gpt-5.5-priority · original · l12_all_gpt
correct 51_Argmax_over_a_dimension.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
14 / 15
tool calls
17
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
3.29 μs
ref runtime
3.31 μs
speedup
1.01x
started
2026-05-04T09:39:10Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
3.29 μs
ref runtime
3.31 μs
speedup
1.01x
kernel mean / median / std
3.29 / — / 0.08 μs
ref mean / median / std
3.31 / — / 0.22 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
8227.00 MB
ref peak
8235.00 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
2
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
2.00x
total cuda time
22 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
241.50
ref mJ / run
483.36
ratio (ref / kernel)
2.00x
avg power
74.19 W
ref avg power
149.45 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.813
dram util %
81.3%
compute util %
25.3%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
2725.02 GB/s
dram util %
81.3%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
66.9%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
25.3%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
11.9%
ld sectors / req
4.87
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
36
smem / block
1024 B
block size
512
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
1722.5%
short_scoreboard
17.6%
mio_throttle
0.2%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs Argmax over a specified dimension.
    """
    def __init__(self, dim: int):
        """
        Initializes the model with the dimension to perform argmax.

        Args:
            dim (int): The dimension to perform argmax over.
        """
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.dim = dim

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Applies argmax over the specified dimension to the input tensor.

        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor.

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output tensor with argmax applied, with the specified dimension removed.
        """
        return torch.argmax(x, dim=self.dim)

