correct
32_Conv2d_Scaling_Min.py
started
2026-05-04T04:27:54Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
4.83 / — / 0.07 μs
ref mean / median / std
7.92 / — / 0.02 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.80x
energyNVML (pynvml)
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.33x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
6674.01 GB/s
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
Model that performs a convolution, scales the output, and then applies a minimum operation.
"""
def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):
super(Model, self).__init__()
self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
self.scale_factor = scale_factor
def forward(self, x):
"""
Args:
x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_channels, height, width).
Returns:
torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size, out_channels, height, width).
"""
x = self.conv(x)
x = x * self.scale_factor
x = torch.min(x, dim=1, keepdim=True)[0] # Minimum along channel dimension
return x
batch_size = 64
in_channels = 64
out_channels = 128
height = width = 256
kernel_size = 3
scale_factor = 2.0
def get_inputs():
return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]
def get_init_inputs():
return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor]turn 09.1s turn · 9.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 115.5s turn · 15.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void scale_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = (n * C * HW) + s;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), \"x must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, \"x must be float32\");\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n const int64_t N = xc.size(0);\n const int64_t C = xc.size(1);\n const int64_t H = xc.size(2);\n const int64_t W = xc.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty({N, 1, H, W}, xc.options());\n int total = (int)(N * H * W);\n int HW = (int)(H * W);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n scale_min_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor = scale_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 25.0s turn · 5.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void scale_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = (n * C * HW) + s;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), \"x must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, \"x must be float32\");\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n const int64_t N = xc.size(0);\n const int64_t C = xc.size(1);\n const int64_t H = xc.size(2);\n const int64_t W = xc.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty({N, 1, H, W}, xc.options());\n int total = (int)(N * H * W);\n int HW = (int)(H * W);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n scale_min_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor = scale_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 35.1s turn · 5.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void scale_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = (n * C * HW) + s;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n const int64_t N = xc.size(0);\n const int64_t C = xc.size(1);\n const int64_t H = xc.size(2);\n const int64_t W = xc.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty({N, 1, H, W}, xc.options());\n int total = (int)(N * H * W);\n int HW = (int)(H * W);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n scale_min_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_v1p\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor = scale_factor\n def forward(self, x):\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::conv2d 131418.0μs (25%) calls=1
#2: aten::convolution 131370.0μs (25%) calls=1
#3: aten::_convolution 131331.0μs (25%) calls=1
#4: aten::cudnn_convolution 120423.0μs (23%) calls=1
#5: aten::add_ 9990.0μs (2%) calls=1
... +3 more kernels
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 6395.42 μs
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 9142.5/3350 GB/s (100.0%)
read=5888.8 write=3253.7 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=288.0%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=64.8%
Pipe util: FMA=45.2%, Tensor=64.8%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 311.8%
Eligible warps/cycle: 2.84
Launch: regs/thread=337, smem/blk=79104B, block=1024, grid=2375299
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 29.00 sectors/req (29.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 16744.5% ####################
short_scoreboard 360.0% ####################
mio_throttle 71.8% ##############
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 16744% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=29.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=29.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 29x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 414.1s turn · 14.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating weight handling in load_state_dict**
I’m thinking about how the function load_state_dict works, especially in terms of weights maintaining strides. It seems like it should copy into the existing parameter while preserving the memory format. My best guess would be a “yes” to that. Also, I’m considering using x.contiguous with memory_format set to torch.channels_last, which makes me wonder how that will affect the performance. There’s a lot to unpack here!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void scale_min_cl_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int HW = H * W;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = (n * HW + s) * C;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\n__global__ void scale_min_nchw_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), \"x must CUDA\");\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, x.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W); int threads=256; int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if (x.stride(1)==1) {\n scale_min_cl_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, (int)H, (int)W, (float)scale);\n } else {\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n scale_min_nchw_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, (int)(H*W), (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_cl1\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.conv.