gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 85_conv_depthwise_2D_asymmetric_input_asymmetric_kernel.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
15 / 15
tool calls
15
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
0.65 μs
ref runtime
2.28 μs
speedup
3.53x
started
2026-05-04T06:24:54Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.65 μs
ref runtime
2.28 μs
speedup
3.53x
kernel mean / median / std
0.65 / — / 0.03 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.28 / — / 0.03 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
1037.21 MB
ref peak
1037.21 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
6
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
6.00x
total cuda time
24 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
241.62
ref mJ / run
241.74
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.00x
avg power
378.72 W
ref avg power
106.44 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.485
dram util %
48.5%
compute util %
20.3%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
1624.33 GB/s
dram util %
48.5%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
96.1%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
20.3%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
58.4%
ld sectors / req
1.73
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
32
smem / block
6400 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
584.6%
mio_throttle
490.7%
short_scoreboard
162.2%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Performs a depthwise 2D convolution with asymmetric input and asymmetric kernel.

    Args:
        in_channels (int): Number of channels in the input tensor.
        out_channels (int): Number of channels produced by the convolution.
        kernel_size_h (int): Height of the convolution kernel.
        kernel_size_w (int): Width of the convolution kernel.
        stride_h (int, optional): Stride of the convolution in height dimension. Defaults to 1.
        stride_w (int, optional): Stride of the convolution in width dimension. Defaults to 1.
        padding_h (int, optional): Padding applied to the input in height dimension. Defaults to 0.
        padding_w (int, optional): Padding applied to the input in width dimension. Defaults to 0.
        dilation_h (int, optional): Spacing between kernel elements in height dimension. Defaults to 1.
        dilation_w (int, optional): Spacing between kernel elements in width dimension. Defaults to 1.
        groups (int, optional): Number of blocked connections from input channels to output channels. Defaults to 1.
        bias (bool, optional): If `True`, adds a learnable bias to the output. Defaults to `False`.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size_h: int, kernel_size_w: int, stride_h: int = 1, stride_w: int = 1, padding_h: int = 0, padding_w: int = 0, dilation_h: int = 1, dilation_w: int = 1, groups: int = 1, bias: bool = False):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, in_channels, (kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w), stride=(stride_h, stride_w), padding=(padding_h, padding_w), dilation=(dilation_h, dilation_w), groups=in_channels, bias=bias)
        
    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Performs the depthwise 2D convolution.

        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_channels, height, width).

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size, out_channels, height_out, width_out).
        """
        return self.conv2d(x)

# Test code
batch_size = 32
in_channels = 128
out_channels = 128
kernel_size_h = 3
kernel_size_w = 7
width = 256
height = 128
stride_h = 1
stride_w = 1
padding_h = 0
padding_w = 0
dilation_h = 1
dilation_w = 1
groups = in_channels