batch_size = 128
dim1 = 4096
dim2 = 4095

def get_inputs():
    x = torch.rand(batch_size, dim1, dim2)
    return [x]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [1]
turn 010.9s turn · 10.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 19.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <limits>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n if (j >= D2) return;\n const float* ptr = x + ((int64_t)b * D1 * D2 + j);\n float maxv = ptr[0];\n int maxi = 0;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 1; k < D1; ++k) {\n float v = ptr[(int64_t)k * D2];\n if (v > maxv) {\n maxv = v;\n maxi = k;\n }\n }\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + j] = (int64_t)maxi;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((D2 + block.x - 1) / block.x, B);\n argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_v1\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (fail)
failcompile_kernel compile_kernel FAILED: RuntimeError. RuntimeError: Error building extension 'argmax_dim1_ext_v1': [1/3] /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -MMD -MF main.o.d -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=argmax_dim1_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -fPIC -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_150ed9e6ce11/argmax_dim1_ext_v1/main.cpp -o main.o [2/3] /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=argmax_dim1_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_150ed9e6ce11/argmax_dim1_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o FAILED: [code=2] cuda.cuda.o /usr/local/cuda/bin/nvcc -MD -MF cuda.cuda.o.d -ccbin /opt/conda/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-cc -DTORCH_EXTENSION_NAME=argmax_dim1_ext_v1 -DTORCH_API_INCLUDE_EXTENSION_H -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include -isystem /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/torch/csrc/api/include -isystem /usr/local/cuda/include -isystem /opt/conda/include/python3.10 -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_OPERATORS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_BFLOAT16_CONVERSIONS__ -D__CUDA_NO_HALF2_OPERATORS__ --expt-relaxed-constexpr -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=compute_90 -gencode=arch=compute_90,code=sm_90 --compiler-options '-fPIC' -O3 -std=c++17 -c /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_150ed9e6ce11/argmax_dim1_ext_v1/cuda.cu -o cuda.cuda.o nvcc warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'compiler-bindir', the last value of this option was used /scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_150ed9e6ce11/argmax_dim1_ext_v1/cuda.cu(38): error: namespace "at::cuda" has no member "getCurrentCUDAStream" argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>( ^ 1 error detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_150ed9e6ce11/argmax_dim1_ext_v1/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 25.5s turn · 5.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n if (j >= D2) return;\n const float* ptr = x + ((int64_t)b * D1 * D2 + j);\n float maxv = ptr[0];\n int maxi = 0;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 1; k < D1; ++k) {\n float v = ptr[(int64_t)k * D2];\n if (v > maxv) {\n maxv = v;\n maxi = k;\n }\n }\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + j] = (int64_t)maxi;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((D2 + block.x - 1) / block.x, B);\n argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_v2\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 35.3s turn · 5.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n if (j >= D2) return;\n const float* ptr = x + ((int64_t)b * D1 * D2 + j);\n float maxv = ptr[0];\n int maxi = 0;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 1; k < D1; ++k) {\n float v = ptr[(int64_t)k * D2];\n if (v > maxv) {\n maxv = v;\n maxi = k;\n }\n }\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + j] = (int64_t)maxi;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((D2 + block.x - 1) / block.x, B);\n argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_v2c\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 45.4s turn · 5.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int j = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n if (j >= D2) return;\n const float* ptr = x + ((int64_t)b * D1 * D2 + j);\n float maxv = ptr[0];\n int maxi = 0;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 1; k < D1; ++k) {\n float v = ptr[(int64_t)k * D2];\n if (v > maxv) {\n maxv = v;\n maxi = k;\n }\n }\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + j] = (int64_t)maxi;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((D2 + block.x - 1) / block.x, B);\n argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_v2p\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 59.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 3599.30 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2792.6/3350 GB/s (83.4%) read=2790.9 write=1.8 GB/s Hit rates: L2=9.7% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=6.5% Pipe util: FMA=6.5%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 95.8% Eligible warps/cycle: 0.14 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=30, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=2048 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.87 sectors/req (4.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 11914.8% #################### mio_throttle 1.2% short_scoreboard 1.0% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 11915% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 531.3s turn · 31.3s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering value rotation and handling** I'm thinking about how to handle values rotating among lanes, maybe using shuffles? Each warp manages 32 columns that are base aligned. At a given k, lane l loads values from col base + ((l + k) & 31), ensuring it's coalesced aligned. The loaded value is owned by the output lane's owner c. So, I realize I need to compare it within the lane that owns that particular column. It’s all about getting those details aligned just right! **Checking warp behavior** I'm analyzing why warp_base+31 is invalid and checking if there's no divergence. I think using an expression check per lane might help. Maybe something like "if (load_col < D2) v = ...; else v = -inf" is creating a divergence for only the last warp. I’ll compare these scenarios to see if it makes sense. There's a lot going on with the branching here, so I need to clarify my understanding!
