gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 88_MinGPTNewGelu.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
13 / 15
tool calls
13
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
0.18 μs
ref runtime
1.66 μs
speedup
9.02x
started
2026-05-04T04:42:41Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.18 μs
ref runtime
1.66 μs
speedup
9.02x
kernel mean / median / std
0.18 / — / 5.51e-04 μs
ref mean / median / std
1.66 / — / 0.41 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
1.19e-07
mean abs error
1.09e-10
max rel error
2.11e-07
mean rel error
1.82e-10
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
544.00 MB
ref peak
1056.00 MB
kernel / ref
0.52x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
2
ref launches
10
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
5.00x
total cuda time
62 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.883
dram util %
88.3%
compute util %
21.9%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
2957.32 GB/s
dram util %
88.3%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
78.9%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
21.9%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
50.0%
ld sectors / req
16.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
30
smem / block
1024 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
3299.6%
short_scoreboard
65.0%
mio_throttle
14.8%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import math

# From https://github.com/karpathy/minGPT/blob/master/mingpt/model.py

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Implementation of the GELU activation function currently in Google BERT repo (identical to OpenAI GPT).
    Reference: Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELU) paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08415
    """
    def __init__(self):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
    
    def forward(self, x):
        return 0.5 * x * (1.0 + torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2.0 / math.pi) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3.0))))