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n x = x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 56.7s turn · 6.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void scale_min_cl_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int HW = H * W;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = (n * HW + s) * C;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\n__global__ void scale_min_nchw_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), \"x must CUDA\");\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, x.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W); int threads=256; int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if (x.stride(1)==1) {\n scale_min_cl_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, (int)H, (int)W, (float)scale);\n } else {\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n scale_min_nchw_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, (int)(H*W), (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_cl1c\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.conv.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n x = x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=9.55e-05 mean_abs_err=2.06e-06 max_rel_err=6.77e-05
turn 66.2s turn · 6.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void scale_min_cl_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int H, int W, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int HW = H * W;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = (n * HW + s) * C;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\n__global__ void scale_min_nchw_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n float mn = x[base] * scale;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] * scale;\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, x.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W); int threads=256; int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if (x.stride(1)==1) {\n scale_min_cl_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, (int)H, (int)W, (float)scale);\n } else {\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n scale_min_nchw_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, (int)(H*W), (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_cl1p\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.conv.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n x = x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n y = self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::conv2d 116006.0μs (22%) calls=1
#2: aten::convolution 116000.0μs (22%) calls=1
#3: aten::_convolution 115993.0μs (22%) calls=1
#4: aten::cudnn_convolution 108231.0μs (21%) calls=1
#5: aten::contiguous 16877.0μs (3%) calls=1
... +8 more kernels
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 6594.53 μs [↑199.1μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 7809.2/3350 GB/s (100.0%)
read=4417.9 write=3391.3 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=267.8%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=91.7% [↑26.9% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=27.3%, Tensor=91.7%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 286.9% [↓24.9% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 1.82
Launch: regs/thread=221, smem/blk=235520B, block=896, grid=3129337
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 68.00 sectors/req (68.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 38911.3% ####################
short_scoreboard 291.4% ####################
mio_throttle 70.9% ##############
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 38911% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=68.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=68.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 68x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 6395.42→6594.53μs (↑199.10) REGRESSED
Compute%: 64.76→91.71% (↑26.95) ok
Occupancy: 311.78→286.91% (↓24.87) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 2.84→1.82 (↓1.02) REGRESSED
Ld sectors/req: 29.00→68.00 (↑39.00) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 288.04→267.75% (↓20.29) REGRESSED
turn 714.4s turn · 14.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering kernel creation**
I'm looking at creating a specialized kernel with a C known. The out_channels constructor is fixed at 128, but it seems it could be made more general. If C is equal to 128, I’d launch scale_min_nchw_c128 for scaling, ensuring it’s positive. I think refining this could lead to better results, especially in terms of flexibility, but I need to double-check my assumptions as I progress. There's a lot to think about here.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void min_nchw_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n float val = x[base];\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = val;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = val;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void min_nchw_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W);\n int threads=256, blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) {\n min_nchw_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n } else {\n min_nchw_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 86.0s turn · 6.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void min_nchw_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void min_nchw_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W);\n int threads=256, blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) {\n min_nchw_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n } else {\n min_nchw_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_v2c\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 97.9s turn · 7.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void min_nchw_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void min_nchw_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W);\n int threads=256, blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) {\n min_nchw_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n } else {\n min_nchw_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scale_min_ext_v2p\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=self.conv(x)\n return _ext.scale_min_forward(y, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::conv2d 125588.0μs (25%) calls=1