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_rot_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5;\n int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + warp * 32;\n int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n const int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1 * D2;\n float maxv = -FLT_MAX;\n int maxi = 0;\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 0; k < D1; ++k) {\n int s = k & 31;\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n int load_col = warp_base_col + rlane;\n float v = -FLT_MAX;\n if (load_col < D2) {\n v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)k * D2 + load_col];\n }\n int src = (lane - s) & 31;\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, src);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = k; }\n }\n if (my_col < D2) {\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((D2 + block.x - 1) / block.x, B);\n argmax_dim1_rot_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_rot1\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 67.4s turn · 7.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_rot_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5;\n int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + warp * 32;\n int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n const int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1 * D2;\n float maxv = -FLT_MAX;\n int maxi = 0;\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 0; k < D1; ++k) {\n int s = k & 31;\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n int load_col = warp_base_col + rlane;\n float v = -FLT_MAX;\n if (load_col < D2) {\n v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)k * D2 + load_col];\n }\n int src = (lane - s) & 31;\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, src);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = k; }\n }\n if (my_col < D2) {\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((D2 + block.x - 1) / block.x, B);\n argmax_dim1_rot_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_rot1p\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 68.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 3273.89 μs [↓325.4μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2687.0/3350 GB/s (80.2%) [↓3.2% REGRESSED] read=2685.0 write=1.9 GB/s Hit rates: L2=12.7% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=24.7% [↑18.1% ok] Pipe util: FMA=24.7%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 66.9% [↓28.9% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.87 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=36, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=2048 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.87 sectors/req (4.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1739.7% #################### short_scoreboard 17.3% ### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1740% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 3599.30→3273.89μs (↓325.41) ok DRAM BW%: 83.36→80.21% (↓3.15) REGRESSED Compute%: 6.53→24.67% (↑18.14) ok Occupancy: 95.75→66.90% (↓28.85) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 0.14→0.87 (↑0.73) ok L2 hit%: 9.67→12.66% (↑2.99) ok
turn 716.0s turn · 16.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n#define D1C 4096\n#define D2C 4095\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_rot_unroll_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5;\n int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * 256 + warp * 32;\n int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n const int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1C * D2C;\n float maxv = -FLT_MAX;\n int maxi = 0;\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n if (warp_base_col + 31 < D2C) {\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int kb = 0; kb < D1C; kb += 32) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 32; ++s) {\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n float v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)(kb + s) * D2C + warp_base_col + rlane];\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = kb + s; }\n }\n }\n out[(int64_t)b * D2C + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n } else if (my_col < D2C) {\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int kb = 0; kb < D1C; kb += 32) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 32; ++s) {\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n int load_col = warp_base_col + rlane;\n float v = (load_col < D2C) ? x[batch_base + (int64_t)(kb + s) * D2C + load_col] : -FLT_MAX;\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = kb + s; }\n }\n }\n out[(int64_t)b * D2C + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), x.size(2)}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((int)((x.size(2) + 255) / 256), (int)x.size(0));\n argmax_dim1_rot_unroll_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>());\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_rotunroll1\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (fail)
failrun_correctness run_correctness FAILED: (0 / 5) trials did not all match. correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['4009.000000', '3806.000000', '3389.000000', '3858.000000', '3782.000000'] avg_difference: ['0.375246', '0.336954', '0.256046', '0.286664', '0.310087']
