gpt-5.5-priority · popcorn · l123_single_gpt
incorrect 5_LayerNorm_GELU_DilatedConv1d_ResAdd.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
1 / 1
tool calls
1
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
—
ref runtime
2.77 μs
speedup
—
started
2026-05-05T02:27:04Z
correctness issue: Output mismatch
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
—
ref runtime
2.77 μs
speedup
—
kernel mean / median / std
—
ref mean / median / std
2.77 / — / 0.03 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
1.000
dram util %
100.0%
compute util %
92.4%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
tensor-core
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
16143.23 GB/s
dram util %
100.0%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
648.0%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
92.4%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
295.22
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
593.5%
ld sectors / req
46.19
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
393
smem / block
254592 B
block size
2305
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
18474.3%
short_scoreboard
1285.4%
mio_throttle
469.1%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Pre-norm 1D dilated convolution block: LayerNorm, GELU activation, dilated Conv1d, and residual addition.
    Common in genomic sequence models (Enformer, Basenji) for capturing long-range dependencies in DNA/RNA sequences.
    """
    def __init__(self, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, dilation):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm([channels, seq_len])
        self.activation = nn.GELU()
        self.conv = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, padding=dilation, dilation=dilation)

    def forward(self, x):
        residual = x
        x = self.norm(x)
        x = self.activation(x)
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = x + residual
        return x

