correct
5_Matrix_scalar_multiplication.py
started
2026-05-04T05:31:10Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
2.93 / — / 0.11 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.87 / — / 0.12 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
0.50x
energyNVML (pynvml)
ratio (ref / kernel)
5.01x
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
3001.82 GB/s
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class Model(nn.Module):
"""
Simple model that performs a matrix-scalar multiplication (C = A * s)
"""
def __init__(self):
super(Model, self).__init__()
def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:
"""
Performs matrix-scalar multiplication.
Args:
A: Input matrix of shape (M, N)
s: Scalar value
Returns:
C: Resulting matrix of shape (M, N)
"""
return A * s
M = 16384 * 4
N = 4096 * 4
def get_inputs():
A = torch.rand(M, N)
s = 3.14
return [A, s]
def get_init_inputs():
return [] # No special initialization inputs neededturn 010.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Considering CUDA implementation**
I'm thinking about possibly returning A.mul(s) for non-CUDA, but that might not be allowed. I want to ensure correctness with CUDA and avoid fallback issues. Let’s create an extension in C++ that accepts Tensor A and a double s, keeping in mind Python float bindings. I can check dtype and implement checks for alignment and grid blocks, especially with large tensors. It seems safe to limit grid dimensions and ensure efficient thread coverage.
**Evaluating memory bandwidth**
I’m considering whether 1024 blocks might be sufficient for memory bandwidth. It could feel too few if I need to cover the entire requirement. I wonder if using 256 blocks per streaming multiprocessor (SM) would be a better approach, but I need to confirm the specifications first. It’s important to get the right balance to ensure everything runs smoothly and efficiently. Let’s gather the necessary specs to make a more informed decision!
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs
{}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs
GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3:
total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB
spec entry: H100
GPU Architecture: Hopper
GPU Memory: 80GB
Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s
FP64 TFLOPS: 34
FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67
FP32 TFLOPS: 67
TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity
BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity
FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity
INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity
Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM
Maximum number of registers per thread: 255
Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32
Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB
Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 115.4s turn · 15.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, long long n4, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in[i];\n v.x *= s;\n v.y *= s;\n v.z *= s;\n v.w *= s;\n out[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, long long n, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n const long long n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n float sf = static_cast<float>(s);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ao = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ao) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n long long n4 = n >> 2;\n int blocks = (int)((n4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in), reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out), n4, sf);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, n, sf);\n }\n return C;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"scalar_mul_ext_v1\",\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel
compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 25.5s turn · 5.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, long long n4, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in[i];\n v.x *= s;\n v.y *= s;\n v.z *= s;\n v.w *= s;\n out[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, long long n, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n const long long n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n float sf = static_cast<float>(s);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ao = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ao) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n long long n4 = n >> 2;\n int blocks = (int)((n4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in), reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out), n4, sf);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, n, sf);\n }\n return C;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"scalar_mul_ext_v1\",\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness
run_correctness PASSED: (5 / 5) trials all matched the reference.
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 36.1s turn · 6.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Optimizing performance**
I’m thinking about optimizing and profiling the process. It seems important to consider submitting after static configurations are in place. But speed is a key factor too, and I want to make sure I’m profiling it effectively. Maybe I should check how everything is running to ensure efficiency. It's a balance between getting things set up correctly and maintaining speed. I need to find the best approach!
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, long long n4, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in[i];\n v.x *= s;\n v.y *= s;\n v.z *= s;\n v.w *= s;\n out[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, long long n, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n const long long n = A.numel();\n if (n == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 256;\n float sf = static_cast<float>(s);\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t ai = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in);\n uintptr_t ao = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out);\n if (((ai | ao) & 15) == 0 && (n % 4 == 0)) {\n long long n4 = n >> 2;\n int blocks = (int)((n4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(in), reinterpret_cast<float4*>(out), n4, sf);\n } else {\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, n, sf);\n }\n return C;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"scalar_mul_ext_v1\",\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 20586.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 20555.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 2940.67 μs
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2914.5/3350 GB/s (87.0%)
read=1460.6 write=1453.9 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=50.9%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=2.0%, Tensor=0.0%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 90.5%
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.10
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15973.0% ####################
mio_throttle 2062.6% ####################
short_scoreboard 630.6% ####################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15973% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 49.8s turn · 9.8s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Calculating iterations**
I just calculated that 268 million divided by (4096 times 256) equals 256 iterations. So, I think that's sufficient for the task at hand. I feel relieved that the math checks out. Now I can proceed with confidence, knowing I have enough iterations to work with. It's always nice when things add up neatly! Let’s keep moving forward with this understanding!