turn 811.0s turn · 11.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define D1C 4096\n#define D2C 4095\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_rot_unroll_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5;\n int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * 256 + warp * 32;\n int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n const int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1C * D2C;\n float maxv = -FLT_MAX;\n int maxi = 0;\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n if (warp_base_col + 31 < D2C) {\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int kb = 0; kb < D1C; kb += 32) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 32; ++s) {\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n float v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)(kb + s) * D2C + warp_base_col + rlane];\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = kb + s; }\n }\n }\n } else {\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int kb = 0; kb < D1C; kb += 32) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 32; ++s) {\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n int load_col = warp_base_col + rlane;\n float v = (load_col < D2C) ? x[batch_base + (int64_t)(kb + s) * D2C + load_col] : -FLT_MAX;\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = kb + s; }\n }\n }\n }\n if (my_col < D2C) out[(int64_t)b * D2C + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), x.size(2)}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((int)((x.size(2) + 255) / 256), (int)x.size(0));\n argmax_dim1_rot_unroll_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>());\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_rotunroll2\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__(); self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 97.9s turn · 7.9s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r\"\"\"\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\ncuda_sources = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define D1C 4096\n#define D2C 4095\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 2)\nvoid argmax_dim1_rot_unroll_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5;\n int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * 256 + warp * 32;\n int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n const int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1C * D2C;\n float maxv = -FLT_MAX;\n int maxi = 0;\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n if (warp_base_col + 31 < D2C) {\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int kb = 0; kb < D1C; kb += 32) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 32; ++s) {\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n float v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)(kb + s) * D2C + warp_base_col + rlane];\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = kb + s; }\n }\n }\n } else {\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int kb = 0; kb < D1C; kb += 32) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 32; ++s) {\n int rlane = (lane + s) & 31;\n int load_col = warp_base_col + rlane;\n float v = (load_col < D2C) ? x[batch_base + (int64_t)(kb + s) * D2C + load_col] : -FLT_MAX;\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) { maxv = myv; maxi = kb + s; }\n }\n }\n }\n if (my_col < D2C) out[(int64_t)b * D2C + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n auto out = torch::empty({x.size(0), x.size(2)}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((int)((x.size(2) + 255) / 256), (int)x.size(0));\n argmax_dim1_rot_unroll_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>());\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"argmax_dim1_ext_rotunroll2p\", cpp_sources=cpp_sources, cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=[\"argmax_dim1_cuda\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__(); self.dim = dim\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 47.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 4163.07 μs [↑889.2μs REGRESSED] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2086.5/3350 GB/s (62.3%) [↓17.9% REGRESSED] read=2083.3 write=3.2 GB/s Hit rates: L2=12.1% --- Compute Throughput --- Pipe util: FMA=3.8%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: UNKNOWN --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 18.6% [↓48.3% REGRESSED] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.16 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=128, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=2048 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.87 sectors/req (4.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1982.9% #################### short_scoreboard 40.0% ######## mio_throttle 0.5% --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1983% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. -> Low occupancy (19%) limited by registers (128/thread). Consider __launch_bounds__ or reducing register pressure. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 3273.89→4163.07μs (↑889.18) REGRESSED DRAM BW%: 80.21→62.28% (↓17.93) REGRESSED Occupancy: 66.90→18.59% (↓48.31) REGRESSED Eligible warps/cyc: 0.87→0.16 (↓0.71) REGRESSED L2 hit%: 12.66→12.13% (↓0.54) REGRESSED
turn 10 · 2 tool call(s) · 10.1s turn · 10.1s LLM · 7,584 chars (click to expand)
turn 1010.1s turn · 10.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_sources='''torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);'''\ncuda_sources=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(128, 4)\nvoid k(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,int B,int D1,int D2){\n int tid=threadIdx.x,lane=tid&31,warp=tid>>5; int wb=blockIdx.x*128+warp*32; int my=wb+lane; int b=blockIdx.y; int64_t bb=(int64_t)b*D1*D2; float maxv=-FLT_MAX; int maxi=0; unsigned mask=0xffffffffu;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for(int kk=0;kk<D1;++kk){ int s=kk&31; int lc=wb+((lane+s)&31); float v=-FLT_MAX; if(lc<D2) v=x[bb+(int64_t)kk*D2+lc]; float mv=__shfl_sync(mask,v,(lane-s)&31); if(mv>maxv){maxv=mv;maxi=kk;}}\n if(my<D2) out[(int64_t)b*D2+my]=(int64_t)maxi;\n}\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x){int B=x.size(0),D1=x.size(1),D2=x.size(2); auto out=torch::empty({B,D2},x.options().dtype(torch::kLong)); dim3 block(128); dim3 grid((D2+127)/128,B); k<<<grid,block,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<int64_t>(),B,D1,D2); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_ext_rot128p',cpp_sources=cpp_sources,cuda_sources=cuda_sources,functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,dim:int): super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.dim=dim\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_sources='''torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);'''\ncuda_sources=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(512, 1)\nvoid k(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,int B,int D1,int D2){\n int tid=threadIdx.x,lane=tid&31,warp=tid>>5; int wb=blockIdx.x*512+warp*32; int