% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=12.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=12.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 12x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 25.4s turn · 25.4s LLM · 8,775 chars (click to expand)
turn 525.4s turn · 25.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating kernel optimization** I’m considering the efficiency of a statistical kernel operation, wondering if I can combine the stats and normalization processes into one kernel to save time. I need a global mean for all rows before normalizing, but I think I can handle it within the same block. By optimizing for 32 columns, I can eliminate the need for separate kernel launches, which would streamline the process. It feels like this could be a solid improvement in performance. **Refining output handling** I'm pondering the output organization for the stats kernel and whether separate arrays are truly necessary, except maybe for the mean. It seems feasible to write the output directly in the stats kernel after reduction. Each block handles 32 features, and with 256 blocks, that’ll lead to a substantial amount of coalesced data—32,768 elements in total. A single block can loop over all rows for the tile with 8 warps, which I think should work fine. **Considering processing efficiency** I'm evaluating the process after z, where each element loads six vectors. I wonder if I could precompute things like scale times gamma times rsqrt for each forward pass. Would applying a kernel per N work better? For evaluation, maybe a simple elementwise approach is sufficient. I might need to rely on harnessing for training. I should also check v2 for correctness and profile it before submitting.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n bn_train_fused_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps) * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n// block (32,8): one tile of 32 features. Coalesced row-major reductions and normalization.\n__global__ void bn_train_fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_mean[32];\n __shared__ float sh_inv[32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n float inv = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n sh_mean[tx] = my;\n sh_inv[tx] = inv;\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (j < N) {\n float sc = scale[j];\n float g = gamma[j];\n float b = beta[j];\n float my = sh_mean[tx];\n float inv = sh_inv[tx];\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n int idx = r * N + j;\n float v = z[idx] * sc;\n out[idx] = (v - my) * inv * g + b;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_train_fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,\n self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,\n bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 13.2s turn · 13.2s LLM · 7,279 chars (click to expand)
turn 613.2s turn · 13.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n bn_train_fused_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps) * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_train_fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_mean[32];\n __shared__ float sh_inv[32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n float inv = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n sh_mean[tx] = my;\n sh_inv[tx] = inv;\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (j < N) {\n float sc = scale[j];\n float g = gamma[j];\n float b = beta[j];\n float my = sh_mean[tx];\n float inv = sh_inv[tx];\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n int idx = r * N + j;\n float v = z[idx] * sc;\n out[idx] = (v - my) * inv * g + b;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_train_fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,\n self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,\n bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.67e-05 mean_abs_err=2.19e-07 max_rel_err=3.33e+05
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.1s turn · 10.1s LLM · 9,278 chars (click to expand)
turn 710.1s turn · 10.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering profile updates** I think I might need to update my profile to version 2. There might be additional features or enhancements that could benefit me in providing better support. I wonder what specific improvements or changes are in the newer version, and if they align with the user's needs. It’s always interesting to consider how updates can make me more effective and helpful! I'll look into this further.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps);\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) bn_train_fused_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n else bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps) * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n__global__ void bn_train_fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_mean[32];\n __shared__ float sh_inv[32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) { sum += sh_sum[k][tx]; sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx]; }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n float inv = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n sh_mean[tx] = my;\n sh_inv[tx] = inv;\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (j < N) {\n float sc = scale[j], g = gamma[j], b = beta[j], my = sh_mean[tx], inv = sh_inv[tx];\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n int idx = r * N + j;\n out[idx] = (z[idx] * sc - my) * inv * g + b;\n }\n }\n}\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M=(int)z.size(0), N=(int)z.size(1), total=M*N, threads=256;\n int blocks=min((total+threads-1)/threads,32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),bn_w.data_ptr<float>(),bn_b.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),total,N,(float)eps);\n}\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M=(int)z.size(0), N=(int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32,8); dim3 blocks((N+31)/32);\n bn_train_fused_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),scale.data_ptr<float>(),bn_w.data_ptr<float>(),bn_b.data_ptr<float>(),running_mean.data_ptr<float>(),running_var.data_ptr<float>(),M,N,(float)momentum,(float)eps);\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_v2p', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources, functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super().__init__(); self.gemm=nn.Linear(in_features,out_features); self.scale=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape)); self.bn=nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features,eps=eps,momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x,self.gemm.weight,self.gemm.bias,self.scale,self.bn.weight,self.bn.bias,self.bn.running_mean,self.bn.running_var,bool(self.bn.training),float(self.bn.momentum),float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::linear 73512.0μs (50%) calls=1 #2: aten::addmm 73358.0μs (50%) calls=1 #3: aten::t 85.0μs (0%) calls=1 #4: aten::transpose 45.0μs (0%) calls=1 #5: aten::as_strided 18.0μs (0%) calls=1 ... +2 more kernels --- Timing --- GPU time: 2709.22 μs [↓23.1μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1998.9/3350 GB/s (59.7%) [↓36.6% REGRESSED] read=1586.9 write=412.