call → ert_roofline
callert_roofline
{}
result ← ert_roofline (ok)
okert_roofline
ert_roofline PASSED: empirical roofline benchmarks complete.
=== Empirical Roofline Model ===
Device: NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3
--- Measured Bandwidth ---
L1 13.6 GB/s (working set: 32 KB)
L2 927.6 GB/s (working set: 2048 KB)
DRAM 2577.3 GB/s (working set: 262144 KB)
--- Measured Compute Throughput ---
FP32 51.85 TFLOPS
FP16 (tensor core) 758.77 TFLOPS
Ridge point (FP32): 20.12 FLOPs/byte
Kernels with arithmetic intensity below the ridge point are
memory-bound; above it they are compute-bound.
turn 510.7s turn · 10.7s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, long long n4, float s) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (long long i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in[i];\n v.x *= s; v.y *= s; v.z *= s; v.w *= s;\n out[i] = v;\n }\n}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, long long n, float s) {\n long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x, stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;\n for(long long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;\n}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n long long n=A.numel(); if(n==0) return C;\n const int threads=256; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in, ao=(uintptr_t)out;\n if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && (n%4==0)) { long long n4=n>>2; int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>8192) blocks=8192; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf); }\n else { int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>8192) blocks=8192; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf); }\n return C;\n}\n\"\"\"\n_ext = load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_b8192\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 135735.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 135702.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 3003.42 μs [↑62.8μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2854.5/3350 GB/s (85.2%) [↓1.8% REGRESSED]
read=1430.0 write=1424.5 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=50.9%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=1.6%, Tensor=0.0%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 94.8% [↑4.3% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.10
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=256, grid=8192
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 20961.1% ####################
mio_throttle 355.4% ####################
short_scoreboard 96.4% ###################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 20961% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 2940.67→3003.42μs (↑62.75) REGRESSED
DRAM BW%: 87.00→85.21% (↓1.79) REGRESSED
Occupancy: 90.51→94.85% (↑4.34) ok
L2 hit%: 50.86→50.88% (↑0.02) ok
turn 65.2s turn · 5.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, long long n4, float s) {\n long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;\n long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x;\n for(long long i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){float4 v=in[i]; v.x*=s; v.y*=s; v.z*=s; v.w*=s; out[i]=v;}\n}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,long long n,float s){long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); long long n=A.numel(); if(n==0) return C; const int threads=512; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>(); uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in, ao=(uintptr_t)out; if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && (n%4==0)){long long n4=n>>2; int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf);} else {int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf);} return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_t512\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 22128.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 22089.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 2905.76 μs [↓97.7μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2949.2/3350 GB/s (88.0%) [↑2.8% ok]
read=1478.1 write=1471.1 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=51.0%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=2.5%, Tensor=0.1%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 83.7% [↓11.1% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.12
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=512, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 12455.8% ####################
mio_throttle 1566.1% ####################
short_scoreboard 837.9% ####################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 12456% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 3003.42→2905.76μs (↓97.66) ok
DRAM BW%: 85.21→88.04% (↑2.83) ok
Occupancy: 94.85→83.73% (↓11.11) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.10→0.12 (↑0.02) ok
L2 hit%: 50.88→50.98% (↑0.10) ok
turn 74.4s turn · 4.4s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, long long n4, float s){long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long long i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){float4 v=in[i]; v.x*=s; v.y*=s; v.z*=s; v.w*=s; out[i]=v;}}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,long long n,float s){long long idx=(long long)blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; long long stride=(long long)blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(long long i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); long long n=A.numel(); if(n==0) return C; const int threads=1024; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>(); uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in, ao=(uintptr_t)out; if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && (n%4==0)){long long n4=n>>2; int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf);} else {int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf);} return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_t1024\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 20250.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 20213.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 2869.15 μs [↓36.6μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2986.8/3350 GB/s (89.2%) [↑1.1% ok]
