correct
98_KLDivLoss.py
started
2026-05-04T09:54:15Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
0.71 / — / 0.03 μs
ref mean / median / std
3.91 / — / 0.03 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
4.50x
energyNVML (pynvml)
ratio (ref / kernel)
2.00x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
3178.47 GB/s
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
A model that computes Kullback-Leibler Divergence for comparing two distributions.
Parameters:
None
"""
def __init__(self):
super(Model, self).__init__()
def forward(self, predictions, targets):
return torch.nn.functional.kl_div(torch.log(predictions), targets, reduction='batchmean')
batch_size = 8192 * 2
input_shape = (8192 * 2,)
dim = 1
def get_inputs():
scale = torch.rand(())
return [(torch.rand(batch_size, *input_shape)*scale).softmax(dim=-1), torch.rand(batch_size, *input_shape).softmax(dim=-1)]
def get_init_inputs():
return []
turn 05.1s turn · 5.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Planning model and calculations**
I need to create a new model for predictions. With a batch size of 16384 and an input shape of (16384,), I'm looking at a huge 268M elements — that's around 1GB! I'm using KL divergence, which involves some specific input requirements in PyTorch. I should plan for a custom reduction method and make sure I'm efficient with my computations. Using CUDA might be necessary for speed, and I need to keep an eye on GPU specs as well.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 14.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 7,589 chars (click to expand)
turn 114.5s turn · 14.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Computing log functions**
I’m looking into the logf or __logf functions and thinking about coding with logf for initial accuracy. I wonder if logf maps to device log.approx? I think it might require some compiling. The host wrapper seems to return a torch::Tensor, so I’ll need to consider that in my implementation. I want to make sure everything is accurate and aligned with my expectations as I move forward with this coding task!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1)\n val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);\n return val;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {\n static __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;\n __syncthreads();\n val = (threadIdx.x < (blockDim.x + 31) / 32) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n return val;\n}\n\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p, const float* __restrict__ t, float* __restrict__ partial, long long n4) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);\n const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 pv = p4[idx];\n float4 tv = t4[idx];\n sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));\n sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));\n sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));\n sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial, float* __restrict__ out, int n, float inv_batch) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) sum += partial[i];\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n const long long n = predictions.numel();\n const int batch = predictions.size(0);\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);\n final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, 1.0f / (float)batch);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v1', cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=['kl_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel
compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError.
RuntimeError: Error building extension 'kl_fused_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=kl_fused_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_98_cache/k_93d947be2f62/kl_fused_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o
[2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=kl_fused_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_98_cache/k_93d947be2f62/kl_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o
FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o
/usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=kl_fused_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 --use_fast_math -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_98_cache/k_93d947be2f62/kl_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o
nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used
/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_98_cache/k_93d947be2f62/kl_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu(58): error: namespace "at::cuda" has no member "getCurrentCUDAStream"
cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
^
1 error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_98_cache/k_93d947be2f62/kl_fused_ext_v1/cuda.cu".
ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 27.4s turn · 7.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1)\n val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);\n return val;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {\n static __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;\n __syncthreads();\n val = (threadIdx.x < (blockDim.x + 31) / 32) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n return val;\n}\n\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p, const float* __restrict__ t, float* __restrict__ partial, long long n4) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);\n const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 pv = p4[idx];\n float4 tv = t4[idx];\n sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));\n sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));\n sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));\n sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial, float* __restrict__ out, int n, float inv_batch) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) sum += partial[i];\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n const long long n = predictions.numel();\n const int batch = predictions.size(0);\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);\n final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, 1.0f / (float)batch);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v2', cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=['kl_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 37.