gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 1_Conv2D_ReLU_BiasAdd.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
14 / 15
tool calls
14
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
28.30 μs
ref runtime
9.52 μs
speedup
0.34x
started
2026-05-04T08:15:18Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
28.30 μs
ref runtime
9.52 μs
speedup
0.34x
kernel mean / median / std
28.30 / — / 0.11 μs
ref mean / median / std
9.52 / — / 0.05 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
1537.81 MB
ref peak
2530.06 MB
kernel / ref
0.61x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
10
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
10.00x
total cuda time
23 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
12315.32
ref mJ / run
5937.24
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.48x
avg power
435.37 W
ref avg power
624.04 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.271
dram util %
2.2%
compute util %
27.1%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
74.91 GB/s
dram util %
2.2%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
37.4%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
27.1%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
94.1%
ld sectors / req
21.41
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
80
smem / block
17792 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
361.9%
short_scoreboard
132.5%
mio_throttle
73.9%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a convolution, applies ReLU, and adds a bias term.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias_shape):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape)) 

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = torch.relu(x)
        x = x + self.bias
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_channels  = 64  
out_channels = 128  
height = width = 128
kernel_size = 3
bias_shape = (out_channels, 1, 1)

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias_shape]
turn 06.9s turn · 6.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Checking GPU settings** I'm noticing that the default for torch convolution might allow TF32 on Ampere architecture, which could have a tolerance of around 1e-4. However, using direct FP32 could lead to differences greater than that, due to the sum order, but maybe it's acceptable with a relative tolerance. I realize I need to figure out which GPU I'm working with to understand the specifications better. Let’s find out the details!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 44.9s turn · 44.9s LLM · 10,357 chars (click to expand)
turn 144.9s turn · 44.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering code optimization** I’m looking into optimizing some code. I think using __ldg could be helpful for loading data into constant cache. I’m also considering using __launch_bounds__(256) and compiling with O3 and use_fast_math for performance. However, I need to keep in mind that using fast math might differ in precision, although FMA remains the same. I’ll avoid TF32 and check if PyTorch convolution operates in FP32. Testing will be essential!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\n\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias) {\n auto N = x.size(0);\n auto H = x.size(2);\n auto W = x.size(3);\n auto Co = weight.size(0);\n auto R = weight.size(2);\n auto S = weight.size(3);\n auto Ho = H - R + 1;\n auto Wo = W - S + 1;\n auto y = torch::empty({N, Co, Ho, Wo}, x.options());\n conv_relu_bias_cuda(x, weight, conv_bias, add_bias, y);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#define GROUP 6\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv3x3_g6_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ cb,\n const float* __restrict__ ab,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int Ci, int Co, int H, int W, int Ho, int Wo) {\n int groups_w = Wo / GROUP;\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * groups_w;\n long long tid = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (tid >= total) return;\n\n int gw = tid % groups_w;\n long long t = tid / groups_w;\n int oh = t % Ho;\n t /= Ho;\n int co = t % Co;\n int n = t / Co;\n int ow = gw * GROUP;\n\n float s0 = 0.f, s1 = 0.f, s2 = 0.f, s3 = 0.f, s4 = 0.f, s5 = 0.f;\n\n for (int ci = 0; ci < Ci; ++ci) {\n const float* xp0 = x + ((long long)n * Ci + ci) * H * W + oh * W + ow;\n const float* wp = w + ((long long)co * Ci + ci) * 9;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < 3; ++r) {\n float w0 = __ldg(wp + r*3 + 0);\n float w1 = __ldg(wp + r*3 + 1);\n float w2 = __ldg(wp + r*3 + 2);\n const float* xp = xp0 + r * W;\n float x0 = __ldg(xp + 0);\n float x1 = __ldg(xp + 1);\n float x2 = __ldg(xp + 2);\n float x3 = __ldg(xp + 3);\n float x4 = __ldg(xp + 4);\n float x5 = __ldg(xp + 5);\n float x6 = __ldg(xp + 6);\n float x7 = __ldg(xp + 7);\n s0 = fmaf(x0, w0, s0); s0 = fmaf(x1, w1, s0); s0 = fmaf(x2, w2, s0);\n s1 = fmaf(x1, w0, s1); s1 = fmaf(x2, w1, s1); s1 = fmaf(x3, w2, s1);\n s2 = fmaf(x2, w0, s2); s2 = fmaf(x3, w1, s2); s2 = fmaf(x4, w2, s2);\n s3 = fmaf(x3, w0, s3); s3 = fmaf(x4, w1, s3); s3 = fmaf(x5, w2, s3);\n s4 = fmaf(x4, w0, s4); s4 = fmaf(x5, w1, s4); s4 = fmaf(x6, w2, s4);\n s5 = fmaf(x5, w0, s5); s5 = fmaf(x6, w1, s5); s5 = fmaf(x7, w2, s5);\n }\n }\n float b = __ldg(cb + co);\n float ba = __ldg(ab + co);\n long long out = ((long long)n * Co + co) * Ho * Wo + (long long)oh * Wo + ow;\n s0 += b; s1 += b; s2 += b; s3 += b; s4 += b; s5 += b;\n y[out+0] = (s0 > 0.f ? s0 : 0.f) + ba;\n y[out+1] = (s1 > 0.f ? s1 : 0.f) + ba;\n y[out+2] = (s2 > 0.f ? s2 : 0.f) + ba;\n y[out+3] = (s3 > 0.f ? s3 : 0.f) + ba;\n y[out+4] = (s4 > 0.f ? s4 : 0.f) + ba;\n y[out+5] = (s5 > 0.f ? s5 : 0.f) + ba;\n}\n\n__global__ void conv3x3_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ cb,\n const float* __restrict__ ab,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int Ci, int Co, int H, int W, int Ho, int Wo) {\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * Wo;\n long long tid = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (tid >= total) return;\n int ow = tid % Wo;\n long long t = tid / Wo;\n int oh = t % Ho; t /= Ho;\n int co = t % Co;\n int n = t / Co;\n float sum = 0.f;\n for (int ci=0; ci<Ci; ++ci) {\n for (int r=0; r<3; ++r) {\n const float* xp = x + ((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W + (oh+r)*W + ow;\n const float* wp = w + ((long long)co*Ci+ci)*9 + r*3;\n sum = fmaf(__ldg(xp+0), __ldg(wp+0), sum);\n sum = fmaf(__ldg(xp+1), __ldg(wp+1), sum);\n sum = fmaf(__ldg(xp+2), __ldg(wp+2), sum);\n }\n }\n sum += __ldg(cb+co);\n y[tid] = (sum > 0.f ? sum : 0.f) + __ldg(ab+co);\n}\n\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y) {\n int N=x.size(0), Ci=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3);\n int Co=weight.size(0), Ho=y.size(2), Wo=y.size(3);\n int threads = 256;\n if (weight.size(2)==3 && weight.size(3)==3 && (Wo % GROUP)==0) {\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * (Wo / GROUP);\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n conv3x3_g6_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(), add_bias.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N, Ci, Co, H, W, Ho, Wo);\n } else {\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * Wo;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n conv3x3_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(), add_bias.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), N, Ci, Co, H, W, Ho, Wo);\n }\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_v1', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_relu_bias'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight.contiguous(), self.conv.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'conv_relu_bias_ext_v1': [1/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_relu_bias_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_c6609f9274ca/conv_relu_bias_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=1] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_relu_bias_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_c6609f9274ca/conv_relu_bias_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used <built-in>: fatal error: when writing output to /var/tmp/tmpxft_0035ce81_00000000-5_cuda.cpp4.ii: No space left on device compilation terminated. [2/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_relu_bias_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_c6609f9274ca/conv_relu_bias_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 214.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Refining CUDA implementation** I'm thinking about how the `conv_relu_bias_cuda` signature with `torch::Tensor` in the CUDA source needs the appropriate torch includes. Maybe I should try using `ATen/ATen.h` instead, since it might be smaller. The main CPP uses the torch extension, so it makes sense. I need to include `<ATen/ATen.h>` in the CUDA code. This might reduce the overall size, but I'll need to compile it first. Let’s create a temporary code version.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True)\nos.environ['TMPDIR'] = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\ntempfile.tempdir = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias) {\n auto y = torch::empty({x.size(0), weight.size(0), x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1, x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1}, x.options());\n conv_relu_bias_cuda(x, weight, conv_bias, add_bias, y);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define GROUP 6\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv3x3_g6_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ cb, const float* __restrict__ ab, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int Ci, int Co, int H, int W, int Ho, int Wo) {\n int groups_w = Wo / GROUP;\n long long tid = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * groups_w;\n if (tid >= total) return;\n int gw = tid % groups_w;\n long long t = tid / groups_w;\n int oh = t % Ho; t /= Ho;\n int co = t % Co;\n int n = t / Co;\n int ow = gw * GROUP;\n float s0=0.f,s1=0.f,s2=0.f,s3=0.f,s4=0.f,s5=0.f;\n for (int ci=0; ci<Ci; ++ci) {\n const float* xp0 = x + ((long long)n*Ci + ci)*H*W + oh*W + ow;\n const float* wp = w + ((long long)co*Ci + ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r=0; r<3; ++r) {\n float w0=__ldg(wp+r*3+0), w1=__ldg(wp+r*3+1), w2=__ldg(wp+r*3+2);\n const float* xp = xp0 + r*W;\n float x0=__ldg(xp+0), x1=__ldg(xp+1), x2=__ldg(xp+2), x3=__ldg(xp+3);\n float x4=__ldg(xp+4), x5=__ldg(xp+5), x6=__ldg(xp+6), x7=__ldg(xp+7);\n s0=fmaf(x0,w0,s0); s0=fmaf(x1,w1,s0); s0=fmaf(x2,w2,s0);\n s1=fmaf(x1,w0,s1); s1=fmaf(x2,w1,s1); s1=fmaf(x3,w2,s1);\n s2=fmaf(x2,w0,s2); s2=fmaf(x3,w1,s2); s2=fmaf(x4,w2,s2);\n s3=fmaf(x3,w0,s3); s3=fmaf(x4,w1,s3); s3=fmaf(x5,w2,s3);\n s4=fmaf(x4,w0,s4); s4=fmaf(x5,w1,s4); s4=fmaf(x6,w2,s4);\n s5=fmaf(x5,w0,s5); s5=fmaf(x6,w1,s5); s5=fmaf(x7,w2,s5);\n }\n }\n float b=__ldg(cb+co), ba=__ldg(ab+co);\n long long out = ((long long)n*Co + co)*Ho*Wo + (long long)oh*Wo + ow;\n s0+=b; s1+=b; s2+=b; s3+=b; s4+=b; s5+=b;\n y[out+0]=(s0>0.f?s0:0.f)+ba; y[out+1]=(s1>0.f?s1:0.f)+ba; y[out+2]=(s2>0.f?s2:0.f)+ba;\n y[out+3]=(s3>0.f?s3:0.f)+ba; y[out+4]=(s4>0.f?s4:0.f)+ba; y[out+5]=(s5>0.f?s5:0.f)+ba;\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y) {\n int N=x.size(0), Ci=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), Co=weight.size(0), Ho=y.size(2), Wo=y.size(3);\n int threads=256; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*(Wo/GROUP); int blocks=(int)((total+threads-1)/threads);\n conv3x3_g6_kernel<<<blocks,threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_v2', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_relu_bias'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight.contiguous(), self.conv.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 38.3s turn · 8.