read=1497.0 write=1489.9 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=51.0%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=3.5%, Tensor=0.1%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 77.9% [↓5.8% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.24
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=32, smem/blk=1024B, block=1024, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 8515.9% ####################
short_scoreboard 708.4% ####################
mio_throttle 593.5% ####################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 8516% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 2905.76→2869.15μs (↓36.61) ok
DRAM BW%: 88.04→89.16% (↑1.12) ok
Occupancy: 83.73→77.89% (↓5.84) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.12→0.24 (↑0.12) ok
L2 hit%: 50.98→51.02% (↑0.04) ok
turn 88.2s turn · 8.2s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){float4 v=in[i]; v.x*=s; v.y*=s; v.z*=s; v.w*=s; out[i]=v;}}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,unsigned int n,float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); unsigned long long nn=(unsigned long long)A.numel(); if(nn==0) return C; const int threads=1024; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>(); uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in, ao=(uintptr_t)out; if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && ((nn&3ull)==0)){unsigned int n4=(unsigned int)(nn>>2); int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf);} else {unsigned int n=(unsigned int)nn; int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf);} return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_u32\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 22664.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 22631.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 2853.31 μs [↓15.8μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 3003.9/3350 GB/s (89.7%) [↑0.5% ok]
read=1505.3 write=1498.6 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=51.1%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=2.3%, Tensor=0.0%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 71.6% [↓6.3% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.06
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=18, smem/blk=1024B, block=1024, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 26386.2% ####################
short_scoreboard 142.3% ####################
mio_throttle 85.0% ################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 26386% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 2869.15→2853.31μs (↓15.84) ok
DRAM BW%: 89.16→89.67% (↑0.51) ok
Occupancy: 77.89→71.64% (↓6.25) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.24→0.06 (↓0.19) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 51.02→51.06% (↑0.04) ok
turn 95.1s turn · 5.1s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){float4 v=in[i]; v.x*=s; v.y*=s; v.z*=s; v.w*=s; out[i]=v;}}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,unsigned int n,float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); unsigned long long nn=(unsigned long long)A.numel(); if(nn==0) return C; const int threads=512; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>(); uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in, ao=(uintptr_t)out; if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && ((nn&3ull)==0)){unsigned int n4=(unsigned int)(nn>>2); int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf);} else {unsigned int n=(unsigned int)nn; int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf);} return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_u32t512\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 20426.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 20381.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 2892.93 μs [↑39.6μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2963.2/3350 GB/s (88.5%) [↓1.2% REGRESSED]
read=1484.6 write=1478.6 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=51.0%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=2.3%, Tensor=0.0%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 82.5% [↑10.9% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.04
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=18, smem/blk=1024B, block=512, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 36170.4% ####################
short_scoreboard 67.4% #############
mio_throttle 6.3% #
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 36170% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 2853.31→2892.93μs (↑39.62) REGRESSED
DRAM BW%: 89.67→88.46% (↓1.21) REGRESSED
Occupancy: 71.64→82.53% (↑10.88) ok
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.06→0.04 (↓0.02) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 51.06→50.96% (↓0.09) REGRESSED
turn 108.5s turn · 8.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → disassemble_kernel
calldisassemble_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n4;i+=stride){float4 v=in[i]; v.x*=s; v.y*=s; v.z*=s; v.w*=s; out[i]=v;}}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,unsigned int n,float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); unsigned long long nn=(unsigned long long)A.numel(); if(nn==0) return C; const int threads=1024; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>(); uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in, ao=(uintptr_t)out; if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && ((nn&3ull)==0)){unsigned int n4=(unsigned int)(nn>>2); int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf);} else {unsigned int n=(unsigned int)nn; int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf);} return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_dis\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← disassemble_kernel (ok)
okdisassemble_kernel
disassemble_kernel PASSED: disassembly analysis complete.