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1)\n val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);\n return val;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {\n static __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;\n __syncthreads();\n val = (threadIdx.x < (blockDim.x + 31) / 32) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n return val;\n}\n\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p, const float* __restrict__ t, float* __restrict__ partial, long long n4) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);\n const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 pv = p4[idx];\n float4 tv = t4[idx];\n sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));\n sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));\n sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));\n sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial, float* __restrict__ out, int n, float inv_batch) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) sum += partial[i];\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n const long long n = predictions.numel();\n const int batch = predictions.size(0);\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);\n final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, 1.0f / (float)batch);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v2c', cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=['kl_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=7.45e-09 mean_abs_err=2.24e-09 max_rel_err=9.42e-08
turn 47.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1)\n val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);\n return val;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {\n static __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;\n __syncthreads();\n val = (threadIdx.x < (blockDim.x + 31) / 32) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n return val;\n}\n\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p, const float* __restrict__ t, float* __restrict__ partial, long long n4) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);\n const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 pv = p4[idx];\n float4 tv = t4[idx];\n sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));\n sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));\n sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));\n sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial, float* __restrict__ out, int n, float inv_batch) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) sum += partial[i];\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n const long long n = predictions.numel();\n const int batch = predictions.size(0);\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = 2048;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);\n final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks, 1.0f / (float)batch);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v2p', cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=['kl_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 2190.0μs (99%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 25.0μs (1%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 696.80 μs
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3106.6/3350 GB/s (92.7%)
read=3102.1 write=4.5 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=99.6%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=7.2%
Pipe util: FMA=7.2%, Tensor=0.6%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 116.1%
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.47
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=1280, grid=2049
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 14258.2% ####################
short_scoreboard 415.5% ####################
mio_throttle 72.1% ##############
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 14258% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 521.7s turn · 21.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset); return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32]; int lane=threadIdx.x&31; int wid=threadIdx.x>>5; val=warp_reduce_sum(val); if(lane==0) shared[wid]=val; __syncthreads(); val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f; if(wid==0) val=warp_reduce_sum(val); return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f; const float4* __restrict__ p4=reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p); const float4* __restrict__ t4=reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t); long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; idx<n4; idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx]; float4 tv=t4[idx]; sum += tv.x*(logf(tv.x)-logf(pv.x)); sum += tv.y*(logf(tv.y)-logf(pv.y)); sum += tv.z*(logf(tv.z)-logf(pv.z)); sum += tv.w*(logf(tv.w)-logf(pv.w));} sum=block_reduce_sum(sum); if(threadIdx.x==0) partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f; for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x) sum+=partial[i]; sum=block_reduce_sum(sum); if(threadIdx.x==0) out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({}, predictions.options()); const long long n=predictions.numel(); const int batch=predictions.size(0); const int threads=512; int blocks=4096; auto partial=torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options()); cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4); final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch); return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v3p', cpp_sources=_cpp_src, cuda_sources=_cuda_src, functions=['kl_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 21020.0μs (100%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 11.0μs (0%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 689.70 μs [↓7.1μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3143.6/3350 GB/s (93.8%) [↑1.1% ok]
read=3139.9 write=3.7 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=98.3%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=7.3% [↑0.1% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=7.3%, Tensor=0.4%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 122.2% [↑6.1% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.34
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=1536, grid=4097
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15303.0% ####################
short_scoreboard 380.1% ####################
mio_throttle 66.7% #############
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15303% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 696.80→689.70μs (↓7.10) ok
DRAM BW%: 92.73→93.84% (↑1.10) ok
Compute%: 7.22→7.31% (↑0.08) ok
Occupancy: 116.06→122.17% (↑6.11) ok
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.47→0.34 (↓0.14) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 99.61→98.29% (↓1.32) REGRESSED
turn 68.1s turn · 8.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering performance options**
I'm thinking about optimizing for speed, maybe with v3 being slightly faster. Should I try settings like threads=1024 and blocks=4096? It seems like the register occupancy might be lower, but perhaps I’d have fewer warps overall. I really want to profile this to see how it impacts performance. There’s a lot to unpack here, so I’ll need to experiment a bit more to find the best setup!