def get_inputs():
    x = torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)
    return [x]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w, stride_h, stride_w, padding_h, padding_w, dilation_h, dilation_w, groups]
turn 010.2s turn · 10.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Calculating tile dimensions** I'm considering different tile configurations, specifically comparing a 16x16 tile, which gives a total of 256, to an 18x22 tile that totals 396. I wonder about the arrangement of similar blocks, like a potential 16x8 configuration. I should take the ceiling of those values, so for width and height, it looks like 16 for width and 8 for height, leading to an interesting equalization at 524k with a tile size of 32x8.
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 1 · 1 tool call(s) · 28.7s turn · 28.7s LLM · 8,384 chars (click to expand)
turn 128.7s turn · 28.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Evaluating block layout** I'm exploring the block layout and how the fastest strategy involves warp covering row y. I need to ensure that for each kh/kw, tx runs from 0 to 31 continuously, creating no conflicts. Okay, that sounds good so far! The occupancy looks like it has few registers and many blocks, which seems efficient. So, next, I should try compiling a correctness profile to verify everything. It’s important to ensure it checks out!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float32\")\n\nconstexpr int TILE_W = 32;\nconstexpr int TILE_H = 8;\nconstexpr int KH = 3;\nconstexpr int KW = 7;\nconstexpr int SH_W = TILE_W + KW - 1;\nconstexpr int SH_H = TILE_H + KH - 1;\n\n__global__ void dw3x7_s1p0_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W,\n int OH, int OW,\n int has_bias) {\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H * SH_W];\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int ow0 = blockIdx.x * TILE_W;\n int oh0 = blockIdx.y * TILE_H;\n int nc = blockIdx.z;\n int n = nc / C;\n int c = nc - n * C;\n\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n // load input tile with halo\n int tid = ty * blockDim.x + tx;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < SH_H * SH_W; idx += blockDim.x * blockDim.y) {\n int rr = idx / SH_W;\n int cc = idx - rr * SH_W;\n int ih = oh0 + rr;\n int iw = ow0 + cc;\n float v = 0.0f;\n if (ih < H && iw < W) v = xptr[ih * W + iw];\n smem[idx] = v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n int oh = oh0 + ty;\n int ow = ow0 + tx;\n if (oh < OH && ow < OW) {\n const float* wptr = w + c * KH * KW;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < KH; ++kh) {\n int base = (ty + kh) * SH_W + tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < KW; ++kw) {\n acc = fmaf(smem[base + kw], wptr[kh * KW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n y[((n * C + c) * OH + oh) * OW + ow] = acc;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void dw_generic_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW,\n int kH, int kW, int stride_h, int stride_w,\n int pad_h, int pad_w, int dil_h, int dil_w,\n int has_bias) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * C * OH * OW;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int ow = idx % OW;\n int t = idx / OW;\n int oh = t % OH;\n t /= OH;\n int c = t % C;\n int n = t / C;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n const float* wptr = w + c * kH * kW;\n for (int kh = 0; kh < kH; ++kh) {\n int ih = oh * stride_h - pad_h + kh * dil_h;\n if ((unsigned)ih < (unsigned)H) {\n for (int kw = 0; kw < kW; ++kw) {\n int iw = ow * stride_w - pad_w + kw * dil_w;\n if ((unsigned)iw < (unsigned)W) {\n acc = fmaf(xptr[ih * W + iw], wptr[kh * kW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight);\n const int64_t N64 = x.size(0), C64 = x.size(1), H64 = x.size(2), W64 = x.size(3);\n const int64_t kH64 = weight.size(2), kW64 = weight.size(3);\n int64_t OH64 = (H64 + 2 * padding_h - dilation_h * (kH64 - 1) - 1) / stride_h + 1;\n int64_t OW64 = (W64 + 2 * padding_w - dilation_w * (kW64 - 1) - 1) / stride_w + 1;\n auto y = torch::empty({N64, C64, OH64, OW64}, x.options());\n int N=(int)N64, C=(int)C64, H=(int)H64, W=(int)W64, OH=(int)OH64, OW=(int)OW64;\n int kH=(int)kH64, kW=(int)kW64;\n int has_bias = (bias.numel() != 0);\n const float* bptr = has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (kH == 3 && kW == 7 && stride_h == 1 && stride_w == 1 && padding_h == 0 && padding_w == 0 && dilation_h == 1 && dilation_w == 1) {\n dim3 block(TILE_W, TILE_H);\n dim3 grid((OW + TILE_W - 1) / TILE_W, (OH + TILE_H - 1) / TILE_H, N * C);\n dw3x7_s1p0_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, OH, OW, has_bias);\n } else {\n int total = N*C*OH*OW;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n dw_generic_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v1', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_cuda, functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size_h: int, kernel_size_w: int, stride_h: int = 1, stride_w: int = 1, padding_h: int = 0, padding_w: int = 0, dilation_h: int = 1, dilation_w: int = 1, groups: int = 1, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, in_channels, (kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w), stride=(stride_h, stride_w), padding=(padding_h, padding_w), dilation=(dilation_h, dilation_w), groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride_h = stride_h; self.stride_w = stride_w\n self.padding_h = padding_h; self.padding_w = padding_w\n self.dilation_h = dilation_h; self.dilation_w = dilation_w\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n bias = self.conv2d.bias\n if bias is None:\n bias = torch.empty(0, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x, self.conv2d.weight, bias, self.stride_h, self.stride_w, self.padding_h, self.padding_w, self.dilation_h, self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 2 · 1 tool call(s) · 12.7s turn · 12.7s LLM · 7,911 chars (click to expand)
turn 212.7s turn · 12.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float32\")\n\nconstexpr int TILE_W = 32;\nconstexpr int TILE_H = 8;\nconstexpr int KH = 3;\nconstexpr int KW = 7;\nconstexpr int SH_W = TILE_W + KW - 1;\nconstexpr int SH_H = TILE_H + KH - 1;\n\n__global__ void dw3x7_s1p0_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W,\n int OH, int OW,\n int has_bias) {\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H * SH_W];\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int ow0 = blockIdx.x * TILE_W;\n int oh0 = blockIdx.y * TILE_H;\n int nc = blockIdx.z;\n int n = nc / C;\n int c = nc - n * C;\n\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n int tid = ty * blockDim.x + tx;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < SH_H * SH_W; idx += blockDim.x * blockDim.y) {\n int rr = idx / SH_W;\n int cc = idx - rr * SH_W;\n int ih = oh0 + rr;\n int iw = ow0 + cc;\n float v = 0.0f;\n if (ih < H && iw < W) v = xptr[ih * W + iw];\n smem[idx] = v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n int oh = oh0 + ty;\n int ow = ow0 + tx;\n if (oh < OH && ow < OW) {\n const float* wptr = w + c * KH * KW;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < KH; ++kh) {\n int base = (ty + kh) * SH_W + tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < KW; ++kw) {\n acc = fmaf(smem[base + kw], wptr[kh * KW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n y[((n * C + c) * OH + oh) * OW + ow] = acc;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void dw_generic_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW,\n int kH, int kW, int stride_h, int stride_w,\n int pad_h, int pad_w, int dil_h, int dil_w,\n int has_bias) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * C * OH * OW;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int ow = idx % OW;\n int t = idx / OW;\n int oh = t % OH;\n t /= OH;\n int c = t % C;\n int n = t / C;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n