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True)\nos.environ['TMPDIR'] = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\ntempfile.tempdir = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias) {\n auto y = torch::empty({x.size(0), weight.size(0), x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1, x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1}, x.options());\n conv_relu_bias_cuda(x, weight, conv_bias, add_bias, y);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define GROUP 6\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv3x3_g6_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ cb, const float* __restrict__ ab, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int Ci, int Co, int H, int W, int Ho, int Wo) {\n int groups_w = Wo / GROUP;\n long long tid = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * groups_w;\n if (tid >= total) return;\n int gw = tid % groups_w;\n long long t = tid / groups_w;\n int oh = t % Ho; t /= Ho;\n int co = t % Co;\n int n = t / Co;\n int ow = gw * GROUP;\n float s0=0.f,s1=0.f,s2=0.f,s3=0.f,s4=0.f,s5=0.f;\n for (int ci=0; ci<Ci; ++ci) {\n const float* xp0 = x + ((long long)n*Ci + ci)*H*W + oh*W + ow;\n const float* wp = w + ((long long)co*Ci + ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r=0; r<3; ++r) {\n float w0=__ldg(wp+r*3+0), w1=__ldg(wp+r*3+1), w2=__ldg(wp+r*3+2);\n const float* xp = xp0 + r*W;\n float x0=__ldg(xp+0), x1=__ldg(xp+1), x2=__ldg(xp+2), x3=__ldg(xp+3);\n float x4=__ldg(xp+4), x5=__ldg(xp+5), x6=__ldg(xp+6), x7=__ldg(xp+7);\n s0=fmaf(x0,w0,s0); s0=fmaf(x1,w1,s0); s0=fmaf(x2,w2,s0);\n s1=fmaf(x1,w0,s1); s1=fmaf(x2,w1,s1); s1=fmaf(x3,w2,s1);\n s2=fmaf(x2,w0,s2); s2=fmaf(x3,w1,s2); s2=fmaf(x4,w2,s2);\n s3=fmaf(x3,w0,s3); s3=fmaf(x4,w1,s3); s3=fmaf(x5,w2,s3);\n s4=fmaf(x4,w0,s4); s4=fmaf(x5,w1,s4); s4=fmaf(x6,w2,s4);\n s5=fmaf(x5,w0,s5); s5=fmaf(x6,w1,s5); s5=fmaf(x7,w2,s5);\n }\n }\n float b=__ldg(cb+co), ba=__ldg(ab+co);\n long long out = ((long long)n*Co + co)*Ho*Wo + (long long)oh*Wo + ow;\n s0+=b; s1+=b; s2+=b; s3+=b; s4+=b; s5+=b;\n y[out+0]=(s0>0.f?s0:0.f)+ba; y[out+1]=(s1>0.f?s1:0.f)+ba; y[out+2]=(s2>0.f?s2:0.f)+ba;\n y[out+3]=(s3>0.f?s3:0.f)+ba; y[out+4]=(s4>0.f?s4:0.f)+ba; y[out+5]=(s5>0.f?s5:0.f)+ba;\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y) {\n int N=x.size(0), Ci=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), Co=weight.size(0), Ho=y.size(2), Wo=y.size(3);\n int threads=256; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*(Wo/GROUP); int blocks=(int)((total+threads-1)/threads);\n conv3x3_g6_kernel<<<blocks,threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_v2c', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_relu_bias'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight.contiguous(), self.conv.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 15.4s turn · 15.4s LLM · 6,152 chars (click to expand)
turn 415.4s turn · 15.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True)\nos.environ['TMPDIR'] = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\ntempfile.tempdir = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias) {\n auto y = torch::empty({x.size(0), weight.size(0), x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1, x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1}, x.options());\n conv_relu_bias_cuda(x, weight, conv_bias, add_bias, y);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define GROUP 6\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid conv3x3_g6_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, const float* __restrict__ w, const float* __restrict__ cb, const float* __restrict__ ab, float* __restrict__ y, int N, int Ci, int Co, int H, int W, int Ho, int Wo) {\n int groups_w = Wo / GROUP;\n long long tid = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long total = (long long)N * Co * Ho * groups_w;\n if (tid >= total) return;\n int gw = tid % groups_w;\n long long t = tid / groups_w;\n int oh = t % Ho; t /= Ho;\n int co = t % Co;\n int n = t / Co;\n int ow = gw * GROUP;\n float s0=0.f,s1=0.f,s2=0.f,s3=0.f,s4=0.f,s5=0.f;\n for (int ci=0; ci<Ci; ++ci) {\n const float* xp0 = x + ((long long)n*Ci + ci)*H*W + oh*W + ow;\n const float* wp = w + ((long long)co*Ci + ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r=0; r<3; ++r) {\n float w0=__ldg(wp+r*3+0), w1=__ldg(wp+r*3+1), w2=__ldg(wp+r*3+2);\n const float* xp = xp0 + r*W;\n float x0=__ldg(xp+0), x1=__ldg(xp+1), x2=__ldg(xp+2), x3=__ldg(xp+3);\n float x4=__ldg(xp+4), x5=__ldg(xp+5), x6=__ldg(xp+6), x7=__ldg(xp+7);\n s0=fmaf(x0,w0,s0); s0=fmaf(x1,w1,s0); s0=fmaf(x2,w2,s0);\n s1=fmaf(x1,w0,s1); s1=fmaf(x2,w1,s1); s1=fmaf(x3,w2,s1);\n s2=fmaf(x2,w0,s2); s2=fmaf(x3,w1,s2); s2=fmaf(x4,w2,s2);\n s3=fmaf(x3,w0,s3); s3=fmaf(x4,w1,s3); s3=fmaf(x5,w2,s3);\n s4=fmaf(x4,w0,s4); s4=fmaf(x5,w1,s4); s4=fmaf(x6,w2,s4);\n s5=fmaf(x5,w0,s5); s5=fmaf(x6,w1,s5); s5=fmaf(x7,w2,s5);\n }\n }\n float b=__ldg(cb+co), ba=__ldg(ab+co);\n long long out = ((long long)n*Co + co)*Ho*Wo + (long long)oh*Wo + ow;\n s0+=b; s1+=b; s2+=b; s3+=b; s4+=b; s5+=b;\n y[out+0]=(s0>0.f?s0:0.f)+ba; y[out+1]=(s1>0.f?s1:0.f)+ba; y[out+2]=(s2>0.f?s2:0.f)+ba;\n y[out+3]=(s3>0.f?s3:0.f)+ba; y[out+4]=(s4>0.f?s4:0.f)+ba; y[out+5]=(s5>0.f?s5:0.f)+ba;\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y) {\n int N=x.size(0), Ci=x.size(1), H=x.size(2), W=x.size(3), Co=weight.size(0), Ho=y.size(2), Wo=y.size(3);\n int threads=256; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*(Wo/GROUP); int blocks=(int)((total+threads-1)/threads);\n conv3x3_g6_kernel<<<blocks,threads>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);\n}\n'''\n_ext = load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_v2p', cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=['conv_relu_bias'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(), self.conv.weight.contiguous(), self.conv.bias.contiguous(), self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 4535.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 33277.28 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 47.0/3350 GB/s (1.4%) read=16.2 write=30.8 GB/s Hit rates: L2=98.9% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=14.7% Pipe util: FMA=14.7%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 47.6% Eligible warps/cycle: 1.34 Launch: regs/thread=64, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=169344 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 18.16 sectors/req (18.2x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 447.7% #################### mio_throttle 3.7% short_scoreboard 3.3% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 448% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=18.2 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=18.2x (ideal=1.0) -> 18x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics.