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=131.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=87.0% [↓21.8% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=87.0%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 36.0% [↓57.7% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 1.62 Launch: regs/thread=286, smem/blk=38144B, block=384, grid=768 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 8.00 sectors/req (8.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 3438.6% #################### short_scoreboard 44.9% ######## mio_throttle 1.0% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 3439% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=8.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=8.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 8x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 2732.32→2709.22μs (↓23.10) ok DRAM BW%: 96.26→59.67% (↓36.59) REGRESSED Compute%: 108.84→87.04% (↓21.79) REGRESSED Occupancy: 93.71→35.97% (↓57.73) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 2.98→1.62 (↓1.36) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 12.00→8.00 (↓4.00) ok L2 hit%: 156.41→131.48% (↓24.93) REGRESSED
turn 8 · 1 tool call(s) · 24.3s turn · 24.3s LLM · 7,723 chars (click to expand)
turn 824.3s turn · 24.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Finalizing code submission** I'm working on the reference scale to create an intermediate `bn` output while maintaining a lower allocation. That's good! I think I should use `torch.empty_like(z)` after `z`, but wait, I'm doubting that approach now. I definitely need to produce the final full code version 2 for this project. Before submitting it, I should run a static check to ensure everything is correct. Then I can go ahead and submit it!
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n bn_train_fused_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps) * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_train_fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_mean[32];\n __shared__ float sh_inv[32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n float inv = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n sh_mean[tx] = my;\n sh_inv[tx] = inv;\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (j < N) {\n float sc = scale[j];\n float g = gamma[j];\n float b = beta[j];\n float my = sh_mean[tx];\n float inv = sh_inv[tx];\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n int idx = r * N + j;\n float v = z[idx] * sc;\n out[idx] = (v - my) * inv * g + b;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_train_fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,\n self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,\n bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 9 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 11.7s turn · 11.7s LLM · 7,540 chars (click to expand)
turn 911.7s turn · 11.7s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps);\n\ntorch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,\n torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,\n bool training, double momentum, double eps) {\n auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);\n auto out = torch::empty_like(z);\n if (training) {\n bn_train_fused_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);\n } else {\n bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);\n }\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/types.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,\n const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int j = idx % N;\n float v = z[idx] * scale[j];\n out[idx] = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps) * gamma[j] + beta[j];\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bn_train_fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,\n const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,\n int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;\n __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];\n __shared__ float sh_mean[32];\n __shared__ float sh_inv[32];\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n if (j < N) {\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n float v = z[r * N + j];\n s += v;\n ss += v * v;\n }\n }\n sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;\n sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;\n __syncthreads();\n if (ty == 0 && j < N) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n float sumsq = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {\n sum += sh_sum[k][tx];\n sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];\n }\n float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;\n float mz = sum * invM;\n float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;\n varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);\n float sc = scale[j];\n float my = mz * sc;\n float vary = varz * sc * sc;\n float inv = rsqrtf(vary + eps);\n sh_mean[tx] = my;\n sh_inv[tx] = inv;\n float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;\n running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;\n running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n if (j < N) {\n float sc = scale[j];\n float g = gamma[j];\n float b = beta[j];\n float my = sh_mean[tx];\n float inv = sh_inv[tx];\n for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {\n int idx = r * N + j;\n float v = z[idx] * sc;\n out[idx] = (v - my) * inv * g + b;\n }\n }\n}\n\nvoid bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n int total = M * N;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);\n bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);\n}\n\nvoid bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps) {\n int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);\n dim3 threads(32, 8);\n dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);\n bn_train_fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))\n self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,\n self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,\n bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 2.72 μs Runtime stats: mean=2.72μs median=?μs std=0.01μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.67e-05 mean_abs_err=2.19e-07 max_rel_err=3.33e+05 Memory: 641.38 MB peak (ref: 641.44 MB, ratio: 0.9999x) Kernel launches: 7 (ref: 15, fusion ratio: 2.1429) Energy: 1207.66 mJ/run (ref: 1230.66 mJ, ratio: 1.019x) SOL score: 0.8725
final submitted kernel (134 lines, 6,228 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_sources = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
void bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps);
void bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps);