const float* wptr = w + c * kH * kW;\n for (int kh = 0; kh < kH; ++kh) {\n int ih = oh * stride_h - pad_h + kh * dil_h;\n if ((unsigned)ih < (unsigned)H) {\n for (int kw = 0; kw < kW; ++kw) {\n int iw = ow * stride_w - pad_w + kw * dil_w;\n if ((unsigned)iw < (unsigned)W) {\n acc = fmaf(xptr[ih * W + iw], wptr[kh * kW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight);\n const int64_t N64 = x.size(0), C64 = x.size(1), H64 = x.size(2), W64 = x.size(3);\n const int64_t kH64 = weight.size(2), kW64 = weight.size(3);\n int64_t OH64 = (H64 + 2 * padding_h - dilation_h * (kH64 - 1) - 1) / stride_h + 1;\n int64_t OW64 = (W64 + 2 * padding_w - dilation_w * (kW64 - 1) - 1) / stride_w + 1;\n auto y = torch::empty({N64, C64, OH64, OW64}, x.options());\n int N=(int)N64, C=(int)C64, H=(int)H64, W=(int)W64, OH=(int)OH64, OW=(int)OW64;\n int kH=(int)kH64, kW=(int)kW64;\n int has_bias = (bias.numel() != 0);\n const float* bptr = has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (kH == 3 && kW == 7 && stride_h == 1 && stride_w == 1 && padding_h == 0 && padding_w == 0 && dilation_h == 1 && dilation_w == 1) {\n dim3 block(TILE_W, TILE_H);\n dim3 grid((OW + TILE_W - 1) / TILE_W, (OH + TILE_H - 1) / TILE_H, N * C);\n dw3x7_s1p0_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, OH, OW, has_bias);\n } else {\n int total = N*C*OH*OW;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n dw_generic_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v1', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_cuda, functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size_h: int, kernel_size_w: int, stride_h: int = 1, stride_w: int = 1, padding_h: int = 0, padding_w: int = 0, dilation_h: int = 1, dilation_w: int = 1, groups: int = 1, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, in_channels, (kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w), stride=(stride_h, stride_w), padding=(padding_h, padding_w), dilation=(dilation_h, dilation_w), groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride_h = stride_h; self.stride_w = stride_w\n self.padding_h = padding_h; self.padding_w = padding_w\n self.dilation_h = dilation_h; self.dilation_w = dilation_w\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n bias = self.conv2d.bias\n if bias is None:\n bias = torch.empty(0, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x, self.conv2d.weight, bias, self.stride_h, self.stride_w, self.padding_h, self.padding_w, self.dilation_h, self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 3 · 1 tool call(s) · 12.8s turn · 12.8s LLM · 8,915 chars (click to expand)
turn 312.8s turn · 12.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float32\")\n\nconstexpr int TILE_W = 32;\nconstexpr int TILE_H = 8;\nconstexpr int KH = 3;\nconstexpr int KW = 7;\nconstexpr int SH_W = TILE_W + KW - 1;\nconstexpr int SH_H = TILE_H + KH - 1;\n\n__global__ void dw3x7_s1p0_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W,\n int OH, int OW,\n int has_bias) {\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H * SH_W];\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int ow0 = blockIdx.x * TILE_W;\n int oh0 = blockIdx.y * TILE_H;\n int nc = blockIdx.z;\n int n = nc / C;\n int c = nc - n * C;\n\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n int tid = ty * blockDim.x + tx;\n for (int idx = tid; idx < SH_H * SH_W; idx += blockDim.x * blockDim.y) {\n int rr = idx / SH_W;\n int cc = idx - rr * SH_W;\n int ih = oh0 + rr;\n int iw = ow0 + cc;\n float v = 0.0f;\n if (ih < H && iw < W) v = xptr[ih * W + iw];\n smem[idx] = v;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n int oh = oh0 + ty;\n int ow = ow0 + tx;\n if (oh < OH && ow < OW) {\n const float* wptr = w + c * KH * KW;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < KH; ++kh) {\n int base = (ty + kh) * SH_W + tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < KW; ++kw) {\n acc = fmaf(smem[base + kw], wptr[kh * KW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n y[((n * C + c) * OH + oh) * OW + ow] = acc;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void dw_generic_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW,\n int kH, int kW, int stride_h, int stride_w,\n int pad_h, int pad_w, int dil_h, int dil_w,\n int has_bias) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * C * OH * OW;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int ow = idx % OW;\n int t = idx / OW;\n int oh = t % OH;\n t /= OH;\n int c = t % C;\n int n = t / C;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n const float* wptr = w + c * kH * kW;\n for (int kh = 0; kh < kH; ++kh) {\n int ih = oh * stride_h - pad_h + kh * dil_h;\n if ((unsigned)ih < (unsigned)H) {\n for (int kw = 0; kw < kW; ++kw) {\n int iw = ow * stride_w - pad_w + kw * dil_w;\n if ((unsigned)iw < (unsigned)W) {\n acc = fmaf(xptr[ih * W + iw], wptr[kh * kW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x); CHECK_CUDA(weight); CHECK_FLOAT(x); CHECK_FLOAT(weight);\n const int64_t N64 = x.size(0), C64 = x.size(1), H64 = x.size(2), W64 = x.size(3);\n const int64_t kH64 = weight.size(2), kW64 = weight.size(3);\n int64_t OH64 = (H64 + 2 * padding_h - dilation_h * (kH64 - 1) - 1) / stride_h + 1;\n int64_t OW64 = (W64 + 2 * padding_w - dilation_w * (kW64 - 1) - 1) / stride_w + 1;\n auto y = torch::empty({N64, C64, OH64, OW64}, x.options());\n int N=(int)N64, C=(int)C64, H=(int)H64, W=(int)W64, OH=(int)OH64, OW=(int)OW64;\n int kH=(int)kH64, kW=(int)kW64;\n int has_bias = (bias.numel() != 0);\n const float* bptr = has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n if (kH == 3 && kW == 7 && stride_h == 1 && stride_w == 1 && padding_h == 0 && padding_w == 0 && dilation_h == 1 && dilation_w == 1) {\n dim3 block(TILE_W, TILE_H);\n dim3 grid((OW + TILE_W - 1) / TILE_W, (OH + TILE_H - 1) / TILE_H, N * C);\n dw3x7_s1p0_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, OH, OW, has_bias);\n } else {\n int total = N*C*OH*OW;\n int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n dw_generic_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v1', cpp_sources=_cpp, cuda_sources=_cuda, functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'], extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'], extra_cflags=['-O3'], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size_h: int, kernel_size_w: int, stride_h: int = 1, stride_w: int = 1, padding_h: int = 0, padding_w: int = 0, dilation_h: int = 1, dilation_w: int = 1, groups: int = 1, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, in_channels, (kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w), stride=(stride_h, stride_w), padding=(padding_h, padding_w), dilation=(dilation_h, dilation_w), groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride_h = stride_h; self.stride_w = stride_w\n self.padding_h = padding_h; self.padding_w = padding_w\n self.dilation_h = dilation_h; self.dilation_w = dilation_w\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n bias = self.conv2d.bias\n if bias is None:\n bias = torch.empty(0, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x, self.conv2d.weight, bias, self.stride_h, self.stride_w, self.padding_h, self.padding_w, self.dilation_h, self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 2367.0μs (99%) calls=1 #2: aten::empty 35.0μs (1%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 1171.74 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 887.6/3350 GB/s (26.5%) read=458.4 write=429.2 GB/s Hit rates: L2=63.4% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=16.0% Pipe util: FMA=16.0%, Tensor=1.4% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 93.3% Eligible warps/cycle: 1.95 Launch: regs/thread=30, smem/blk=2560B, block=256, grid=524288 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.25 sectors/req (1.2x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 809.5% #################### mio_throttle 330.0% #################### short_scoreboard 153.5% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 809% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