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31;int wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*(logf(tv.x)-logf(pv.x));sum+=tv.y*(logf(tv.y)-logf(pv.y));sum+=tv.z*(logf(tv.z)-logf(pv.z));sum+=tv.w*(logf(tv.w)-logf(pv.w));}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);int threads=1024;int blocks=4096;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v4p',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 1887.0μs (99%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 10.0μs (1%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 694.37 μs [↑4.7μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3122.8/3350 GB/s (93.2%) [↓0.6% REGRESSED]
read=3118.8 write=4.0 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=97.2%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=7.5% [↑0.2% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=7.5%, Tensor=0.5%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 97.8% [↓24.4% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.39
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=2048, grid=4097
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 10286.6% ####################
short_scoreboard 390.5% ####################
mio_throttle 78.2% ###############
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 10287% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 689.70→694.37μs (↑4.67) REGRESSED
DRAM BW%: 93.84→93.22% (↓0.62) REGRESSED
Compute%: 7.31→7.50% (↑0.20) ok
Occupancy: 122.17→97.77% (↓24.40) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.34→0.39 (↑0.06) ok
L2 hit%: 98.29→97.22% (↓1.07) REGRESSED
turn 77.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31,wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*(logf(tv.x)-logf(pv.x));sum+=tv.y*(logf(tv.y)-logf(pv.y));sum+=tv.z*(logf(tv.z)-logf(pv.z));sum+=tv.w*(logf(tv.w)-logf(pv.w));}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);const int threads=512;const int blocks=8192;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v5p',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 4033.0μs (98%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 67.0μs (2%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 688.13 μs [↓6.2μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3158.5/3350 GB/s (94.3%) [↑1.1% ok]
read=3154.7 write=3.8 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=96.5%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=8.1% [↑0.6% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=8.1%, Tensor=0.4%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 122.6% [↑24.9% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.29
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=1536, grid=8193
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15812.4% ####################
short_scoreboard 328.7% ####################
mio_throttle 57.6% ###########
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15812% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 694.37→688.13μs (↓6.24) ok
DRAM BW%: 93.22→94.28% (↑1.07) ok
Compute%: 7.50→8.15% (↑0.65) ok
Occupancy: 97.77→122.62% (↑24.85) ok
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.39→0.29 (↓0.10) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 97.22→96.46% (↓0.76) REGRESSED
turn 89.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31,wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*(logf(tv.x)-logf(pv.x));sum+=tv.y*(logf(tv.y)-logf(pv.y));sum+=tv.z*(logf(tv.z)-logf(pv.z));sum+=tv.w*(logf(tv.w)-logf(pv.w));}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);const int threads=512;const int blocks=16384;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v6p',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 2290.0μs (99%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 12.0μs (1%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 686.14 μs [↓2.0μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3183.6/3350 GB/s (95.0%) [↑0.7% ok]
read=3179.8 write=3.9 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=93.3%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=8.8% [↑0.6% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=8.8%, Tensor=0.4%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 123.0% [↑0.3% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.29
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=1536, grid=16385
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15743.7% ####################
short_scoreboard 270.2% ####################
mio_throttle 48.6% #########
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15744% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 688.13→686.14μs (↓1.98) ok
DRAM BW%: 94.28→95.03% (↑0.75) ok
Compute%: 8.15→8.79% (↑0.64) ok
Occupancy: 122.62→122.97% (↑0.35) ok
L2 hit%: 96.46→93.28% (↓3.18) REGRESSED
turn 96.5s turn · 6.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31,wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*(logf(tv.x)-logf(pv.x));sum+=tv.y*(logf(tv.y)-logf(pv.y));sum+=tv.z*(logf(tv.z)-logf(pv.z));sum+=tv.w*(logf(tv.w)-logf(pv.w));}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);const int threads=512;const int blocks=32768;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v7p',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 1921.0μs (99%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 10.0μs (1%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 691.84 μs [↑5.7μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3188.6/3350 GB/s (95.2%) [↑0.1% ok]
read=3184.3 write=4.3 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=87.6%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=9.9% [↑1.1% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=9.9%, Tensor=0.5%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 122.4% [↓0.6% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.35
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=1536, grid=32769
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15038.3% ####################
short_scoreboard 227.6% ####################
mio_throttle 41.8% ########
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15038% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 686.14→691.84μs (↑5.70) REGRESSED
DRAM BW%: 95.03→95.18% (↑0.15) ok
Compute%: 8.79→9.86% (↑1.07) ok
Occupancy: 122.97→122.36% (↓0.61) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.29→0.35 (↑0.06) ok
L2 hit%: 93.28→87.63% (↓5.65) REGRESSED
turn 107.5s turn · 7.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing performance parameters**