batch_size = 8192
dim = 8192

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, dim)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return []
turn 0 · 1 tool call(s) · 14.1s turn · 14.1s LLM · 6,625 chars (click to expand)
turn 014.1s turn · 14.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n float4 o;\n o.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n o.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n o.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n o.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = o;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x):\n return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'gelu_approx_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=gelu_approx_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -O3 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_88_cache/k_6309c5a2f1d0/gelu_approx_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=gelu_approx_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_88_cache/k_6309c5a2f1d0/gelu_approx_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=gelu_approx_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_88_cache/k_6309c5a2f1d0/gelu_approx_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_88_cache/k_6309c5a2f1d0/gelu_approx_ext_v1/cuda.cu(47): error: namespace "at::cuda" has no member "getCurrentCUDAStream" cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); ^ 1 error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_88_cache/k_6309c5a2f1d0/gelu_approx_ext_v1/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 15.8s turn · 5.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n float4 o;\n o.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n o.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n o.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n o.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = o;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x):\n return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 25.9s turn · 5.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n float4 o;\n o.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n o.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n o.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n o.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = o;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x):\n return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=1.09e-10 max_rel_err=2.11e-07
turn 313.2s turn · 13.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating tanh approximation methods** I’m looking at approximating the tanh function with a polynomial. At u = 0.834, the convergence seems okay, but I’m questioning the error of the next term, which I calculated to be too high. I’m considering using more terms for better accuracy or checking a rational Pade approximation. While polynomial operations are cheaper, I need to ensure I get the exact results. It seems crucial to balance speed and accuracy in calculations.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n float4 o;\n o.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n o.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n o.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n o.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = o;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads; if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads); if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v2p\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x):\n return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 1444.0μs (51%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 1415.0μs (49%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 174.98 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2956.8/3350 GB/s (88.3%) read=1534.2 write=1422.6 GB/s Hit rates: L2=49.7% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=21.8% Pipe util: FMA=21.8%, Tensor=0.6% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 79.2% Eligible warps/cycle: 0.61 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=30, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=65535 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 3381.6% #################### short_scoreboard 64.6% ############ mio_throttle 14.7% ## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 3382% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 413.6s turn · 13.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating performance optimizations** I'm questioning whether adding `--use_fast_math` uses `__tanhf`. It seems possible that the error could be acceptable for values between [0,1], but I wonder if this would improve computation efficiency or just become a bottleneck. The profiling indicates that memory is the limiting factor. Perhaps I should consider a polynomial approach and utilize scalar instead of float4, although the runtime might not differ significantly. The profiling suggests there’s waste due to grid-stride when using float4. It's a bit complicated!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 57.6s turn · 7.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n v.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n v.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n v.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n v.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 4096) blocks = 4096;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads); if (blocks > 4096) blocks = 4096;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v3_4096\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x): return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 613.2s turn · 13.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n v.x = gelu_one(v.x); v.y = gelu_one(v.y); v.z = gelu_one(v.z); v.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n}\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel(); if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256; cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>()), yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4); int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads; if (blocks > 4096) blocks = 4096;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads); if (blocks > 4096) blocks = 4096;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v3_4096\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x): return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=1.09e-10 max_rel_err=2.11e-07
turn 75.5s turn · 5.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) { const float kAlpha=0.7978845608028654f; const float kBeta=0.044715f; float x2=x*x; float u=kAlpha*(x+kBeta*x*x2); float t=tanhf(u); return 0.5f*x*(1.0f+t); }\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) { int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; const float4* __restrict__ x4=reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x); float4* __restrict__ y4=reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y); for(int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){ float4 v=x4[i]; v.x=gelu_one(v.x); v.y=gelu_one(v.y); v.z=gelu_one(v.z); v.w=gelu_one(v.w); y4[i]=v; } }\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) { long idx=(long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long stride=(long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) y[i]=gelu_one(x[i]); }\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) { auto y=torch::empty_like(x); long n=x.numel(); if(n==0) return y; const int threads=256; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); uintptr_t xp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>()), yp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>()); if((n%4==0)&&((xp&15)==0)&&((yp&15)==0)){ int n4=(int)(n/4); int blocks=(n4+threads-1)/threads; if(blocks>4096) blocks=4096; gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4); } else { int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>4096) blocks=4096; gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n); } return y; }\n\"\"\"\n_gelu_ext=load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v3_4096p\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,x): return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 51472.0μs (50%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 51444.0μs (50%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 182.40 μs [↑7.4μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2844.8/3350 GB/s (84.9%) [↓3.3% REGRESSED] read=1471.8 write=1373.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=50.3% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=19.7% [↓2.1% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=19.7%, Tensor=0.6% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 90.8% [↑11.6% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.41 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=30, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=4096 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 4832.8% #################### mio_throttle 14.6% ## short_scoreboard 13.7% ## --- Optimization Hints --- -> 4833% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 174.98→182.40μs (↑7.42) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 88.26→84.92% (↓3.34) REGRESSED Compute%: 21.77→19.68% (↓2.09) REGRESSED Occupancy: 79.15→90.79% (↑11.63) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 0.61→0.41 (↓0.20) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 49.70→50.25% (↑0.55) ok