turn 4 · 1 tool call(s) · 23.4s turn · 23.4s LLM · 6,329 chars (click to expand)
turn 423.4s turn · 23.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Revising code usage** I’m thinking about whether it's necessary to include all the code every time. It feels like it could be overwhelming! Maybe instead, I could create a code string for analysis without needing the full details every time. I might consider using a tool with modified constants, which could simplify things. It sounds better to have a streamlined approach while still achieving what I need. Let's see if that works!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int TILE_W=64, TILE_H=8, KH=3, KW=7;\nconstexpr int SH_W=TILE_W+KW-1, SH_H=TILE_H+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H*SH_W];\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*TILE_W, oh0=blockIdx.y*TILE_H; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C;\n const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*blockDim.x+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SH_H*SH_W; idx+=blockDim.x*blockDim.y){int rr=idx/SH_W; int cc=idx-rr*SH_W; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads();\n int oh=oh0+ty, ow=ow0+tx; if(oh<OH && ow<OW){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0;kh<KH;++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SH_W+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0;kw<KW;++kw) acc=fmaf(smem[base+kw], wptr[kh*KW+kw], acc);\n }\n y[((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW+ow]=acc;}\n}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){\n int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw], wptr[kh*kW+kw], acc);}}} y[idx]=acc; }\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){\n CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(TILE_W,TILE_H); dim3 grid((OW+TILE_W-1)/TILE_W,(OH+TILE_H-1)/TILE_H,N*C); dw3x7<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y; }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v2',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias', torch.empty(0), persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 512.3s turn · 12.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int TILE_W=64, TILE_H=8, KH=3, KW=7;\nconstexpr int SH_W=TILE_W+KW-1, SH_H=TILE_H+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H*SH_W];\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*TILE_W, oh0=blockIdx.y*TILE_H; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C;\n const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*blockDim.x+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SH_H*SH_W; idx+=blockDim.x*blockDim.y){int rr=idx/SH_W; int cc=idx-rr*SH_W; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads();\n int oh=oh0+ty, ow=ow0+tx; if(oh<OH && ow<OW){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0;kh<KH;++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SH_W+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0;kw<KW;++kw) acc=fmaf(smem[base+kw], wptr[kh*KW+kw], acc);\n }\n y[((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW+ow]=acc;}\n}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){\n int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw], wptr[kh*kW+kw], acc);}}} y[idx]=acc; }\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){\n CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(TILE_W,TILE_H); dim3 grid((OW+TILE_W-1)/TILE_W,(OH+TILE_H-1)/TILE_H,N*C); dw3x7<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y; }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v2',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias', torch.empty(0), persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 6 · 1 tool call(s) · 10.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 7,266 chars (click to expand)
turn 610.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int TILE_W=64, TILE_H=8, KH=3, KW=7;\nconstexpr int SH_W=TILE_W+KW-1, SH_H=TILE_H+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H*SH_W];\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*TILE_W, oh0=blockIdx.y*TILE_H; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C;\n const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*blockDim.x+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SH_H*SH_W; idx+=blockDim.x*blockDim.y){int rr=idx/SH_W; int cc=idx-rr*SH_W; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads();\n int oh=oh0+ty, ow=ow0+tx; if(oh<OH && ow<OW){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0;kh<KH;++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SH_W+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0;kw<KW;++kw) acc=fmaf(smem[base+kw], wptr[kh*KW+kw], acc);\n }\n y[((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW+ow]=acc;}\n}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){\n int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw], wptr[kh*kW+kw], acc);}}} y[idx]=acc; }\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){\n CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(TILE_W,TILE_H); dim3 grid((OW+TILE_W-1)/TILE_W,(OH+TILE_H-1)/TILE_H,N*C); dw3x7<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y; }\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v2',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias', torch.empty(0), persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 2383.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 1239.36 μs [↑67.6μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 838.8/3350 GB/s (25.0%) [↓1.5% REGRESSED] read=433.3 write=405.4 GB/s Hit rates: L2=60.8% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=14.9% [↓1.0% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=14.9%, Tensor=1.5% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 93.3% [↑0.1% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 2.14 Launch: regs/thread=30, smem/blk=3840B, block=512, grid=262144 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.22 sectors/req (1.2x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 763.4% #################### mio_throttle 356.3% #################### short_scoreboard 157.6% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 763% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 1171.74→1239.36μs (↑67.62) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 26.50→25.04% (↓1.46) REGRESSED Compute%: 15.97→14.93% (↓1.04) REGRESSED Occupancy: 93.27→93.33% (↑0.06) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 1.95→2.14 (↑0.19) ok Ld sectors/req: 1.25→1.22 (↓0.02) ok L2 hit%: 63.45→60.79% (↓2.66) REGRESSED
turn 7 · 1 tool call(s) · 15.4s turn · 15.4s LLM · 6,262 chars (click to expand)
turn 715.4s turn · 15.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Profiling weights** I’ve loaded the weights for both cases, and I’m thinking about unrolling the load weight to potentially use two structures. It might be a good idea to try profiling this setup to see how it performs. I’m curious to see if this makes a significant difference or if there’s a more efficient way to structure it. Let's explore what the profiling reveals!