I’m considering the best settings for version 6, specifically with a configuration of threads set at 256 and blocks at 16,384. But, I’m also wondering if it might be better to use more blocks, while keeping them smaller to improve occupancy. There’s something interesting in how these settings can impact overall performance, and I’m curious about the right balance to achieve optimal results.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31,wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*(logf(tv.x)-logf(pv.x));sum+=tv.y*(logf(tv.y)-logf(pv.y));sum+=tv.z*(logf(tv.z)-logf(pv.z));sum+=tv.w*(logf(tv.w)-logf(pv.w));}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);const int threads=256;const int blocks=16384;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_v8p',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 2046.0μs (99%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 12.0μs (1%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 689.63 μs [↓2.2μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3167.4/3350 GB/s (94.6%) [↓0.6% REGRESSED]
read=3163.6 write=3.8 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=93.1%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=8.2% [↓1.6% REGRESSED]
Pipe util: FMA=8.2%, Tensor=0.3%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 123.0% [↑0.6% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.24
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=52, smem/blk=2304B, block=1280, grid=16385
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 18042.5% ####################
short_scoreboard 259.4% ####################
mio_throttle 43.2% ########
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 18042% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 691.84→689.63μs (↓2.21) ok
DRAM BW%: 95.18→94.55% (↓0.63) REGRESSED
Compute%: 9.86→8.23% (↓1.63) REGRESSED
Occupancy: 122.36→123.00% (↑0.64) ok
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.35→0.24 (↓0.11) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 87.63→93.10% (↑5.47) ok
turn 118.6s turn · 8.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating log reduction**
I'm considering reducing logs by computing logf(t/p) instead of using two logs, which could half the log operations. The idea here is to assess if using one division plus log is faster, even though it might introduce more error. Since the profiling indicates that it’s memory-bound, I'm not sure it would speed things up. I’ll test using logf(tv.x / pv.x) while ensuring correctness, given that inputs must be positive.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31,wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*logf(tv.x/pv.x);sum+=tv.y*logf(tv.y/pv.y);sum+=tv.z*logf(tv.z/pv.z);sum+=tv.w*logf(tv.w/pv.w);}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);const int threads=512;const int blocks=16384;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_ratio_c',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.47e-08 mean_abs_err=4.40e-08 max_rel_err=9.96e-07
turn 127.0s turn · 7.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src=r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\"\"\"\n_cuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val){for(int offset=16;offset>0;offset>>=1) val+=__shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff,val,offset);return val;}\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val){static __shared__ float shared[32];int lane=threadIdx.x&31,wid=threadIdx.x>>5;val=warp_reduce_sum(val);if(lane==0)shared[wid]=val;__syncthreads();val=(threadIdx.x<((blockDim.x+31)/32))?shared[lane]:0.0f;if(wid==0)val=warp_reduce_sum(val);return val;}\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,const float* __restrict__ t,float* __restrict__ partial,long long n4){float sum=0.0f;const float4* __restrict__ p4=(const float4*)p;const float4* __restrict__ t4=(const float4*)t;long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;idx<n4;idx+=stride){float4 pv=p4[idx];float4 tv=t4[idx];sum+=tv.x*logf(tv.x/pv.x);sum+=tv.y*logf(tv.y/pv.y);sum+=tv.z*logf(tv.z/pv.z);sum+=tv.w*logf(tv.w/pv.w);}sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)partial[blockIdx.x]=sum;}\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,float* __restrict__ out,int n,float inv_batch){float sum=0.0f;for(int i=threadIdx.x;i<n;i+=blockDim.x)sum+=partial[i];sum=block_reduce_sum(sum);if(threadIdx.x==0)out[0]=sum*inv_batch;}\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions,torch::Tensor targets){auto out=torch::empty({},predictions.options());long long n=predictions.numel();int batch=predictions.size(0);const int threads=512;const int blocks=16384;auto partial=torch::empty({blocks},predictions.options());cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(predictions.data_ptr<float>(),targets.data_ptr<float>(),partial.data_ptr<float>(),n/4);final_reduce_kernel<<<1,1024,0,stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<float>(),blocks,1.0f/(float)batch);return out;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name='kl_fused_ext_ratio_p',cpp_sources=_cpp_src,cuda_sources=_cuda_src,functions=['kl_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,predictions,targets): return _ext.kl_forward(predictions,targets)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty 1734.0μs (100%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty 8.0μs (0%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 689.98 μs [↑0.4μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3165.0/3350 GB/s (94.5%) [↓0.1% REGRESSED]
read=3161.2 write=3.8 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=91.6%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Dominant pipe: FP32 util=8.9% [↑0.6% ok]
Pipe util: FMA=8.9%, Tensor=0.4%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: MEMORY-BOUND
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 122.9% [↓0.1% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.29
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=54, smem/blk=2304B, block=1536, grid=16385
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 20.00 sectors/req (20.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15769.6% ####################
short_scoreboard 290.1% ####################
mio_throttle 47.3% #########
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15770% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=20.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=20.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 20x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 689.63→689.98μs (↑0.35) REGRESSED
DRAM BW%: 94.55→94.48% (↓0.07) REGRESSED
Compute%: 8.23→8.88% (↑0.64) ok
Occupancy: 123.00→122.89% (↓0.12) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.24→0.29 (↑0.05) ok
L2 hit%: 93.10→91.58% (↓1.52) REGRESSED
turn 1311.7s turn · 11.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Finalizing submission plan**
I need to submit the final code now. I should choose the v6 log difference instead of the ratio. I might include the static check, which seems important. Once I ensure everything is correct, I can submit it. I’ve decided to use a unique name for it and confirm that there's no attempt issue in it. I think I’m almost there, just need to finalize a few details!