turn 5 · 1 tool call(s) · 25.7s turn · 25.7s LLM · 8,412 chars (click to expand)
turn 525.7s turn · 25.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating instruction overhead** I'm looking at the high instruction overhead and thinking that using shared memory tiling and tensor cores would be ideal. Maybe I could implement implicit GEMM with TF32 tensor cores. Now I’m considering the differences between exactness and PyTorch—did it really report exact correctness? It seems like it implies that PyTorch uses deterministic FP32. I’m curious about whether exact with fmaf keeps the same order, as it seems PyTorch likely relies on direct methods.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define G 14\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid k14(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo){\n long long tid=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int gwN=Wo/G; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*gwN; if(tid>=total)return;\n int gw=tid%gwN; long long t=tid/gwN; int oh=t%Ho; t/=Ho; int co=t%Co; int n=t/Co; int ow=gw*G;\n float s[G]; #pragma unroll for(int i=0;i<G;i++) s[i]=0.f;\n for(int ci=0;ci<Ci;ci++){\n const float* xp0=x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+oh*W+ow; const float* wp=w+((long long)co*Ci+ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int r=0;r<3;r++){\n float ww0=__ldg(wp+r*3), ww1=__ldg(wp+r*3+1), ww2=__ldg(wp+r*3+2); const float* xp=xp0+r*W;\n float xv[G+2]; #pragma unroll for(int i=0;i<G+2;i++) xv[i]=__ldg(xp+i);\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++){ s[i]=fmaf(xv[i],ww0,s[i]); s[i]=fmaf(xv[i+1],ww1,s[i]); s[i]=fmaf(xv[i+2],ww2,s[i]); }\n }\n }\n float b=__ldg(cb+co), ba=__ldg(ab+co); long long out=((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++){ float v=s[i]+b; y[out+i]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+ba; }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int th=256;long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*(Wo/G);int bl=(int)((total+th-1)/th);k14<<<bl,th>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_g14',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: kernel did not compile. Error building extension 'conv_relu_bias_ext_g14': [1/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_relu_bias_ext_g14 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_relu_bias_ext_g14 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu(13): error: "#" not expected here float s[14]; #pragma unroll for(int i=0;i<14;i++) s[i]=0.f; ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu(13): error: expected an expression float s[14]; #pragma unroll for(int i=0;i<14;i++) s[i]=0.f; ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu(19): error: "#" not expected here float xv[14 +2]; #pragma unroll for(int i=0;i<14 +2;i++) xv[i]=__ldg(xp+i); ^ /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu(19): error: expected an expression float xv[14 +2]; #pragma unroll for(int i=0;i<14 +2;i++) xv[i]=__ldg(xp+i); ^ 4 errors detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/cuda.cu". [2/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=conv_relu_bias_ext_g14 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_2_problem_1_cache/k_34402a732a1b/conv_relu_bias_ext_g14/main.cpp -o main.o ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 67.2s turn · 7.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define G 14\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid k14(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo){\n long long tid=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int gwN=Wo/G; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*gwN; if(tid>=total)return;\n int gw=tid%gwN; long long t=tid/gwN; int oh=t%Ho; t/=Ho; int co=t%Co; int n=t/Co; int ow=gw*G;\n float s[G];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++) s[i]=0.f;\n for(int ci=0;ci<Ci;ci++){\n const float* xp0=x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+oh*W+ow; const float* wp=w+((long long)co*Ci+ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int r=0;r<3;r++){\n float ww0=__ldg(wp+r*3), ww1=__ldg(wp+r*3+1), ww2=__ldg(wp+r*3+2); const float* xp=xp0+r*W;\n float xv[G+2];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G+2;i++) xv[i]=__ldg(xp+i);\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++){ s[i]=fmaf(xv[i],ww0,s[i]); s[i]=fmaf(xv[i+1],ww1,s[i]); s[i]=fmaf(xv[i+2],ww2,s[i]); }\n }\n }\n float b=__ldg(cb+co), ba=__ldg(ab+co); long long out=((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++){ float v=s[i]+b; y[out+i]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+ba; }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int th=256;long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*(Wo/G);int bl=(int)((total+th-1)/th);k14<<<bl,th>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_g14b',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 78.5s turn · 8.