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BLOCK_W=32, OUT_W=64, TILE_H=8, KH=3, KW=7;\nconstexpr int SH_W=OUT_W+KW-1, SH_H=TILE_H+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_2col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H*SH_W];\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OUT_W, oh0=blockIdx.y*TILE_H; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BLOCK_W+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SH_H*SH_W; idx+=BLOCK_W*TILE_H){int rr=idx/SH_W; int cc=idx-rr*SH_W; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads();\n int oh=oh0+ty; int owA=ow0+tx; int owB=owA+BLOCK_W; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float accA=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float accB=accA;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0;kh<KH;++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SH_W+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0;kw<KW;++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; accA=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,accA); accB=fmaf(smem[base+BLOCK_W+kw],wt,accB);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; if(owA<OW) y[outbase+owA]=accA; if(owB<OW) y[outbase+owB]=accB; }\n}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BLOCK_W,TILE_H); dim3 grid((OW+OUT_W-1)/OUT_W,(OH+TILE_H-1)/TILE_H,N*C); dw3x7_2col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v3',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 810.4s turn · 10.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BLOCK_W=32, OUT_W=64, TILE_H=8, KH=3, KW=7;\nconstexpr int SH_W=OUT_W+KW-1, SH_H=TILE_H+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_2col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H*SH_W];\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OUT_W, oh0=blockIdx.y*TILE_H; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BLOCK_W+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SH_H*SH_W; idx+=BLOCK_W*TILE_H){int rr=idx/SH_W; int cc=idx-rr*SH_W; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads();\n int oh=oh0+ty; int owA=ow0+tx; int owB=owA+BLOCK_W; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float accA=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float accB=accA;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0;kh<KH;++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SH_W+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0;kw<KW;++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; accA=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,accA); accB=fmaf(smem[base+BLOCK_W+kw],wt,accB);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; if(owA<OW) y[outbase+owA]=accA; if(owB<OW) y[outbase+owB]=accB; }\n}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BLOCK_W,TILE_H); dim3 grid((OW+OUT_W-1)/OUT_W,(OH+TILE_H-1)/TILE_H,N*C); dw3x7_2col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v3',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 9 · 1 tool call(s) · 13.0s turn · 13.0s LLM · 7,229 chars (click to expand)
turn 913.0s turn · 13.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BLOCK_W=32, OUT_W=64, TILE_H=8, KH=3, KW=7;\nconstexpr int SH_W=OUT_W+KW-1, SH_H=TILE_H+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_2col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SH_H*SH_W];\n int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OUT_W, oh0=blockIdx.y*TILE_H; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BLOCK_W+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SH_H*SH_W; idx+=BLOCK_W*TILE_H){int rr=idx/SH_W; int cc=idx-rr*SH_W; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads();\n int oh=oh0+ty; int owA=ow0+tx; int owB=owA+BLOCK_W; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float accA=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float accB=accA;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0;kh<KH;++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SH_W+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0;kw<KW;++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; accA=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,accA); accB=fmaf(smem[base+BLOCK_W+kw],wt,accB);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; if(owA<OW) y[outbase+owA]=accA; if(owB<OW) y[outbase+owB]=accB; }\n}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BLOCK_W,TILE_H); dim3 grid((OW+OUT_W-1)/OUT_W,(OH+TILE_H-1)/TILE_H,N*C); dw3x7_2col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v3',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 101496.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 854.30 μs [↓385.1μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1217.5/3350 GB/s (36.3%) [↑11.3% ok] read=628.7 write=588.8 GB/s Hit rates: L2=60.8% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=21.2% [↑6.3% ok] Pipe util: FMA=21.2%, Tensor=1.8% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 95.2% [↑1.8% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 2.20 Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=3840B, block=256, grid=262144 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.42 sectors/req (1.4x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 935.0% #################### mio_throttle 329.5% #################### short_scoreboard 181.2% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 935% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 1239.36→854.30μs (↓385.06) ok DRAM BW%: 25.04→36.34% (↑11.31) ok Compute%: 14.93→21.23% (↑6.30) ok Occupancy: 93.33→95.18% (↑1.84) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 2.14→2.20 (↑0.06) ok Ld sectors/req: 1.22→1.42 (↑0.20) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 60.79→60.81% (↑0.02) ok
turn 1013.6s turn · 13.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BW=32, OW_TILE=128, TH=8, KH=3, KW=7; constexpr int SHW=OW_TILE+KW-1, SHH=TH+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_4col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SHH*SHW]; int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OW_TILE, oh0=blockIdx.y*TH; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BW+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SHH*SHW; idx+=BW*TH){int rr=idx/SHW; int cc=idx-rr*SHW; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads(); int oh=oh0+ty; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float init=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float a0=init,a1=init,a2=init,a3=init;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0; kh<KH; ++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SHW+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0; kw<KW; ++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; a0=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,a0); a1=fmaf(smem[base+32+kw],wt,a1); a2=fmaf(smem[base+64+kw],wt,a2); a3=fmaf(smem[base+96+kw],wt,a3);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; int ow=ow0+tx; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a0; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a1; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a2; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a3; }}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BW,TH); dim3 grid((OW+OW_TILE-1)/OW_TILE,(OH+TH-1)/TH,N*C); dw3x7_4col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v4',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 1114.9s turn · 14.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BW=32, OW_TILE=128, TH=8, KH=3, KW=7; constexpr int SHW=OW_TILE+KW-1, SHH=TH+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_4col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SHH*SHW]; int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OW_TILE, oh0=blockIdx.y*TH; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BW+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SHH*SHW; idx+=BW*TH){int rr=idx/SHW; int cc=idx-rr*SHW; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads(); int oh=oh0+ty; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float init=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float a0=init,a1=init,a2=init,a3=init;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0; kh<KH; ++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SHW+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0; kw<KW; ++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; a0=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,a0); a1=fmaf(smem[base+32+kw],wt,a1); a2=fmaf(smem[base+64+kw],wt,a2); a3=fmaf(smem[base+96+kw],wt,a3);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; int ow=ow0+tx; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a0; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a1; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a2; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a3; }}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BW,TH); dim3 grid((OW+OW_TILE-1)/OW_TILE,(OH+TH-1)/TH,N*C); dw3x7_4col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v4',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 12 · 1 tool call(s) · 12.9s turn · 12.9s LLM · 7,949 chars (click to expand)