my=wb+lane; int b=blockIdx.y; int64_t bb=(int64_t)b*D1*D2; float maxv=-FLT_MAX; int maxi=0; unsigned mask=0xffffffffu;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for(int kk=0;kk<D1;++kk){ int s=kk&31; int lc=wb+((lane+s)&31); float v=-FLT_MAX; if(lc<D2) v=x[bb+(int64_t)kk*D2+lc]; float mv=__shfl_sync(mask,v,(lane-s)&31); if(mv>maxv){maxv=mv;maxi=kk;}}\n if(my<D2) out[(int64_t)b*D2+my]=(int64_t)maxi;\n}\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x){int B=x.size(0),D1=x.size(1),D2=x.size(2); auto out=torch::empty({B,D2},x.options().dtype(torch::kLong)); dim3 block(512); dim3 grid((D2+511)/512,B); k<<<grid,block,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<int64_t>(),B,D1,D2); return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_ext_rot512p',cpp_sources=cpp_sources,cuda_sources=cuda_sources,functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,dim:int): super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.dim=dim\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 58.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 3267.81 μs [↓895.3μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2696.4/3350 GB/s (80.5%) [↑18.2% ok] read=2694.5 write=1.9 GB/s Hit rates: L2=13.7% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=25.1% Pipe util: FMA=25.1%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 67.0% [↑48.4% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.86 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=36, smem/blk=1024B, block=128, grid=4096 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.87 sectors/req (4.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1746.6% #################### short_scoreboard 17.7% ### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1747% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 4163.07→3267.81μs (↓895.26) ok DRAM BW%: 62.28→80.49% (↑18.21) ok Occupancy: 18.59→66.96% (↑48.37) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 0.16→0.86 (↑0.70) ok L2 hit%: 12.13→13.69% (↑1.56) ok
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::empty 53.0μs (100%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 3222.30 μs [↓45.5μs ok] --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2727.5/3350 GB/s (81.4%) [↑0.9% ok] read=2725.6 write=1.9 GB/s Hit rates: L2=11.9% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=25.2% [↑0.2% ok] Pipe util: FMA=25.2%, Tensor=0.0% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 67.0% [↑0.1% ok] Eligible warps/cycle: 0.88 WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism Launch: regs/thread=36, smem/blk=1024B, block=512, grid=1024 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.87 sectors/req (4.9x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- long_scoreboard 1730.8% #################### short_scoreboard 17.6% ### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 1731% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.9 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set. -> Global load coalescing=4.9x (ideal=1.0) -> 5x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous. --- Delta vs Previous Iteration --- GPU time: 3267.81→3222.30μs (↓45.50) ok DRAM BW%: 80.49→81.42% (↑0.93) ok Compute%: 25.07→25.25% (↑0.17) ok Occupancy: 66.96→67.02% (↑0.05) ok Eligible warps/cyc: 0.86→0.88 (↑0.03) ok L2 hit%: 13.69→11.94% (↓1.75) REGRESSED
turn 1111.4s turn · 11.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_sources='''torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);'''\ncuda_sources=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(384, 1)\nvoid k(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,int B,int D1,int D2){int tid=threadIdx.x,lane=tid&31,warp=tid>>5; int wb=blockIdx.x*384+warp*32; int my=wb+lane; int b=blockIdx.y; int64_t bb=(int64_t)b*D1*D2; float maxv=-FLT_MAX; int maxi=0; unsigned mask=0xffffffffu; #pragma unroll 4\n for(int kk=0;kk<D1;++kk){int s=kk&31;int lc=wb+((lane+s)&31);float v=-FLT_MAX;if(lc<D2)v=x[bb+(int64_t)kk*D2+lc];float mv=__shfl_sync(mask,v,(lane-s)&31);if(mv>maxv){maxv=mv;maxi=kk;}} if(my<D2)out[(int64_t)b*D2+my]=(int64_t)maxi;}\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x){int B=x.size(0),D1=x.size(1),D2=x.size(2);auto out=torch::empty({B,D2},x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));dim3 block(384);dim3 grid((D2+383)/384,B);k<<<grid,block,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<int64_t>(),B,D1,D2);return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_ext_rot384p',cpp_sources=cpp_sources,cuda_sources=cuda_sources,functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,dim:int): super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.dim=dim\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_sources='''torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);'''\ncuda_sources=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(1024, 1)\nvoid k(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,int B,int D1,int D2){int tid=threadIdx.x,lane=tid&31,warp=tid>>5; int wb=blockIdx.x*1024+warp*32; int my=wb+lane; int b=blockIdx.y; int64_t bb=(int64_t)b*D1*D2; float maxv=-FLT_MAX; int maxi=0; unsigned mask=0xffffffffu; #pragma unroll 4\n for(int kk=0;kk<D1;++kk){int s=kk&31;int lc=wb+((lane+s)&31);float v=-FLT_MAX;if(lc<D2)v=x[bb+(int64_t)kk*D2+lc];float mv=__shfl_sync(mask,v,(lane-s)&31);if(mv>maxv){maxv=mv;maxi=kk;}} if(my<D2)out[(int64_t)b*D2+my]=(int64_t)maxi;}\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x){int B=x.size(0),D1=x.size(1),D2=x.size(2);auto out=torch::empty({B,D2},x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));dim3 block(1024);dim3 grid((D2+1023)/1024,B);k<<<grid,block,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<int64_t>(),B,D1,D2);return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_ext_rot1024p',cpp_sources=cpp_sources,cuda_sources=cuda_sources,functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,dim:int): super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.dim=dim\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (fail)
failprofile_kernel profile_kernel FAILED: worker exited with code 1. ^ Remark: The warnings can be suppressed with "-diag-suppress <warning-number>" 2 errors detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_95b68f5d2f60/argmax_dim1_ext_rot384p/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