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define G 14\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid k14(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo){\n long long tid=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int gwN=Wo/G; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*gwN; if(tid>=total)return;\n int gw=tid%gwN; long long t=tid/gwN; int oh=t%Ho; t/=Ho; int co=t%Co; int n=t/Co; int ow=gw*G;\n float s[G];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++) s[i]=0.f;\n for(int ci=0;ci<Ci;ci++){\n const float* xp0=x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+oh*W+ow; const float* wp=w+((long long)co*Ci+ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int r=0;r<3;r++){\n float ww0=__ldg(wp+r*3), ww1=__ldg(wp+r*3+1), ww2=__ldg(wp+r*3+2); const float* xp=xp0+r*W;\n float xv[G+2];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G+2;i++) xv[i]=__ldg(xp+i);\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++){ s[i]=fmaf(xv[i],ww0,s[i]); s[i]=fmaf(xv[i+1],ww1,s[i]); s[i]=fmaf(xv[i+2],ww2,s[i]); }\n }\n }\n float b=__ldg(cb+co), ba=__ldg(ab+co); long long out=((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<G;i++){ float v=s[i]+b; y[out+i]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+ba; }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int th=256;long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*(Wo/G);int bl=(int)((total+th-1)/th);k14<<<bl,th>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_g14p',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 4868.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 40355.71 μs [↑7078.4μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 38.8/3350 GB/s (1.2%) [↓0.2% REGRESSED] read=13.3 write=25.4 GB/s Hit rates: L2=99.1% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=11.3% [↓3.3% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=11.3%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 23.8% [↓23.9% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.53 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=96, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=72576 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 27.10 sectors/req (27.1x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 190.9% #################### short_scoreboard 2.1% mio_throttle 1.0% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 191% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=27.1 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=27.1x (ideal=1.0) -> 27x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (24%) limited by registers (96/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Low eligible warps + low BW% + low compute% = LATENCY-BOUND. Need more parallelism (larger grid, more ILP, prefetching). -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 33277.28→40355.71μs (↑7078.43) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 1.40→1.16% (↓0.25) REGRESSED Compute%: 14.66→11.31% (↓3.35) REGRESSED Occupancy: 47.61→23.76% (↓23.85) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 1.34→0.53 (↓0.81) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 18.16→27.10 (↑8.93) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 98.94→99.14% (↑0.20) ok
turn 815.5s turn · 15.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,4)\nvoid k1(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo){\n long long tid=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*Wo; if(tid>=total)return;\n int ow=tid%Wo; long long t=tid/Wo; int oh=t%Ho; t/=Ho; int co=t%Co; int n=t/Co; float s=0.f;\n for(int ci=0;ci<Ci;ci++){ const float* xp0=x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+oh*W+ow; const float* wp=w+((long long)co*Ci+ci)*9;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int r=0;r<3;r++){ const float* xp=xp0+r*W; const float* ww=wp+r*3; s=fmaf(__ldg(xp),__ldg(ww),s); s=fmaf(__ldg(xp+1),__ldg(ww+1),s); s=fmaf(__ldg(xp+2),__ldg(ww+2),s); }}\n s+=__ldg(cb+co); y[tid]=(s>0.f?s:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co);\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int th=256;long long total=(long long)N*Co*Ho*Wo;int bl=(int)((total+th-1)/th);k1<<<bl,th>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_g1p',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 4674.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 46561.60 μs [↑6205.9μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 33.6/3350 GB/s (1.0%) [↓0.2% REGRESSED] read=11.6 write=22.1 GB/s Hit rates: L2=99.3% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=15.2% [↑3.8% ok] Pipe util: FMA=15.2%, Tensor=0.1% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 49.3% [↑25.5% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 1.38 Launch: regs/thread=64, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=1016064 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 2.94 sectors/req (2.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 558.8% #################### short_scoreboard 7.2% # mio_throttle 2.6% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 559% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=2.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=2.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 3x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 40355.71→46561.60μs (↑6205.89) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 1.16→1.00% (↓0.15) REGRESSED Compute%: 11.31→15.15% (↑3.84) ok Occupancy: 23.76→49.27% (↑25.51) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 0.53→1.38 (↑0.85) ok Ld sectors/req: 27.10→2.94 (↓24.15) ok L2 hit%: 99.14→99.29% (↑0.15) ok
turn 922.6s turn · 22.