=== Kernel Disassembly Summary ===
--- Instruction Mix ---
misc 21 ( 29.2%)
compute_int 12 ( 16.7%)
other 10 ( 13.9%)
control_flow 8 ( 11.1%)
memory_const 6 ( 8.3%)
move 6 ( 8.3%)
compute_fp32 5 ( 6.9%)
memory_global 4 ( 5.6%)
TOTAL 72
--- Warnings ---
cubin extraction: [Errno 18] Invalid cross-device link: 'conv_mish_ext_v3dp.1.sm_90.cubin' -> '/var/tmp/kb_nvdisasm_0l0n3rfo/conv_mish_ext_v3dp.1.sm_90.cubin'
turn 1110.0s turn · 10.0s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,unsigned int n,float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); unsigned int n=(unsigned int)A.numel(); if(n==0) return C; const int threads=1024; int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(A.data_ptr<float>(),C.data_ptr<float>(),n,(float)s); return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_scalar\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 19890.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 19857.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 3445.15 μs [↑552.2μs REGRESSED]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2488.5/3350 GB/s (74.3%) [↓14.2% REGRESSED]
read=1246.7 write=1241.8 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=50.0%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=4.7%, Tensor=0.0%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 83.7% [↑1.2% ok]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.10
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=16, smem/blk=1024B, block=1024, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 4.00 sectors/req (4.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 15400.5% ####################
short_scoreboard 58.1% ###########
mio_throttle 33.2% ######
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 15400% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=4.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=4.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 4x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 2892.93→3445.15μs (↑552.22) REGRESSED
DRAM BW%: 88.46→74.28% (↓14.17) REGRESSED
Occupancy: 82.53→83.72% (↑1.20) ok
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.04→0.10 (↑0.06) ok
Ld sectors/req: 16.00→4.00 (↓12.00) ok
L2 hit%: 50.96→50.01% (↓0.96) REGRESSED
turn 12 · 1 tool call(s) · 15.6s turn · 15.6s LLM · 6,560 chars (click to expand)
turn 1215.6s turn · 15.6s LLM · 0.0s tools
reasoning
**Checking submission details**
I’m preparing for the final submission and thinking about running a static check first. I have the correct profile, but I might need to include the full code. There's a potential concern with output shape being huge, which could lead to a lot of memory usage. I wonder if I can improve efficiency by using `torch.empty_like` instead of `torch.empty_strided`, and whether optimizing using CUDA could help with multiplication by a constant. I'll evaluate non-contiguous tensors too.
**Exploring optimization strategies**
I’m thinking about using PyTorch to perform the operation A * s, where s is a Python float. It seems that using a built-in function like `torch.empty_like` might add some overhead, but it shouldn't pose any issues. I’m also considering a CUDA kernel that utilizes uint4 and vector instructions. If I specialize for a known size like 2^30, could I launch the kernel without loops? Each thread could handle four iterations, which sounds efficient, but I need to find the right balance for blocks and bandwidth for optimal performance.