result ← profile_kernel (fail)
failprofile_kernel profile_kernel FAILED: worker exited with code 1. ^ Remark: The warnings can be suppressed with "-diag-suppress <warning-number>" 2 errors detected in the compilation of "/scratch/abaner/KernelBench/runs/l12_all_gpt/original/gpt-5.5-priority/level_1_problem_51_cache/k_239f9319e0e0/argmax_dim1_ext_rot1024p/cuda.cu". ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
turn 1214.1s turn · 14.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering code optimization** I’m thinking about using a constant kernel loop with dynamic parameters to potentially reduce registers. Although, that hasn’t been validated yet. Maybe I can do a quick compile and profile? There are 36 tool calls across 3 turns. The user suggests submitting if I don’t have anything concrete. So, I might specialize the size 512 with constants and avoid a full unroll. I need to run some correctness checks and profile the results to see if that helps.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_sources='''torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);'''\ncuda_sources=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n#define D1C 4096\n#define D2C 4095\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(512, 1)\nvoid k(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out){\n int tid=threadIdx.x,lane=tid&31,warp=tid>>5; int wb=blockIdx.x*512+warp*32; int my=wb+lane; int b=blockIdx.y; int64_t bb=(int64_t)b*D1C*D2C; float maxv=-FLT_MAX; int maxi=0; unsigned mask=0xffffffffu;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for(int kk=0;kk<D1C;++kk){ int s=kk&31; int lc=wb+((lane+s)&31); float v=-FLT_MAX; if(lc<D2C) v=x[bb+(int64_t)kk*D2C+lc]; float mv=__shfl_sync(mask,v,(lane-s)&31); if(mv>maxv){maxv=mv;maxi=kk;}}\n if(my<D2C) out[(int64_t)b*D2C+my]=(int64_t)maxi;\n}\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x){auto out=torch::empty({x.size(0),x.size(2)},x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));dim3 block(512);dim3 grid((int)((x.size(2)+511)/512),(int)x.size(0));k<<<grid,block,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<int64_t>());return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_ext_const512c',cpp_sources=cpp_sources,cuda_sources=cuda_sources,functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,dim:int): super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.dim=dim\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
call → static_check
callstatic_check { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\ncpp_sources='''torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);'''\ncuda_sources=r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(512, 1)\nvoid k(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,int B,int D1,int D2){\n int tid=threadIdx.x,lane=tid&31,warp=tid>>5; int wb=blockIdx.x*512+warp*32; int my=wb+lane; int b=blockIdx.y; int64_t bb=(int64_t)b*D1*D2; float maxv=-FLT_MAX; int maxi=0; unsigned mask=0xffffffffu;\n #pragma unroll 4\n for(int kk=0;kk<D1;++kk){ int s=kk&31; int lc=wb+((lane+s)&31); float v=-FLT_MAX; if(lc<D2) v=x[bb+(int64_t)kk*D2+lc]; float mv=__shfl_sync(mask,v,(lane-s)&31); if(mv>maxv){maxv=mv;maxi=kk;}}\n if(my<D2) out[(int64_t)b*D2+my]=(int64_t)maxi;\n}\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x){int B=x.size(0),D1=x.size(1),D2=x.size(2);auto out=torch::empty({B,D2},x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));dim3 block(512);dim3 grid((D2+511)/512,B);k<<<grid,block,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(),out.data_ptr<int64_t>(),B,D1,D2);return out;}\n'''\n_ext=load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_ext_final_static',cpp_sources=cpp_sources,cuda_sources=cuda_sources,functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self,dim:int): super(ModelNew,self).__init__(); self.dim=dim\n def forward(self,x): return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 139.0s turn · 9.0s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncpp_sources = r'''\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);\n'''\n\ncuda_sources = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(512, 1)\nvoid argmax_dim1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,\n int B, int D1, int D2) {\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5;\n int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * 512 + warp * 32;\n int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1 * D2;\n\n float maxv = -FLT_MAX;\n int maxi = 0;\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n\n // Rotate the contiguous load responsibility across the warp. Each loop\n // iteration issues coalesced row-wise loads while every lane receives the\n // value for its own output column through a warp shuffle.\n #pragma unroll 4\n for (int k = 0; k < D1; ++k) {\n int s = k & 31;\n int load_col = warp_base_col + ((lane + s) & 31);\n float v = -FLT_MAX;\n if (load_col < D2) {\n v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)k * D2 + load_col];\n }\n float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);\n if (myv > maxv) {\n maxv = myv;\n maxi = k;\n }\n }\n\n if (my_col < D2) {\n out[(int64_t)b * D2 + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {\n const int B = (int)x.size(0);\n const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);\n const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);\n auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));\n dim3 block(512);\n dim3 grid((D2 + 511) / 512, B);\n argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_final_ext',\n cpp_sources=cpp_sources,\n cuda_sources=cuda_sources,\n functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, dim: int):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.dim = dim\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 3.29 μs Runtime stats: mean=3.29μs median=?μs std=0.08μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 8227.0 MB peak (ref: 8235.0 MB, ratio: 0.999x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 2, fusion ratio: 2.0) Energy: 241.5 mJ/run (ref: 483.36 mJ, ratio: 2.0015x) SOL score: 0.8134
final submitted kernel (82 lines, 2,475 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cpp_sources = r'''
torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x);
'''