#2: aten::convolution 125545.0μs (25%) calls=1
#3: aten::_convolution 125494.0μs (25%) calls=1
#4: aten::cudnn_convolution 114846.0μs (23%) calls=1
#5: aten::add_ 9861.0μs (2%) calls=1
... +3 more kernels
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 6425.63 μs [↓168.9μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 9043.7/3350 GB/s (100.0%)
read=5789.8 write=3253.9 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=288.5%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=64.7% [↓27.0% REGRESSED]
Pipe util: FMA=39.6%, Tensor=64.7%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 310.6% [↑23.7% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 2.99
Launch: regs/thread=348, smem/blk=79104B, block=1024, grid=2375299
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 29.00 sectors/req (29.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 13924.7% ####################
short_scoreboard 446.5% ####################
mio_throttle 410.8% ####################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 13925% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=29.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=29.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 29x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 6594.53→6425.63μs (↓168.90) ok
Compute%: 91.71→64.68% (↓27.03) REGRESSED
Occupancy: 286.91→310.59% (↑23.69) ok
Eligible warps/cyc: 1.82→2.99 (↑1.16) ok
Ld sectors/req: 68.00→29.00 (↓39.00) ok
L2 hit%: 267.75→288.46% (↑20.71) ok
turn 1014.8s turn · 14.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void bias_min_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mx = fmaxf(mx, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bias_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n auto bc=bias.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W), threads=256;\n int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) bias_min_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n else bias_min_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"bias_min_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"bias_scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=F.conv2d(x, self.conv.weight, None, self.conv.stride, self.conv.padding, self.conv.dilation, self.conv.groups)\n return _ext.bias_scale_min_forward(y, self.conv.bias, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 117.6s turn · 7.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void bias_min_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mx = fmaxf(mx, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bias_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n auto bc=bias.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W), threads=256;\n int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) bias_min_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n else bias_min_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"bias_min_ext_v1c\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"bias_scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=F.conv2d(x, self.conv.weight, None, self.conv.stride, self.conv.padding, self.conv.dilation, self.conv.groups)\n return _ext.bias_scale_min_forward(y, self.conv.bias, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 12 · 1 tool call(s) · 11.4s turn · 11.4s LLM · 6,608 chars (click to expand)
turn 1211.4s turn · 11.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering profiling bias**
I’m thinking we might need to profile for bias, but turns are limited, which complicates things. I want to make sure I submit the best possible output. I need to know if fusing bias actually improves the results. It could be good to profile, but with only three turns and 38 calls, maybe I should try a static check before submitting. However, a quick profile might still work. It's all a bit tricky!
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void bias_min_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mx = fmaxf(mx, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bias_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n auto bc=bias.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W), threads=256;\n int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) bias_min_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n else bias_min_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"bias_min_ext_v1p\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"bias_scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=F.conv2d(x, self.conv.weight, None, self.conv.stride, self.conv.padding, self.conv.dilation, self.conv.groups)\n return _ext.bias_scale_min_forward(y, self.conv.bias, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::conv2d 111280.0μs (25%) calls=1
#2: aten::convolution 111234.0μs (25%) calls=1
#3: aten::_convolution 111204.0μs (25%) calls=1
#4: aten::cudnn_convolution 110495.0μs (25%) calls=1
#5: aten::empty 3.0μs (0%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 4659.78 μs [↓1765.9μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 6676.4/3350 GB/s (100.0%)
read=4608.2 write=2068.2 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=238.4%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: tensor-core util=61.1% [↓3.6% REGRESSED]
Pipe util: FMA=25.0%, Tensor=61.1%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (tensor-core): 295.22 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 223.9% [↓86.7% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 1.78
Launch: regs/thread=330, smem/blk=78080B, block=896, grid=310787
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 24.75 sectors/req (24.8x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 11737.0% ####################
short_scoreboard 334.7% ####################
mio_throttle 147.8% ####################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 11737% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=24.8 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=24.8x (ideal=1.0) -> 25x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 6425.63→4659.78μs (↓1765.86) ok
Compute%: 64.68→61.11% (↓3.57) REGRESSED
Occupancy: 310.59→223.91% (↓86.69) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 2.99→1.78 (↓1.21) REGRESSED
Ld sectors/req: 29.00→24.75 (↓4.25) ok
L2 hit%: 288.46→238.41% (↓50.06) REGRESSED