turn 1212.9s turn · 12.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering tool options** I need to decide whether to work with profile v4. It looks like I have three turns to make this decision, and submitting v4 might be faster. I wonder if I really need to profile this? Even though I have enough tool calls, the low number of turns makes me hesitate. Maybe I can combine profiling with static in the same turn using multi-tool calls? I'll certainly want to check the speed of v4 before deciding.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BW=32, OW_TILE=128, TH=8, KH=3, KW=7; constexpr int SHW=OW_TILE+KW-1, SHH=TH+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_4col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SHH*SHW]; int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OW_TILE, oh0=blockIdx.y*TH; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BW+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SHH*SHW; idx+=BW*TH){int rr=idx/SHW; int cc=idx-rr*SHW; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads(); int oh=oh0+ty; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float init=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float a0=init,a1=init,a2=init,a3=init;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0; kh<KH; ++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SHW+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0; kw<KW; ++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; a0=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,a0); a1=fmaf(smem[base+32+kw],wt,a1); a2=fmaf(smem[base+64+kw],wt,a2); a3=fmaf(smem[base+96+kw],wt,a3);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; int ow=ow0+tx; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a0; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a1; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a2; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a3; }}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BW,TH); dim3 grid((OW+OW_TILE-1)/OW_TILE,(OH+TH-1)/TH,N*C); dw3x7_4col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v4',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 98297.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 636.99 μs [↓217.3μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 1629.8/3350 GB/s (48.7%) [↑12.3% ok] read=843.0 write=786.8 GB/s Hit rates: L2=58.5% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=20.3% [↓0.9% REGRESSED] Pipe util: FMA=20.3%, Tensor=1.7% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 96.1% [↑0.9% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 3.11 Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=6400B, block=256, grid=131072 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 1.73 sectors/req (1.7x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 581.7% #################### mio_throttle 488.5% #################### short_scoreboard 162.2% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 582% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=1.7 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 854.30→636.99μs (↓217.31) ok DRAM BW%: 36.34→48.65% (↑12.31) ok Compute%: 21.23→20.33% (↓0.90) REGRESSED Occupancy: 95.18→96.10% (↑0.93) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 2.20→3.11 (↑0.92) ok Ld sectors/req: 1.42→1.73 (↑0.31) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 60.81→58.48% (↓2.33) REGRESSED
turn 13 · 1 tool call(s) · 19.1s turn · 19.1s LLM · 6,194 chars (click to expand)
turn 1319.1s turn · 19.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w);\n'''\n_cuda=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\nconstexpr int BW=32, OW_TILE=256, TH=8, KH=3, KW=7; constexpr int SHW=OW_TILE+KW-1, SHH=TH+KH-1;\n__global__ void dw3x7_8col(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int has_bias){\n __shared__ float smem[SHH*SHW]; int tx=threadIdx.x, ty=threadIdx.y; int ow0=blockIdx.x*OW_TILE, oh0=blockIdx.y*TH; int nc=blockIdx.z; int n=nc/C; int c=nc-n*C; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; int tid=ty*BW+tx;\n for(int idx=tid; idx<SHH*SHW; idx+=BW*TH){int rr=idx/SHW; int cc=idx-rr*SHW; int ih=oh0+rr; int iw=ow0+cc; smem[idx]=(ih<H && iw<W)?xptr[ih*W+iw]:0.0f;}\n __syncthreads(); int oh=oh0+ty; if(oh<OH){const float* wptr=w+c*KH*KW; float init=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; float a0=init,a1=init,a2=init,a3=init,a4=init,a5=init,a6=init,a7=init;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kh=0; kh<KH; ++kh){int base=(ty+kh)*SHW+tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for(int kw=0; kw<KW; ++kw){float wt=wptr[kh*KW+kw]; a0=fmaf(smem[base+kw],wt,a0); a1=fmaf(smem[base+32+kw],wt,a1); a2=fmaf(smem[base+64+kw],wt,a2); a3=fmaf(smem[base+96+kw],wt,a3); a4=fmaf(smem[base+128+kw],wt,a4); a5=fmaf(smem[base+160+kw],wt,a5); a6=fmaf(smem[base+192+kw],wt,a6); a7=fmaf(smem[base+224+kw],wt,a7);} }\n int outbase=((n*C+c)*OH+oh)*OW; int ow=ow0+tx; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a0; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a1; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a2; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a3; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a4; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a5; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a6; ow+=32; if(ow<OW)y[outbase+ow]=a7; }}\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,const float* __restrict__ w,const float* __restrict__ b,float* __restrict__ y,int N,int C,int H,int W,int OH,int OW,int kH,int kW,int sh,int sw,int ph,int pw,int dh,int dw,int has_bias){int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; int total=N*C*OH*OW; if(idx>=total)return; int ow=idx%OW; int t=idx/OW; int oh=t%OH; t/=OH; int c=t%C; int n=t/C; float acc=has_bias?b[c]:0.0f; const float* xptr=x+((n*C+c)*H)*W; const float* wptr=w+c*kH*kW; for(int kh=0;kh<kH;++kh){int ih=oh*sh-ph+kh*dh; if((unsigned)ih<(unsigned)H){for(int kw=0;kw<kW;++kw){int iw=ow*sw-pw+kw*dw; if((unsigned)iw<(unsigned)W) acc=fmaf(xptr[ih*W+iw],wptr[kh*kW+kw],acc);}}} y[idx]=acc;}\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x,torch::Tensor weight,torch::Tensor bias,int stride_h,int stride_w,int padding_h,int padding_w,int dilation_h,int dilation_w){CHECK_CUDA(x);CHECK_CUDA(weight);CHECK_FLOAT(x);CHECK_FLOAT(weight); int64_t N64=x.size(0),C64=x.size(1),H64=x.size(2),W64=x.size(3),kH64=weight.size(2),kW64=weight.size(3); int64_t OH64=(H64+2*padding_h-dilation_h*(kH64-1)-1)/stride_h+1; int64_t OW64=(W64+2*padding_w-dilation_w*(kW64-1)-1)/stride_w+1; auto y=torch::empty({N64,C64,OH64,OW64},x.options()); int N=N64,C=C64,H=H64,W=W64,OH=OH64,OW=OW64,kH=kH64,kW=kW64; int has_bias=bias.numel()!=0; const float* bptr=has_bias?bias.data_ptr<float>():nullptr; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); if(kH==3&&kW==7&&stride_h==1&&stride_w==1&&padding_h==0&&padding_w==0&&dilation_h==1&&dilation_w==1){dim3 block(BW,TH); dim3 grid((OW+OW_TILE-1)/OW_TILE,(OH+TH-1)/TH,N*C); dw3x7_8col<<<grid,block,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,has_bias);} else {int total=N*C*OH*OW; dw_generic<<<(total+255)/256,256,0,stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),weight.data_ptr<float>(),bptr,y.data_ptr<float>(),N,C,H,W,OH,OW,kH,kW,stride_h,stride_w,padding_h,padding_w,dilation_h,dilation_w,has_bias);} return y;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_v5',cpp_sources=_cpp,cuda_sources=_cuda,functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3','--use_fast_math'],extra_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,in_channels:int,out_channels:int,kernel_size_h:int,kernel_size_w:int,stride_h:int=1,stride_w:int=1,padding_h:int=0,padding_w:int=0,dilation_h:int=1,dilation_w:int=1,groups:int=1,bias:bool=False):\n super().