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define BM 64\n#define BN 64\n#define BK 32\n#define TM 4\n#define TN 4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid implicit_gemm_conv3x3(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo,int M){\n __shared__ float As[BM][BK+1];\n __shared__ float Bs[BK][BN+1];\n int tid=threadIdx.x; int tx=tid&15; int ty=tid>>4;\n int m0=blockIdx.x*BM; int co0=blockIdx.y*BN;\n float acc[TM][TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=0.f;\n }\n for(int k0=0;k0<Ci*9;k0+=BK){\n for(int l=tid;l<BM*BK;l+=256){\n int mi=l/BK; int kk=l-mi*BK; int m=m0+mi; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(m<M){ int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; int ci=k/9; int rs=k-ci*9; int r=rs/3; int s=rs-r*3; v=__ldg(x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+(oh+r)*W+ow+s); }\n As[mi][kk]=v;\n }\n for(int l=tid;l<BK*BN;l+=256){\n int kk=l/BN; int cj=l-kk*BN; int co=co0+cj; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(co<Co){ v=__ldg(w+(long long)co*Ci*9+k); }\n Bs[kk][cj]=v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kk=0;kk<BK;kk++){\n float a[TM], b[TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++) a[i]=As[ty*TM+i][kk];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) b[j]=Bs[kk][tx*TN+j];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=fmaf(a[i],b[j],acc[i][j]);\n }\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n int m=m0+ty*TM+i;\n if(m<M){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++){\n int co=co0+tx*TN+j;\n if(co<Co){ float v=acc[i][j]+__ldg(cb+co); int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; y[((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co); }\n }\n }\n }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int M=N*Ho*Wo;dim3 block(256);dim3 grid((M+BM-1)/BM,(Co+BN-1)/BN);implicit_gemm_conv3x3<<<grid,block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo,M);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_gemm1',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 10 · 1 tool call(s) · 9.6s turn · 9.6s LLM · 6,347 chars (click to expand)
turn 109.6s turn · 9.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define BM 64\n#define BN 64\n#define BK 32\n#define TM 4\n#define TN 4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid implicit_gemm_conv3x3(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo,int M){\n __shared__ float As[BM][BK+1];\n __shared__ float Bs[BK][BN+1];\n int tid=threadIdx.x; int tx=tid&15; int ty=tid>>4;\n int m0=blockIdx.x*BM; int co0=blockIdx.y*BN;\n float acc[TM][TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=0.f;\n }\n for(int k0=0;k0<Ci*9;k0+=BK){\n for(int l=tid;l<BM*BK;l+=256){\n int mi=l/BK; int kk=l-mi*BK; int m=m0+mi; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(m<M){ int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; int ci=k/9; int rs=k-ci*9; int r=rs/3; int s=rs-r*3; v=__ldg(x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+(oh+r)*W+ow+s); }\n As[mi][kk]=v;\n }\n for(int l=tid;l<BK*BN;l+=256){\n int kk=l/BN; int cj=l-kk*BN; int co=co0+cj; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(co<Co){ v=__ldg(w+(long long)co*Ci*9+k); }\n Bs[kk][cj]=v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kk=0;kk<BK;kk++){\n float a[TM], b[TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++) a[i]=As[ty*TM+i][kk];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) b[j]=Bs[kk][tx*TN+j];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=fmaf(a[i],b[j],acc[i][j]);\n }\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n int m=m0+ty*TM+i;\n if(m<M){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++){\n int co=co0+tx*TN+j;\n if(co<Co){ float v=acc[i][j]+__ldg(cb+co); int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; y[((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co); }\n }\n }\n }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int M=N*Ho*Wo;dim3 block(256);dim3 grid((M+BM-1)/BM,(Co+BN-1)/BN);implicit_gemm_conv3x3<<<grid,block>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo,M);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_gemm1p',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 4764.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 28081.50 μs [↓18480.1μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 74.9/3350 GB/s (2.2%) [↑1.2% ok] read=38.3 write=36.6 GB/s Hit rates: L2=94.0% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=27.1% [↑11.9% ok] Pipe util: FMA=27.1%, Tensor=0.7% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 37.4% [↓11.9% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 1.31 Launch: regs/thread=80, smem/blk=17792B, block=256, grid=63504 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 21.41 sectors/req (21.4x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 361.9% #################### short_scoreboard 132.5% #################### mio_throttle 73.9% ############## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 362% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=21.4 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=21.4x (ideal=1.0) -> 21x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 46561.60→28081.50μs (↓18480.10) ok DRAM BW%: 1.00→2.24% (↑1.23) ok Compute%: 15.15→27.10% (↑11.95) ok Occupancy: 49.27→37.38% (↓11.90) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 1.38→1.31 (↓0.07) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 2.94→21.41 (↑18.47) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 99.29→93.97% (↓5.32) REGRESSED
turn 11 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 6,314 chars (click to expand)
turn 1110.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True); os.environ['TMPDIR']='/scratch/abaner/tmp'; tempfile.tempdir='/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);return y;}\n'''\ncuda_src=r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define BM 128\n#define BN 64\n#define BK 32\n#define TM 8\n#define TN 4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,1)\nvoid kgemm(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo,int M){\n __shared__ float As[BM][BK+1]; __shared__ float Bs[BK][BN+1]; int tid=threadIdx.x; int tx=tid&15; int ty=tid>>4; int m0=blockIdx.x*BM; int co0=blockIdx.y*BN;\n float acc[TM][TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=0.f;\n }\n for(int k0=0;k0<Ci*9;k0+=BK){\n for(int l=tid;l<BM*BK;l+=256){int mi=l/BK; int kk=l-mi*BK; int m=m0+mi; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f; if(m<M){int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; int ci=k/9; int rs=k-ci*9; int r=rs/3; int s=rs-r*3; v=__ldg(x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+(oh+r)*W+ow+s);} As[mi][kk]=v;}\n for(int l=tid;l<BK*BN;l+=256){int kk=l/BN; int cj=l-kk*BN; int co=co0+cj; int k=k0+kk; Bs[kk][cj]=(co<Co)?