torch::Tensor forward_cuda(torch::Tensor input, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
                           torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b,
                           torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var,
                           bool training, double momentum, double eps) {
    auto z = at::linear(input, weight, bias);
    auto out = torch::empty_like(z);
    if (training) {
        bn_train_fused_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, momentum, eps);
    } else {
        bn_eval_launcher(z, out, scale, bn_w, bn_b, running_mean, running_var, eps);
    }
    return out;
}
'''

cuda_sources = r'''
#include <torch/types.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void bn_eval_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,
                               const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                               const float* __restrict__ beta, const float* __restrict__ rmean,
                               const float* __restrict__ rvar, int total, int N, float eps) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {
        int j = idx % N;
        float v = z[idx] * scale[j];
        out[idx] = (v - rmean[j]) * rsqrtf(rvar[j] + eps) * gamma[j] + beta[j];
    }
}

__global__ void bn_train_fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ z, float* __restrict__ out,
                                      const float* __restrict__ scale, const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                                      const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                      float* __restrict__ running_mean, float* __restrict__ running_var,
                                      int M, int N, float momentum, float eps) {
    int tx = threadIdx.x;
    int ty = threadIdx.y;
    int j = blockIdx.x * 32 + tx;
    __shared__ float sh_sum[8][32];
    __shared__ float sh_sumsq[8][32];
    __shared__ float sh_mean[32];
    __shared__ float sh_inv[32];
    float s = 0.0f;
    float ss = 0.0f;
    if (j < N) {
        for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {
            float v = z[r * N + j];
            s += v;
            ss += v * v;
        }
    }
    sh_sum[ty][tx] = s;
    sh_sumsq[ty][tx] = ss;
    __syncthreads();
    if (ty == 0 && j < N) {
        float sum = 0.0f;
        float sumsq = 0.0f;
        #pragma unroll
        for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {
            sum += sh_sum[k][tx];
            sumsq += sh_sumsq[k][tx];
        }
        float invM = 1.0f / (float)M;
        float mz = sum * invM;
        float varz = sumsq * invM - mz * mz;
        varz = fmaxf(varz, 0.0f);
        float sc = scale[j];
        float my = mz * sc;
        float vary = varz * sc * sc;
        float inv = rsqrtf(vary + eps);
        sh_mean[tx] = my;
        sh_inv[tx] = inv;
        float unbiased = (M > 1) ? (vary * ((float)M / (float)(M - 1))) : 0.0f;
        running_mean[j] = running_mean[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * my;
        running_var[j] = running_var[j] * (1.0f - momentum) + momentum * unbiased;
    }
    __syncthreads();
    if (j < N) {
        float sc = scale[j];
        float g = gamma[j];
        float b = beta[j];
        float my = sh_mean[tx];
        float inv = sh_inv[tx];
        for (int r = ty; r < M; r += 8) {
            int idx = r * N + j;
            float v = z[idx] * sc;
            out[idx] = (v - my) * inv * g + b;
        }
    }
}

void bn_eval_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double eps) {
    int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);
    int total = M * N;
    int threads = 256;
    int blocks = min((total + threads - 1) / threads, 32768);
    bn_eval_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), total, N, (float)eps);
}

void bn_train_fused_launcher(torch::Tensor z, torch::Tensor out, torch::Tensor scale, torch::Tensor bn_w, torch::Tensor bn_b, torch::Tensor running_mean, torch::Tensor running_var, double momentum, double eps) {
    int M = (int)z.size(0), N = (int)z.size(1);
    dim3 threads(32, 8);
    dim3 blocks((N + 31) / 32);
    bn_train_fused_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(z.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), scale.data_ptr<float>(), bn_w.data_ptr<float>(), bn_b.data_ptr<float>(), running_mean.data_ptr<float>(), running_var.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)momentum, (float)eps);
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='gemm_scale_bn_ext_final', cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,
                   functions=['forward_cuda'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scale_shape, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.1):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(scale_shape))
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(out_features, eps=eps, momentum=momentum)
    def forward(self, x):
        return _ext.forward_cuda(x, self.gemm.weight, self.gemm.bias, self.scale,
                                 self.bn.weight, self.bn.bias, self.bn.running_mean, self.bn.running_var,
                                 bool(self.bn.training), float(self.bn.momentum), float(self.bn.eps))