cuda_sources = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <float.h>

__global__ __launch_bounds__(512, 1)
void argmax_dim1_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x, int64_t* __restrict__ out,
                        int B, int D1, int D2) {
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    int lane = tid & 31;
    int warp = tid >> 5;
    int warp_base_col = blockIdx.x * 512 + warp * 32;
    int my_col = warp_base_col + lane;
    int b = blockIdx.y;
    int64_t batch_base = (int64_t)b * D1 * D2;

    float maxv = -FLT_MAX;
    int maxi = 0;
    unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;

    // Rotate the contiguous load responsibility across the warp.  Each loop
    // iteration issues coalesced row-wise loads while every lane receives the
    // value for its own output column through a warp shuffle.
    #pragma unroll 4
    for (int k = 0; k < D1; ++k) {
        int s = k & 31;
        int load_col = warp_base_col + ((lane + s) & 31);
        float v = -FLT_MAX;
        if (load_col < D2) {
            v = x[batch_base + (int64_t)k * D2 + load_col];
        }
        float myv = __shfl_sync(mask, v, (lane - s) & 31);
        if (myv > maxv) {
            maxv = myv;
            maxi = k;
        }
    }

    if (my_col < D2) {
        out[(int64_t)b * D2 + my_col] = (int64_t)maxi;
    }
}

torch::Tensor argmax_dim1_cuda(torch::Tensor x) {
    const int B = (int)x.size(0);
    const int D1 = (int)x.size(1);
    const int D2 = (int)x.size(2);
    auto out = torch::empty({B, D2}, x.options().dtype(torch::kLong));
    dim3 block(512);
    dim3 grid((D2 + 511) / 512, B);
    argmax_dim1_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<int64_t>(), B, D1, D2);
    return out;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(name='argmax_dim1_final_ext',
                   cpp_sources=cpp_sources,
                   cuda_sources=cuda_sources,
                   functions=['argmax_dim1_cuda'],
                   extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],
                   verbose=False)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, dim: int):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.dim = dim

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return _ext.argmax_dim1_cuda(x)