__ldg(w+(long long)co*Ci*9+k):0.f;}\n __syncthreads();\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kk=0;kk<BK;kk++){float a[TM],b[TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++) a[i]=As[ty*TM+i][kk];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) b[j]=Bs[kk][tx*TN+j];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=fmaf(a[i],b[j],acc[i][j]);}}\n __syncthreads();}\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){int m=m0+ty*TM+i; if(m<M){int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++){int co=co0+tx*TN+j; if(co<Co){float v=acc[i][j]+__ldg(cb+co); y[((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co);}}}}\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int M=N*Ho*Wo;dim3 grid((M+BM-1)/BM,(Co+BN-1)/BN);kgemm<<<grid,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo,M);}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_gemm128p',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size); self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 4736.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 28757.73 μs [↑676.2μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 73.3/3350 GB/s (2.2%) [↓0.0% REGRESSED] read=37.5 write=35.8 GB/s Hit rates: L2=93.8% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=23.9% [↓3.2% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=23.9%, Tensor=0.8% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: COMPUTE-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 24.9% [↓12.5% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 1.07 Launch: regs/thread=118, smem/blk=26240B, block=256, grid=31752 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 18.33 sectors/req (18.3x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 337.9% #################### short_scoreboard 43.8% ######## mio_throttle 5.2% # --- Optimization Hints --- -> 338% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=18.3 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=18.3x (ideal=1.0) -> 18x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (25%) limited by registers (118/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. -> Compute-bound but NOT using tensor cores. If applicable, use FP16/BF16 with torch.matmul or WMMA intrinsics. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 28081.50→28757.73μs (↑676.22) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 2.24→2.19% (↓0.05) REGRESSED Compute%: 27.10→23.90% (↓3.20) REGRESSED Occupancy: 37.38→24.93% (↓12.45) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 1.31→1.07 (↓0.24) REGRESSED Ld sectors/req: 21.41→18.33 (↓3.08) ok L2 hit%: 93.97→93.77% (↓0.21) REGRESSED
turn 1213.3s turn · 13.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True)\nos.environ['TMPDIR'] = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\ntempfile.tempdir = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){\n auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());\n conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define BM 64\n#define BN 64\n#define BK 32\n#define TM 4\n#define TN 4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid implicit_gemm_conv3x3(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo,int M){\n __shared__ float As[BM][BK+1];\n __shared__ float Bs[BK][BN+1];\n int tid=threadIdx.x; int tx=tid&15; int ty=tid>>4;\n int m0=blockIdx.x*BM; int co0=blockIdx.y*BN;\n float acc[TM][TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=0.f;\n }\n for(int k0=0;k0<Ci*9;k0+=BK){\n for(int l=tid;l<BM*BK;l+=256){\n int mi=l/BK; int kk=l-mi*BK; int m=m0+mi; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(m<M){ int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; int ci=k/9; int rs=k-ci*9; int r=rs/3; int s=rs-r*3; v=__ldg(x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+(oh+r)*W+ow+s); }\n As[mi][kk]=v;\n }\n for(int l=tid;l<BK*BN;l+=256){\n int kk=l/BN; int cj=l-kk*BN; int co=co0+cj; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(co<Co){ v=__ldg(w+(long long)co*Ci*9+k); }\n Bs[kk][cj]=v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kk=0;kk<BK;kk++){\n float a[TM], b[TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++) a[i]=As[ty*TM+i][kk];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) b[j]=Bs[kk][tx*TN+j];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=fmaf(a[i],b[j],acc[i][j]);\n }\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n int m=m0+ty*TM+i;\n if(m<M){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++){\n int co=co0+tx*TN+j;\n if(co<Co){ float v=acc[i][j]+__ldg(cb+co); int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; y[((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co); }\n }\n }\n }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){\n int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int M=N*Ho*Wo;\n dim3 grid((M+BM-1)/BM,(Co+BN-1)/BN);\n implicit_gemm_conv3x3<<<grid,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo,M);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_final',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 139.2s turn · 9.2s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import os, tempfile\nos.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True)\nos.environ['TMPDIR'] = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\ntempfile.tempdir = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);\ntorch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){\n auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());\n conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\ncuda_src = r'''\n#include <ATen/ATen.