__init__(); self.conv2d=nn.Conv2d(in_channels,in_channels,(kernel_size_h,kernel_size_w),stride=(stride_h,stride_w),padding=(padding_h,padding_w),dilation=(dilation_h,dilation_w),groups=in_channels,bias=bias); self.stride_h=stride_h; self.stride_w=stride_w; self.padding_h=padding_h; self.padding_w=padding_w; self.dilation_h=dilation_h; self.dilation_w=dilation_w; self.register_buffer('_empty_bias',torch.empty(0),persistent=False)\n def forward(self,x:torch.Tensor)->torch.Tensor:\n bias=self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x,self.conv2d.weight,bias,self.stride_h,self.stride_w,self.padding_h,self.padding_w,self.dilation_h,self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 14 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 12.3s turn · 12.3s LLM · 9,288 chars (click to expand)
turn 1412.3s turn · 12.3s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Deciding on submission** I’m considering whether we should submit the best-known correct version 4 instead of version 5, which is untested. I think we should go with version 4. Then there's the question of whether to run a static check; perhaps one call to submit might be all it takes. I'm definitely leaning towards submitting version 4, but I need to ensure that the final code is complete before I do so.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w);\n'''\n\n_cuda = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be CUDA\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x \" must be float\")\n\nconstexpr int BW = 32;\nconstexpr int OW_TILE = 128;\nconstexpr int TH = 8;\nconstexpr int KH = 3;\nconstexpr int KW = 7;\nconstexpr int SHW = OW_TILE + KW - 1;\nconstexpr int SHH = TH + KH - 1;\n\n__global__ void dw3x7_4col(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW, int has_bias) {\n __shared__ float smem[SHH * SHW];\n int tx = threadIdx.x;\n int ty = threadIdx.y;\n int ow0 = blockIdx.x * OW_TILE;\n int oh0 = blockIdx.y * TH;\n int nc = blockIdx.z;\n int n = nc / C;\n int c = nc - n * C;\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n int tid = ty * BW + tx;\n\n for (int idx = tid; idx < SHH * SHW; idx += BW * TH) {\n int rr = idx / SHW;\n int cc = idx - rr * SHW;\n int ih = oh0 + rr;\n int iw = ow0 + cc;\n smem[idx] = (ih < H && iw < W) ? xptr[ih * W + iw] : 0.0f;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n int oh = oh0 + ty;\n if (oh < OH) {\n const float* wptr = w + c * KH * KW;\n float init = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n float a0 = init, a1 = init, a2 = init, a3 = init;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kh = 0; kh < KH; ++kh) {\n int base = (ty + kh) * SHW + tx;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kw = 0; kw < KW; ++kw) {\n float wt = wptr[kh * KW + kw];\n a0 = fmaf(smem[base + kw], wt, a0);\n a1 = fmaf(smem[base + 32 + kw], wt, a1);\n a2 = fmaf(smem[base + 64 + kw], wt, a2);\n a3 = fmaf(smem[base + 96 + kw], wt, a3);\n }\n }\n int outbase = ((n * C + c) * OH + oh) * OW;\n int ow = ow0 + tx;\n if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a0;\n ow += 32;\n if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a1;\n ow += 32;\n if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a2;\n ow += 32;\n if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a3;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ b,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW,\n int kH, int kW, int sh, int sw, int ph, int pw, int dh, int dw,\n int has_bias) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = N * C * OH * OW;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n int ow = idx % OW;\n int t = idx / OW;\n int oh = t % OH;\n t /= OH;\n int c = t % C;\n int n = t / C;\n float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;\n const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;\n const float* wptr = w + c * kH * kW;\n for (int kh = 0; kh < kH; ++kh) {\n int ih = oh * sh - ph + kh * dh;\n if ((unsigned)ih < (unsigned)H) {\n for (int kw = 0; kw < kW; ++kw) {\n int iw = ow * sw - pw + kw * dw;\n if ((unsigned)iw < (unsigned)W) {\n acc = fmaf(xptr[ih * W + iw], wptr[kh * kW + kw], acc);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,\n int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,\n int dilation_h, int dilation_w) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x);\n CHECK_CUDA(weight);\n CHECK_FLOAT(x);\n CHECK_FLOAT(weight);\n\n int64_t N64 = x.size(0), C64 = x.size(1), H64 = x.size(2), W64 = x.size(3);\n int64_t kH64 = weight.size(2), kW64 = weight.size(3);\n int64_t OH64 = (H64 + 2 * padding_h - dilation_h * (kH64 - 1) - 1) / stride_h + 1;\n int64_t OW64 = (W64 + 2 * padding_w - dilation_w * (kW64 - 1) - 1) / stride_w + 1;\n auto y = torch::empty({N64, C64, OH64, OW64}, x.options());\n\n int N = (int)N64, C = (int)C64, H = (int)H64, W = (int)W64;\n int OH = (int)OH64, OW = (int)OW64, kH = (int)kH64, kW = (int)kW64;\n int has_bias = bias.numel() != 0;\n const float* bptr = has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n if (kH == 3 && kW == 7 && stride_h == 1 && stride_w == 1 &&\n padding_h == 0 && padding_w == 0 && dilation_h == 1 && dilation_w == 1) {\n dim3 block(BW, TH);\n dim3 grid((OW + OW_TILE - 1) / OW_TILE, (OH + TH - 1) / TH, N * C);\n dw3x7_4col<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(),\n bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, OH, OW,\n has_bias);\n } else {\n int total = N * C * OH * OW;\n dw_generic<<<(total + 255) / 256, 256, 0, stream>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(),\n N, C, H, W, OH, OW, kH, kW, stride_h, stride_w, padding_h, padding_w,\n dilation_h, dilation_w, has_bias);\n }\n return y;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_final',\n cpp_sources=_cpp,\n cuda_sources=_cuda,\n functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size_h: int, kernel_size_w: int,\n stride_h: int = 1, stride_w: int = 1, padding_h: int = 0, padding_w: int = 0,\n dilation_h: int = 1, dilation_w: int = 1, groups: int = 1, bias: bool = False):\n super().__init__()\n self.conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, in_channels, (kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w),\n stride=(stride_h, stride_w), padding=(padding_h, padding_w),\n dilation=(dilation_h, dilation_w), groups=in_channels, bias=bias)\n self.stride_h = stride_h\n self.stride_w = stride_w\n self.padding_h = padding_h\n self.padding_w = padding_w\n self.dilation_h = dilation_h\n self.dilation_w = dilation_w\n self.register_buffer('_empty_bias', torch.empty(0), persistent=False)\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n bias = self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x, self.conv2d.weight, bias,\n self.stride_h, self.stride_w,\n self.padding_h, self.padding_w,\n self.dilation_h, self.dilation_w)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.65 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.65μs median=?μs std=0.03μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 1037.21 MB peak (ref: 1037.21 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 6, fusion ratio: 6.0) Energy: 241.62 mJ/run (ref: 241.74 mJ, ratio: 1.0005x) SOL score: 0.4849
final submitted kernel (184 lines, 7,352 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
                                     int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,
                                     int dilation_h, int dilation_w);
'''