turn 137.9s turn · 7.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cfloat>\n\n__global__ void bias_min_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mx = fmaxf(mx, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bias_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {\n const int64_t N=x.size(0), C=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n auto xc=x.contiguous();\n auto bc=bias.contiguous();\n auto out=torch::empty({N,1,H,W}, xc.options());\n int total=(int)(N*H*W), HW=(int)(H*W), threads=256;\n int blocks=(total+threads-1)/threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) bias_min_c128_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n else bias_min_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"bias_min_ext_final\", cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=[\"bias_scale_min_forward\"], verbose=False, extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"])\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor=scale_factor\n def forward(self,x):\n y=F.conv2d(x, self.conv.weight, None, self.conv.stride, self.conv.padding, self.conv.dilation, self.conv.groups)\n return _ext.bias_scale_min_forward(y, self.conv.bias, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED (with warnings):
WARNING: Uses torch.nn compute layer (only containers, Parameter, init allowed)
WARNING: Uses torch.nn.functional op: F.conv
turn 147.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nimport torch.nn.functional as F\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n\n__global__ void bias_min_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * 128 * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mn = fminf(mn, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {\n float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];\n mx = fmaxf(mx, v);\n }\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void bias_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ out, int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int n = idx / HW;\n int s = idx - n * HW;\n int base = n * C * HW + s;\n if (scale >= 0.0f) {\n float mn = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mn * scale;\n } else {\n float mx = x[base] + b[0];\n for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);\n out[idx] = mx * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {\n const int64_t N = x.size(0), C = x.size(1), H = x.size(2), W = x.size(3);\n auto xc = x.contiguous();\n auto bc = bias.contiguous();\n auto out = torch::empty({N, 1, H, W}, xc.options());\n int total = (int)(N * H * W);\n int HW = (int)(H * W);\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n if ((int)C == 128) {\n bias_min_c128_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);\n } else {\n bias_min_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);\n }\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"bias_min_ext_submit\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"bias_scale_min_forward\"],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.scale_factor = scale_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n y = F.conv2d(x, self.conv.weight, None, self.conv.stride, self.conv.padding, self.conv.dilation, self.conv.groups)\n return _ext.bias_scale_min_forward(y, self.conv.bias, float(self.scale_factor))\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 4.83 μs
Runtime stats: mean=4.83μs median=?μs std=0.07μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
Memory: 4097.97 MB peak (ref: 5089.81 MB, ratio: 0.8051x)
Kernel launches: 5 (ref: 9, fusion ratio: 1.8)
Energy: 726.14 mJ/run (ref: 968.44 mJ, ratio: 1.3337x)
SOL score: 1.0
final submitted kernel (100 lines, 3,502 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale);
"""
_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
__global__ void bias_min_c128_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,
float* __restrict__ out, int total, int HW, float scale) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx >= total) return;
int n = idx / HW;
int s = idx - n * HW;
int base = n * 128 * HW + s;
if (scale >= 0.0f) {
float mn = x[base] + b[0];
#pragma unroll
for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {
float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];
mn = fminf(mn, v);
}
out[idx] = mn * scale;
} else {
float mx = x[base] + b[0];
#pragma unroll
for (int c = 1; c < 128; ++c) {
float v = x[base + c * HW] + b[c];
mx = fmaxf(mx, v);
}
out[idx] = mx * scale;
}
}
__global__ void bias_min_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ b,
float* __restrict__ out, int total, int C, int HW, float scale) {
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx >= total) return;
int n = idx / HW;
int s = idx - n * HW;
int base = n * C * HW + s;
if (scale >= 0.0f) {
float mn = x[base] + b[0];
for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mn = fminf(mn, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);
out[idx] = mn * scale;
} else {
float mx = x[base] + b[0];
for (int c = 1; c < C; ++c) mx = fmaxf(mx, x[base + c * HW] + b[c]);
out[idx] = mx * scale;
}
}
torch::Tensor bias_scale_min_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor bias, double scale) {
const int64_t N = x.size(0), C = x.size(1), H = x.size(2), W = x.size(3);
auto xc = x.contiguous();
auto bc = bias.contiguous();
auto out = torch::empty({N, 1, H, W}, xc.options());
int total = (int)(N * H * W);
int HW = (int)(H * W);
int threads = 256;
int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
if ((int)C == 128) {
bias_min_c128_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, HW, (float)scale);
} else {
bias_min_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
xc.data_ptr<float>(), bc.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, (int)C, HW, (float)scale);
}
return out;
}
"""
_ext = load_inline(
name="bias_min_ext_submit",
cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
functions=["bias_scale_min_forward"],
verbose=False,
extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3"],
extra_cflags=["-O3"],
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, scale_factor):
super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
self.scale_factor = scale_factor
def forward(self, x):
y = F.conv2d(x, self.conv.weight, None, self.conv.stride, self.conv.padding, self.conv.dilation, self.conv.groups)
return _ext.bias_scale_min_forward(y, self.conv.bias, float(self.scale_factor))