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#define BM 64\n#define BN 64\n#define BK 32\n#define TM 4\n#define TN 4\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)\nvoid implicit_gemm_conv3x3(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo,int M){\n __shared__ float As[BM][BK+1];\n __shared__ float Bs[BK][BN+1];\n int tid=threadIdx.x; int tx=tid&15; int ty=tid>>4;\n int m0=blockIdx.x*BM; int co0=blockIdx.y*BN;\n float acc[TM][TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=0.f;\n }\n for(int k0=0;k0<Ci*9;k0+=BK){\n for(int l=tid;l<BM*BK;l+=256){\n int mi=l/BK; int kk=l-mi*BK; int m=m0+mi; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(m<M){ int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; int ci=k/9; int rs=k-ci*9; int r=rs/3; int s=rs-r*3; v=__ldg(x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+(oh+r)*W+ow+s); }\n As[mi][kk]=v;\n }\n for(int l=tid;l<BK*BN;l+=256){\n int kk=l/BN; int cj=l-kk*BN; int co=co0+cj; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;\n if(co<Co){ v=__ldg(w+(long long)co*Ci*9+k); }\n Bs[kk][cj]=v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kk=0;kk<BK;kk++){\n float a[TM], b[TN];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++) a[i]=As[ty*TM+i][kk];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) b[j]=Bs[kk][tx*TN+j];\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=fmaf(a[i],b[j],acc[i][j]);\n }\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n #pragma unroll\n for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){\n int m=m0+ty*TM+i;\n if(m<M){\n #pragma unroll\n for(int j=0;j<TN;j++){\n int co=co0+tx*TN+j;\n if(co<Co){ float v=acc[i][j]+__ldg(cb+co); int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; y[((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co); }\n }\n }\n }\n}\nvoid conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){\n int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int M=N*Ho*Wo;\n dim3 grid((M+BM-1)/BM,(Co+BN-1)/BN);\n implicit_gemm_conv3x3<<<grid,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo,M);\n}\n'''\n\n_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_final',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):\n super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)\n self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))\n def forward(self,x):\n return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 28.30 μs Runtime stats: mean=28.30μs median=?μs std=0.11μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 1537.81 MB peak (ref: 2530.06 MB, ratio: 0.6078x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 10, fusion ratio: 10.0) Energy: 12315.32 mJ/run (ref: 5937.24 mJ, ratio: 0.4821x) SOL score: 0.271
final submitted kernel (95 lines, 3,715 chars) — full source, untruncated
import os, tempfile
os.makedirs('/scratch/abaner/tmp', exist_ok=True)
os.environ['TMPDIR'] = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'
tempfile.tempdir = '/scratch/abaner/tmp'
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
void conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias, torch::Tensor y);
torch::Tensor conv_relu_bias(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor conv_bias, torch::Tensor add_bias){
    auto y=torch::empty({x.size(0),weight.size(0),x.size(2)-weight.size(2)+1,x.size(3)-weight.size(3)+1},x.options());
    conv_relu_bias_cuda(x,weight,conv_bias,add_bias,y);
    return y;
}
'''

cuda_src = r'''
#include <ATen/ATen.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#define BM 64
#define BN 64
#define BK 32
#define TM 4
#define TN 4
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256,2)
void implicit_gemm_conv3x3(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ cb,const float* __restrict__ ab,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int Ci,int Co,int H,int W,int Ho,int Wo,int M){
 __shared__ float As[BM][BK+1];
 __shared__ float Bs[BK][BN+1];
 int tid=threadIdx.x; int tx=tid&15; int ty=tid>>4;
 int m0=blockIdx.x*BM; int co0=blockIdx.y*BN;
 float acc[TM][TN];
 #pragma unroll
 for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){
  #pragma unroll
  for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=0.f;
 }
 for(int k0=0;k0<Ci*9;k0+=BK){
  for(int l=tid;l<BM*BK;l+=256){
   int mi=l/BK; int kk=l-mi*BK; int m=m0+mi; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;
   if(m<M){ int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; int ci=k/9; int rs=k-ci*9; int r=rs/3; int s=rs-r*3; v=__ldg(x+((long long)n*Ci+ci)*H*W+(oh+r)*W+ow+s); }
   As[mi][kk]=v;
  }
  for(int l=tid;l<BK*BN;l+=256){
   int kk=l/BN; int cj=l-kk*BN; int co=co0+cj; int k=k0+kk; float v=0.f;
   if(co<Co){ v=__ldg(w+(long long)co*Ci*9+k); }
   Bs[kk][cj]=v;
  }
  __syncthreads();
  #pragma unroll
  for(int kk=0;kk<BK;kk++){
   float a[TM], b[TN];
   #pragma unroll
   for(int i=0;i<TM;i++) a[i]=As[ty*TM+i][kk];
   #pragma unroll
   for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) b[j]=Bs[kk][tx*TN+j];
   #pragma unroll
   for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){
    #pragma unroll
    for(int j=0;j<TN;j++) acc[i][j]=fmaf(a[i],b[j],acc[i][j]);
   }
  }
  __syncthreads();
 }
 #pragma unroll
 for(int i=0;i<TM;i++){
  int m=m0+ty*TM+i;
  if(m<M){
   #pragma unroll
   for(int j=0;j<TN;j++){
    int co=co0+tx*TN+j;
    if(co<Co){ float v=acc[i][j]+__ldg(cb+co); int ow=m%Wo; int tmp=m/Wo; int oh=tmp%Ho; int n=tmp/Ho; y[((long long)n*Co+co)*Ho*Wo+(long long)oh*Wo+ow]=(v>0.f?v:0.f)+__ldg(ab+co); }
   }
  }
 }
}
void conv_relu_bias_cuda(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor conv_bias,torch::Tensor add_bias,torch::Tensor y){
 int N=x.size(0),Ci=x.size(1),H=x.size(2),W=x.size(3),Co=weight.size(0),Ho=y.size(2),Wo=y.size(3);int M=N*Ho*Wo;
 dim3 grid((M+BM-1)/BM,(Co+BN-1)/BN);
 implicit_gemm_conv3x3<<<grid,256>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),conv_bias.data_ptr<float>(),add_bias.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),N,Ci,Co,H,W,Ho,Wo,M);
}
'''

_ext=load_inline(name='conv_relu_bias_ext_final',cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=['conv_relu_bias'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self,in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size,bias_shape):
        super(ModelNew,self).__init__()
        self.conv=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,out_channels,kernel_size)
        self.bias=nn.Parameter(torch.randn(bias_shape))
    def forward(self,x):
        return _ext.conv_relu_bias(x.contiguous(),self.conv.weight.contiguous(),self.conv.bias.contiguous(),self.bias.contiguous())