_cuda = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>

#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x " must be CUDA")
#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type()==at::kFloat, #x " must be float")

constexpr int BW = 32;
constexpr int OW_TILE = 128;
constexpr int TH = 8;
constexpr int KH = 3;
constexpr int KW = 7;
constexpr int SHW = OW_TILE + KW - 1;
constexpr int SHH = TH + KH - 1;

__global__ void dw3x7_4col(const float* __restrict__ x,
                           const float* __restrict__ w,
                           const float* __restrict__ b,
                           float* __restrict__ y,
                           int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW, int has_bias) {
    __shared__ float smem[SHH * SHW];
    int tx = threadIdx.x;
    int ty = threadIdx.y;
    int ow0 = blockIdx.x * OW_TILE;
    int oh0 = blockIdx.y * TH;
    int nc = blockIdx.z;
    int n = nc / C;
    int c = nc - n * C;
    const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;
    int tid = ty * BW + tx;

    for (int idx = tid; idx < SHH * SHW; idx += BW * TH) {
        int rr = idx / SHW;
        int cc = idx - rr * SHW;
        int ih = oh0 + rr;
        int iw = ow0 + cc;
        smem[idx] = (ih < H && iw < W) ? xptr[ih * W + iw] : 0.0f;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    int oh = oh0 + ty;
    if (oh < OH) {
        const float* wptr = w + c * KH * KW;
        float init = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;
        float a0 = init, a1 = init, a2 = init, a3 = init;
        #pragma unroll
        for (int kh = 0; kh < KH; ++kh) {
            int base = (ty + kh) * SHW + tx;
            #pragma unroll
            for (int kw = 0; kw < KW; ++kw) {
                float wt = wptr[kh * KW + kw];
                a0 = fmaf(smem[base + kw], wt, a0);
                a1 = fmaf(smem[base + 32 + kw], wt, a1);
                a2 = fmaf(smem[base + 64 + kw], wt, a2);
                a3 = fmaf(smem[base + 96 + kw], wt, a3);
            }
        }
        int outbase = ((n * C + c) * OH + oh) * OW;
        int ow = ow0 + tx;
        if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a0;
        ow += 32;
        if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a1;
        ow += 32;
        if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a2;
        ow += 32;
        if (ow < OW) y[outbase + ow] = a3;
    }
}

__global__ void dw_generic(const float* __restrict__ x,
                           const float* __restrict__ w,
                           const float* __restrict__ b,
                           float* __restrict__ y,
                           int N, int C, int H, int W, int OH, int OW,
                           int kH, int kW, int sh, int sw, int ph, int pw, int dh, int dw,
                           int has_bias) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = N * C * OH * OW;
    if (idx >= total) return;
    int ow = idx % OW;
    int t = idx / OW;
    int oh = t % OH;
    t /= OH;
    int c = t % C;
    int n = t / C;
    float acc = has_bias ? b[c] : 0.0f;
    const float* xptr = x + ((n * C + c) * H) * W;
    const float* wptr = w + c * kH * kW;
    for (int kh = 0; kh < kH; ++kh) {
        int ih = oh * sh - ph + kh * dh;
        if ((unsigned)ih < (unsigned)H) {
            for (int kw = 0; kw < kW; ++kw) {
                int iw = ow * sw - pw + kw * dw;
                if ((unsigned)iw < (unsigned)W) {
                    acc = fmaf(xptr[ih * W + iw], wptr[kh * kW + kw], acc);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    y[idx] = acc;
}

torch::Tensor depthwise_conv_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias,
                                     int stride_h, int stride_w, int padding_h, int padding_w,
                                     int dilation_h, int dilation_w) {
    CHECK_CUDA(x);
    CHECK_CUDA(weight);
    CHECK_FLOAT(x);
    CHECK_FLOAT(weight);

    int64_t N64 = x.size(0), C64 = x.size(1), H64 = x.size(2), W64 = x.size(3);
    int64_t kH64 = weight.size(2), kW64 = weight.size(3);
    int64_t OH64 = (H64 + 2 * padding_h - dilation_h * (kH64 - 1) - 1) / stride_h + 1;
    int64_t OW64 = (W64 + 2 * padding_w - dilation_w * (kW64 - 1) - 1) / stride_w + 1;
    auto y = torch::empty({N64, C64, OH64, OW64}, x.options());

    int N = (int)N64, C = (int)C64, H = (int)H64, W = (int)W64;
    int OH = (int)OH64, OW = (int)OW64, kH = (int)kH64, kW = (int)kW64;
    int has_bias = bias.numel() != 0;
    const float* bptr = has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr;
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();

    if (kH == 3 && kW == 7 && stride_h == 1 && stride_w == 1 &&
        padding_h == 0 && padding_w == 0 && dilation_h == 1 && dilation_w == 1) {
        dim3 block(BW, TH);
        dim3 grid((OW + OW_TILE - 1) / OW_TILE, (OH + TH - 1) / TH, N * C);
        dw3x7_4col<<<grid, block, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(),
                                               bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(), N, C, H, W, OH, OW,
                                               has_bias);
    } else {
        int total = N * C * OH * OW;
        dw_generic<<<(total + 255) / 256, 256, 0, stream>>>(
            x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), bptr, y.data_ptr<float>(),
            N, C, H, W, OH, OW, kH, kW, stride_h, stride_w, padding_h, padding_w,
            dilation_h, dilation_w, has_bias);
    }
    return y;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(
    name='dwconv2d_asym_ext_final',
    cpp_sources=_cpp,
    cuda_sources=_cuda,
    functions=['depthwise_conv_forward'],
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3', '--use_fast_math'],
    extra_cflags=['-O3'],
    verbose=False,
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, kernel_size_h: int, kernel_size_w: int,
                 stride_h: int = 1, stride_w: int = 1, padding_h: int = 0, padding_w: int = 0,
                 dilation_h: int = 1, dilation_w: int = 1, groups: int = 1, bias: bool = False):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, in_channels, (kernel_size_h, kernel_size_w),
                                stride=(stride_h, stride_w), padding=(padding_h, padding_w),
                                dilation=(dilation_h, dilation_w), groups=in_channels, bias=bias)
        self.stride_h = stride_h
        self.stride_w = stride_w
        self.padding_h = padding_h
        self.padding_w = padding_w
        self.dilation_h = dilation_h
        self.dilation_w = dilation_w
        self.register_buffer('_empty_bias', torch.empty(0), persistent=False)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        bias = self.conv2d.bias if self.conv2d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias
        return _ext.depthwise_conv_forward(x, self.conv2d.weight, bias,
                                           self.stride_h, self.stride_w,
                                           self.padding_h, self.padding_w,
                                           self.dilation_h, self.dilation_w)