**Considering loop optimizations**
I'm thinking about unrolling the loop for each thread to process 2 or 4 float4 values, which could enhance instruction-level parallelism and reduce overhead. Right now, I'm facing some memory latency issues, but I have several warps available. Unrolling by 2 or 4 might improve the memory pipeline's efficiency. I wonder if I should test this approach quickly without needing to ensure correctness right away, especially since I have multiple tool calls and turns to consider.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n__device__ __forceinline__ float4 mul4(float4 v,float s){v.x*=s;v.y*=s;v.z*=s;v.w*=s;return v;}\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; unsigned int stride2=stride*2; unsigned int i=idx; for(; i+stride<n4; i+=stride2){float4 v0=in[i]; float4 v1=in[i+stride]; out[i]=mul4(v0,s); out[i+stride]=mul4(v1,s);} if(i<n4){float4 v=in[i]; out[i]=mul4(v,s);}}\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in,float* __restrict__ out,unsigned int n,float s){unsigned int idx=blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x; unsigned int stride=blockDim.x*gridDim.x; for(unsigned int i=idx;i<n;i+=stride) out[i]=in[i]*s;}\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A,double s){auto C=torch::empty_like(A); unsigned long long nn=(unsigned long long)A.numel(); if(nn==0) return C; const int threads=1024; float sf=(float)s; cudaStream_t stream=at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(); const float* in=A.data_ptr<float>(); float* out=C.data_ptr<float>(); uintptr_t ai=(uintptr_t)in,ao=(uintptr_t)out; if(((ai|ao)&15)==0 && ((nn&3ull)==0)){unsigned int n4=(unsigned int)(nn>>2); int blocks=(int)((n4+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>((const float4*)in,(float4*)out,n4,sf);} else {unsigned int n=(unsigned int)nn; int blocks=(int)((n+threads-1)/threads); if(blocks>65535) blocks=65535; scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks,threads,0,stream>>>(in,out,n,sf);} return C;}\n\"\"\"\n_ext=load_inline(name=\"scalar_mul_ext_unroll2\", cpp_sources=[_cpp_src], cuda_sources=[_cuda_src], functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"], extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"], extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\",\"--use_fast_math\"], verbose=False)\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self): super(ModelNew,self).__init__()\n def forward(self,A:torch.Tensor,s:float)->torch.Tensor: return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A,s)\n"
}
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel
profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete.
=== Kernel Profile Summary ===
--- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) ---
#1: aten::empty_like 42452.0μs (50%) calls=1
#2: aten::empty_strided 42421.0μs (50%) calls=1
--- Timing ---
GPU time: 2863.01 μs [↓582.1μs ok]
--- Memory Bandwidth ---
DRAM BW: 2993.6/3350 GB/s (89.4%) [↑15.1% ok]
read=1500.2 write=1493.4 GB/s
Hit rates: L2=50.9%
--- Compute Throughput ---
Pipe util: FMA=2.4%, Tensor=0.0%
--- Roofline Analysis ---
Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte
Classification: UNKNOWN
--- Occupancy ---
Achieved: 69.4% [↓14.3% REGRESSED]
Eligible warps/cycle: 0.07
WARNING: <1 eligible warp/cycle = latency-bound, needs more parallelism
Launch: regs/thread=28, smem/blk=1024B, block=1024, grid=65535
--- Memory Access Quality ---
Global ld coalescing: 16.00 sectors/req (16.0x wasted BW)
--- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) ---
long_scoreboard 22512.0% ####################
short_scoreboard 456.2% ####################
mio_throttle 251.8% ####################
--- Optimization Hints ---
-> 22512% stalls: global memory latency (waiting for DRAM/L2). + sectors/req=16.0 -> uncoalesced global loads, restructure access pattern or use __ldg Try shared-memory tiling, prefetching, or reducing working set.
-> Global load coalescing=16.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 16x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
--- Delta vs Previous Iteration ---
GPU time: 3445.15→2863.01μs (↓582.14) ok
DRAM BW%: 74.28→89.36% (↑15.08) ok
Occupancy: 83.72→69.43% (↓14.29) REGRESSED
Eligible warps/cyc: 0.10→0.07 (↓0.03) REGRESSED
Ld sectors/req: 4.00→16.00 (↑12.00) REGRESSED
L2 hit%: 50.01→50.93% (↑0.93) ok
turn 1311.5s turn · 11.5s LLM · 0.0s tools
call → static_check
callstatic_check
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s) {\n unsigned int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n unsigned int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (unsigned int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in[i];\n v.x *= s;\n v.y *= s;\n v.z *= s;\n v.w *= s;\n out[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n, float s) {\n unsigned int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n unsigned int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (unsigned int i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n unsigned long long nn = (unsigned long long)A.numel();\n if (nn == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 1024;\n float sf = (float)s;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t ai = (uintptr_t)in;\n uintptr_t ao = (uintptr_t)out;\n if (((ai | ao) & 15) == 0 && ((nn & 3ull) == 0)) {\n unsigned int n4 = (unsigned int)(nn >> 2);\n int blocks = (int)((n4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>((const float4*)in, (float4*)out, n4, sf);\n } else {\n unsigned int n = (unsigned int)nn;\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, n, sf);\n }\n return C;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"scalar_mul_ext_final\",\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← static_check (ok)
okstatic_check
static_check PASSED: no violations or warnings detected.