turn 85.9s turn · 5.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) { const float kAlpha=0.7978845608028654f; const float kBeta=0.044715f; float x2=x*x; float u=kAlpha*(x+kBeta*x*x2); float t=__tanhf(u); return 0.5f*x*(1.0f+t); }\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) { int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; const float4* __restrict__ x4=reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x); float4* __restrict__ y4=reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y); for(int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){ float4 v=x4[i]; v.x=gelu_one(v.x); v.y=gelu_one(v.y); v.z=gelu_one(v.z); v.w=gelu_one(v.w); y4[i]=v; } }\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) { long idx=(long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long stride=(long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) y[i]=gelu_one(x[i]); }\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) { auto y=torch::empty_like(x); long n=x.numel(); if(n==0) return y; const int threads=256; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); uintptr_t xp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>()), yp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>()); if((n%4==0)&&((xp&15)==0)&&((yp&15)==0)){ int n4=(int)(n/4); int blocks=(n4+threads-1)/threads; if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4); } else { int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n); } return y; }\n\"\"\"\n_gelu_ext=load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v4_fast\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,x): return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 95.8s turn · 5.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) { const float kAlpha=0.7978845608028654f; const float kBeta=0.044715f; float x2=x*x; float u=kAlpha*(x+kBeta*x*x2); float t=__tanhf(u); return 0.5f*x*(1.0f+t); }\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) { int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; const float4* __restrict__ x4=reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x); float4* __restrict__ y4=reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y); for(int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){ float4 v=x4[i]; v.x=gelu_one(v.x); v.y=gelu_one(v.y); v.z=gelu_one(v.z); v.w=gelu_one(v.w); y4[i]=v; } }\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) { long idx=(long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long stride=(long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) y[i]=gelu_one(x[i]); }\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) { auto y=torch::empty_like(x); long n=x.numel(); if(n==0) return y; const int threads=256; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); uintptr_t xp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>()), yp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>()); if((n%4==0)&&((xp&15)==0)&&((yp&15)==0)){ int n4=(int)(n/4); int blocks=(n4+threads-1)/threads; if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4); } else { int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n); } return y; }\n\"\"\"\n_gelu_ext=load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v4_fast\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,x): return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.21e-06 mean_abs_err=3.28e-07 max_rel_err=3.97e-06
turn 107.1s turn · 7.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\ncuda_src=r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x){const float kAlpha=0.7978845608028654f;const float kBeta=0.044715f;float x2=x*x;float u=kAlpha*(x+kBeta*x*x2);float t=__tanhf(u);return 0.5f*x*(1.0f+t);}\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,float* __restrict__ y,int n4){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x;const float4* __restrict__ x4=reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);float4* __restrict__ y4=reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);for(int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){float4 v=x4[i];v.x=gelu_one(v.x);v.y=gelu_one(v.y);v.z=gelu_one(v.z);v.w=gelu_one(v.w);y4[i]=v;}}\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,float* __restrict__ y,long n){long idx=(long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;long stride=(long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;for(long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride)y[i]=gelu_one(x[i]);}\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x){auto y=torch::empty_like(x);long n=x.numel();if(n==0)return y;const int threads=256;cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();uintptr_t xp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>()),yp=reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());if((n%4==0)&&((xp&15)==0)&&((yp&15)==0)){int n4=(int)(n/4);int blocks=(n4+threads-1)/threads;if(blocks>65535)blocks=65535;gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),n4);}else{int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads);if(blocks>65535)blocks=65535;gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),y.data_ptr<float>(),n);}return y;}\n\"\"\"\n_gelu_ext=load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_v4_fastp\",cpp_sources=cpp_src,cuda_sources=cuda_src,functions=[\"gelu_forward\"],extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"],extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,x):return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty_like 1497.0μs (51%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty_strided 1453.0μs (49%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 175.20 μs [↓7.2μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2953.2/3350 GB/s (88.2%) [↑3.2% ok] read=1532.2 write=1421.0 GB/s Hit rates: L2=49.7% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=12.9% [↓6.8% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=12.9%, Tensor=0.6% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 78.8% [↓12.0% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.42 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=65535 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 4397.1% #################### short_scoreboard 121.1% #################### mio_throttle 21.4% #### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 4397% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 182.40→175.20μs (↓7.20) ok DRAM BW%: 84.92→88.16% (↑3.24) ok Compute%: 19.68→12.89% (↓6.80) REGRESSED Occupancy: 90.79→78.84% (↓11.95) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 0.41→0.42 (↑0.01) ok L2 hit%: 50.25→49.65% (↓0.60) REGRESSED
turn 1132.3s turn · 32.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating optimization strategies** I need to consider a polynomial that might work faster, but if it’s memory-bound, that won’t help. I wonder if using a vectorized polynomial will improve performance without increasing memory usage, potentially reaching 3000 GB/s. There's also the overhead to consider. Profiling shows GPU time at 175 ms, but some allocations, like `empty_like`, could be impacting performance. I’m thinking about using `at::empty_like` for efficiency. Also, I need to choose between v4 and v2 versions, weighing accuracy and speed carefully while ensuring the inputs are reliable. **Verifying computations** I’m considering using `tanhf`, but I need to ensure the input data type is consistently float32. I can't call `cudaGetLastError` due to overhead concerns. One thing to note is that `PyTorch` uses `pow(x, 3.0)` instead of `x*x*x`, which could affect precision slightly, but seems okay. I wonder if trying to use half-precision is worthwhile, but I think I'll skip that. Maybe utilizing `torch.compile` isn’t the way to go either. Instead, I’ll proceed with a static check for the final implementation.
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n v.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n v.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n v.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n v.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(name=\"gelu_approx_ext_final\", cpp_sources=cpp_src, cuda_sources=cuda_src, functions=[\"gelu_forward\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, x):\n return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 127.6s turn · 7.6s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Considering submission options** I need to submit the results. I’m weighing the choice between final version 1 and fast math. They profile similarly, but the exact tanh for v1 is 174.98, while fast math gives 175.2. I think I'm leaning towards submitting v1 to ensure the code is complete. I wonder if I could use `torch.empty_like` to reduce overhead? There's a strange kernel breakdown with timing at 175 microseconds, and the PyTorch reference might involve multiple operations that are significantly slower. I should go ahead and submit!
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {\n const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;\n const float kBeta = 0.044715f;\n float x2 = x * x;\n float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);\n float t = tanhf(u);\n return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);\n float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);\n for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = x4[i];\n v.x = gelu_one(v.x);\n v.y = gelu_one(v.y);\n v.z = gelu_one(v.z);\n v.w = gelu_one(v.w);\n y4[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {\n long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto y = torch::empty_like(x);\n long n = x.numel();\n if (n == 0) return y;\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());\n uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());\n if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {\n int n4 = (int)(n / 4);\n int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_gelu_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"gelu_approx_ext_final\",\n cpp_sources=cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=cuda_src,\n functions=[\"gelu_forward\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.18 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.18μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.19e-07 mean_abs_err=1.09e-10 max_rel_err=2.11e-07 Memory: 544.0 MB peak (ref: 1056.0 MB, ratio: 0.5152x) Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 10, fusion ratio: 5.0) SOL score: 0.8828
final submitted kernel (87 lines, 2,697 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x);
"""

cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdint.h>

__device__ __forceinline__ float gelu_one(float x) {
    const float kAlpha = 0.7978845608028654f;
    const float kBeta = 0.044715f;
    float x2 = x * x;
    float u = kAlpha * (x + kBeta * x * x2);
    float t = tanhf(u);
    return 0.5f * x * (1.0f + t);
}

__global__ void gelu_float4_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, int n4) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    const float4* __restrict__ x4 = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(x);
    float4* __restrict__ y4 = reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y);
    for (int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {
        float4 v = x4[i];
        v.x = gelu_one(v.x);
        v.y = gelu_one(v.y);
        v.z = gelu_one(v.z);
        v.w = gelu_one(v.w);
        y4[i] = v;
    }
}

__global__ void gelu_scalar_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, float* __restrict__ y, long n) {
    long idx = (long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    long stride = (long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    for (long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {
        y[i] = gelu_one(x[i]);
    }
}

torch::Tensor gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x) {
    auto y = torch::empty_like(x);
    long n = x.numel();
    if (n == 0) return y;
    const int threads = 256;
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    uintptr_t xp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x.data_ptr<float>());
    uintptr_t yp = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(y.data_ptr<float>());
    if ((n % 4 == 0) && ((xp & 15) == 0) && ((yp & 15) == 0)) {
        int n4 = (int)(n / 4);
        int blocks = (n4 + threads - 1) / threads;
        if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
        gelu_float4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n4);
    } else {
        int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);
        if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
        gelu_scalar_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), y.data_ptr<float>(), n);
    }
    return y;
}
"""

_gelu_ext = load_inline(
    name="gelu_approx_ext_final",
    cpp_sources=cpp_src,
    cuda_sources=cuda_src,
    functions=["gelu_forward"],
    extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3"],
    extra_cflags=["-O3"],
    verbose=False,
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()

    def forward(self, x):
        return _gelu_ext.gelu_forward(x)