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);\n }\n return val;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {\n static __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;\n __syncthreads();\n val = (threadIdx.x < ((blockDim.x + 31) / 32)) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n return val;\n}\n\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n long long n4) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);\n const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 pv = p4[idx];\n float4 tv = t4[idx];\n sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));\n sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));\n sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));\n sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int n,\n float inv_batch) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) {\n sum += partial[i];\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n const long long n = predictions.numel();\n const int batch = predictions.size(0);\n const int threads = 512;\n const int blocks = 16384;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(\n predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(),\n partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);\n final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(\n partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks,\n 1.0f / (float)batch);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='kl_fused_final_ext',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['kl_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)\n"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 148.2s turn · 8.2s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);\n }\n return val;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {\n static __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;\n __syncthreads();\n val = (threadIdx.x < ((blockDim.x + 31) / 32)) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);\n return val;\n}\n\n__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,\n const float* __restrict__ t,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n long long n4) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);\n const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n idx < n4; idx += stride) {\n float4 pv = p4[idx];\n float4 tv = t4[idx];\n sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));\n sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));\n sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));\n sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;\n}\n\n__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int n,\n float inv_batch) {\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) {\n sum += partial[i];\n }\n sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {\n auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());\n const long long n = predictions.numel();\n const int batch = predictions.size(0);\n const int threads = 512;\n const int blocks = 16384;\n auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(\n predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(),\n partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);\n final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(\n partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks,\n 1.0f / (float)batch);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='kl_fused_final_ext',\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=['kl_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n\n def forward(self, predictions, targets):\n return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 0.71 μs
Runtime stats: mean=0.71μs median=?μs std=0.03μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=3.73e-09 mean_abs_err=7.45e-10 max_rel_err=6.40e-08
Memory: 2081.06 MB peak (ref: 6177.0 MB, ratio: 0.3369x)
Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 9, fusion ratio: 4.5)
Energy: 242.02 mJ/run (ref: 483.2 mJ, ratio: 1.9965x)
SOL score: 0.9488
final submitted kernel (102 lines, 3,434 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets);
"""
_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float val) {
for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
val += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, val, offset);
}
return val;
}
__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float val) {
static __shared__ float shared[32];
int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;
int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;
val = warp_reduce_sum(val);
if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = val;
__syncthreads();
val = (threadIdx.x < ((blockDim.x + 31) / 32)) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;
if (wid == 0) val = warp_reduce_sum(val);
return val;
}
__global__ void kl_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ p,
const float* __restrict__ t,
float* __restrict__ partial,
long long n4) {
float sum = 0.0f;
const float4* __restrict__ p4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(p);
const float4* __restrict__ t4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(t);
long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
for (long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
idx < n4; idx += stride) {
float4 pv = p4[idx];
float4 tv = t4[idx];
sum += tv.x * (logf(tv.x) - logf(pv.x));
sum += tv.y * (logf(tv.y) - logf(pv.y));
sum += tv.z * (logf(tv.z) - logf(pv.z));
sum += tv.w * (logf(tv.w) - logf(pv.w));
}
sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);
if (threadIdx.x == 0) partial[blockIdx.x] = sum;
}
__global__ void final_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,
float* __restrict__ out,
int n,
float inv_batch) {
float sum = 0.0f;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < n; i += blockDim.x) {
sum += partial[i];
}
sum = block_reduce_sum(sum);
if (threadIdx.x == 0) out[0] = sum * inv_batch;
}
torch::Tensor kl_forward(torch::Tensor predictions, torch::Tensor targets) {
auto out = torch::empty({}, predictions.options());
const long long n = predictions.numel();
const int batch = predictions.size(0);
const int threads = 512;
const int blocks = 16384;
auto partial = torch::empty({blocks}, predictions.options());
cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
kl_reduce_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
predictions.data_ptr<float>(), targets.data_ptr<float>(),
partial.data_ptr<float>(), n / 4);
final_reduce_kernel<<<1, 1024, 0, stream>>>(
partial.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), blocks,
1.0f / (float)batch);
return out;
}
"""
_ext = load_inline(
name='kl_fused_final_ext',
cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
functions=['kl_forward'],
extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],
extra_cflags=['-O3'],
verbose=False,
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
def forward(self, predictions, targets):
return _ext.kl_forward(predictions, targets)