turn 146.2s turn · 6.2s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s) {\n unsigned int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n unsigned int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (unsigned int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {\n float4 v = in[i];\n v.x *= s;\n v.y *= s;\n v.z *= s;\n v.w *= s;\n out[i] = v;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n, float s) {\n unsigned int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n unsigned int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (unsigned int i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {\n out[i] = in[i] * s;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {\n auto C = torch::empty_like(A);\n unsigned long long nn = (unsigned long long)A.numel();\n if (nn == 0) return C;\n const int threads = 1024;\n float sf = (float)s;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();\n float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();\n uintptr_t ai = (uintptr_t)in;\n uintptr_t ao = (uintptr_t)out;\n if (((ai | ao) & 15) == 0 && ((nn & 3ull) == 0)) {\n unsigned int n4 = (unsigned int)(nn >> 2);\n int blocks = (int)((n4 + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>((const float4*)in, (float4*)out, n4, sf);\n } else {\n unsigned int n = (unsigned int)nn;\n int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, n, sf);\n }\n return C;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"scalar_mul_ext_final\",\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=[\"scalar_mul_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:\n return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A, s)\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 2.93 μs
Runtime stats: mean=2.93μs median=?μs std=0.11μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
Memory: 8225.0 MB peak (ref: 8225.0 MB, ratio: 1.0x)
Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 1, fusion ratio: 0.5)
Energy: 241.44 mJ/run (ref: 1210.04 mJ, ratio: 5.0118x)
SOL score: 0.8961
final submitted kernel (79 lines, 2,540 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s);
"""
_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdint.h>
__global__ void scalar_mul4_kernel(const float4* __restrict__ in, float4* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n4, float s) {
unsigned int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
unsigned int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
for (unsigned int i = idx; i < n4; i += stride) {
float4 v = in[i];
v.x *= s;
v.y *= s;
v.z *= s;
v.w *= s;
out[i] = v;
}
}
__global__ void scalar_mul_kernel(const float* __restrict__ in, float* __restrict__ out, unsigned int n, float s) {
unsigned int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
unsigned int stride = blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
for (unsigned int i = idx; i < n; i += stride) {
out[i] = in[i] * s;
}
}
torch::Tensor scalar_mul_forward(torch::Tensor A, double s) {
auto C = torch::empty_like(A);
unsigned long long nn = (unsigned long long)A.numel();
if (nn == 0) return C;
const int threads = 1024;
float sf = (float)s;
cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
const float* in = A.data_ptr<float>();
float* out = C.data_ptr<float>();
uintptr_t ai = (uintptr_t)in;
uintptr_t ao = (uintptr_t)out;
if (((ai | ao) & 15) == 0 && ((nn & 3ull) == 0)) {
unsigned int n4 = (unsigned int)(nn >> 2);
int blocks = (int)((n4 + threads - 1) / threads);
if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
scalar_mul4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>((const float4*)in, (float4*)out, n4, sf);
} else {
unsigned int n = (unsigned int)nn;
int blocks = (int)((n + threads - 1) / threads);
if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
scalar_mul_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(in, out, n, sf);
}
return C;
}
"""
_ext = load_inline(
name="scalar_mul_ext_final",
cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],
cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],
functions=["scalar_mul_forward"],
extra_cflags=["-O3"],
extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3", "--use_fast_math"],
verbose=False,
)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, s: float) -> torch.Tensor:
return _ext.scalar_mul_forward(A, s)