batch_size = 32
channels = 256
seq_len = 4096
kernel_size = 3
dilation = 4

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), channels, seq_len)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [channels, seq_len, kernel_size, dilation]
turn 0 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 64.6s turn · 64.6s LLM · 9,951 chars (click to expand)
turn 064.6s turn · 64.6s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Exploring PyTorch optimizations** I'm considering using PyTorch with convolution and possibly custom additions, focusing on speed improvements like using `torch.compile`. I need to define a class that includes normalization and convolution, and ensure the forward function is efficient. The goal is to use PyTorch's convolution while still aiming for faster outputs with a custom CUDA kernel. I need to make sure LayerNorm is accurate with specific tolerances, ensuring errors don't propagate excessively through the network weights. Accuracy is essential here! **Considering model initialization** I'm thinking about how to initialize ModelNew with random parameters independently, while ensuring that evaluation correctly copies the state_dict. The names need to match, so I should set `self.norm` to `nn.LayerNorm` with the appropriate dimensions, plus `self.activation` to `nn.GELU()`, and `self.conv` to `nn.Conv1d(...)`. I also want the forward function to utilize `self.norm.weight` and `self.norm.bias`. I’ll need to implement the extension using C++ wrappers and the CUDA source, likely loading inline with just the necessary declarations. **Optimizing performance** I'm considering that output differences can be very small, with doubles varying by around 1e-5, which seems acceptable. However, the performance might be sluggish with 32 blocks and 1M loops — that totals about 33M operations. I think using floats could speed things up. Each block should handle 256 or 512 threads, but the current parallelism may not be fully utilized. I could explore using multiple blocks for partial sums to improve efficiency, although it might complicate things. **Structuring batch processing** I'm thinking that for handling elements, I could set chunks per batch at 256, with each block utilizing 256 threads. This would mean that each block processes a chunk of elements, around 4096 in total when I take the ceiling of N divided by chunks. Then, I could use a second kernel to reduce those 256 partial sums for each batch and output the final results. This approach seems like it could work efficiently!
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor ln_gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, double eps);\ntorch::Tensor add_forward(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor residual);\n'''\n\n_cuda_src = r'''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <math.h>\n\n#define THREADS 256\n#define CHUNKS 256\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);\n }\n return v;\n}\n\n__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float v) {\n __shared__ float shared[32];\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n v = warp_reduce_sum(v);\n if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = v;\n __syncthreads();\n v = (threadIdx.x < (blockDim.x >> 5)) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;\n if (wid == 0) v = warp_reduce_sum(v);\n return v;\n}\n\n__global__ void partial_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n float* __restrict__ partial,\n int B, int N) {\n int chunk = blockIdx.x;\n int b = blockIdx.y;\n int chunk_size = (N + CHUNKS - 1) / CHUNKS;\n int start = chunk * chunk_size;\n int end = start + chunk_size;\n if (end > N) end = N;\n\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n const float* xb = x + ((long long)b) * N;\n for (int i = start + threadIdx.x; i < end; i += blockDim.x) {\n float v = xb[i];\n s += v;\n ss = fmaf(v, v, ss);\n }\n s = block_reduce_sum(s);\n ss = block_reduce_sum(ss);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) {\n int idx = (b * CHUNKS + chunk) * 2;\n partial[idx] = s;\n partial[idx + 1] = ss;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void finalize_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,\n float* __restrict__ stats,\n int B, int N, float eps) {\n int b = blockIdx.x;\n float s = 0.0f;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n for (int c = threadIdx.x; c < CHUNKS; c += blockDim.x) {\n int idx = (b * CHUNKS + c) * 2;\n s += partial[idx];\n ss += partial[idx + 1];\n }\n s = block_reduce_sum(s);\n ss = block_reduce_sum(ss);\n if (threadIdx.x == 0) {\n float invN = 1.0f / (float)N;\n float mean = s * invN;\n float var = ss * invN - mean * mean;\n if (var < 0.0f) var = 0.0f;\n stats[b * 2] = mean;\n stats[b * 2 + 1] = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void apply_ln_gelu_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n const float* __restrict__ stats,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n long long total, int N) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {\n int b = (int)(idx / N);\n int n = (int)(idx - (long long)b * N);\n float z = (x[idx] - stats[b * 2]) * stats[b * 2 + 1];\n z = z * gamma[n] + beta[n];\n float g = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));\n out[idx] = g;\n }\n}\n\n__global__ void add_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ r,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n long long total) {\n long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;\n for (; idx < total; idx += stride) out[idx] = y[idx] + r[idx];\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor ln_gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, double eps) {\n const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(x));\n x = x.contiguous();\n gamma = gamma.contiguous();\n beta = beta.contiguous();\n auto out = torch::empty_like(x);\n int B = (int)x.size(0);\n int N = (int)(x.numel() / B);\n auto partial = torch::empty({B, CHUNKS, 2}, x.options());\n auto stats = torch::empty({B, 2}, x.options());\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n dim3 grid1(CHUNKS, B);\n partial_reduce_kernel<<<grid1, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), B, N);\n finalize_kernel<<<B, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), stats.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, (float)eps);\n long long total = x.numel();\n int blocks = (int)((total + THREADS - 1) / THREADS);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n apply_ln_gelu_kernel<<<blocks, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), stats.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);\n return out;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor add_forward(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor residual) {\n const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(y));\n y = y.contiguous();\n residual = residual.contiguous();\n auto out = torch::empty_like(y);\n long long total = y.numel();\n int blocks = (int)((total + THREADS - 1) / THREADS);\n if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n add_kernel<<<blocks, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), residual.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total);\n return out;\n}\n'''\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name='prenorm_gelu_ext_v1',\n cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],\n cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],\n functions=['ln_gelu_forward', 'add_forward'],\n extra_cflags=['-O3'],\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, dilation):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.norm = nn.LayerNorm([channels, seq_len])\n self.activation = nn.GELU()\n self.conv = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, padding=dilation, dilation=dilation)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n residual = x\n x = _ext.ln_gelu_forward(x, self.norm.weight, self.norm.bias, float(self.norm.eps))\n x = self.conv(x)\n x = _ext.add_forward(x, residual)\n return x\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (fail)
failsubmit_kernel submit_kernel FAILED: correctness check did not pass ((2 / 5) trials). correctness_issue: Output mismatch max_difference: ['0.000134', '0.000156', '0.000127'] avg_difference: ['0.000001', '0.000001', '0.000001']
final submitted kernel (178 lines, 6,416 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor ln_gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, double eps);
torch::Tensor add_forward(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor residual);
'''

_cuda_src = r'''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <math.h>

#define THREADS 256
#define CHUNKS 256

__inline__ __device__ float warp_reduce_sum(float v) {
    #pragma unroll
    for (int offset = 16; offset > 0; offset >>= 1) {
        v += __shfl_down_sync(0xffffffff, v, offset);
    }
    return v;
}

__inline__ __device__ float block_reduce_sum(float v) {
    __shared__ float shared[32];
    int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;
    int wid = threadIdx.x >> 5;
    v = warp_reduce_sum(v);
    if (lane == 0) shared[wid] = v;
    __syncthreads();
    v = (threadIdx.x < (blockDim.x >> 5)) ? shared[lane] : 0.0f;
    if (wid == 0) v = warp_reduce_sum(v);
    return v;
}

__global__ void partial_reduce_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,
                                      float* __restrict__ partial,
                                      int B, int N) {
    int chunk = blockIdx.x;
    int b = blockIdx.y;
    int chunk_size = (N + CHUNKS - 1) / CHUNKS;
    int start = chunk * chunk_size;
    int end = start + chunk_size;
    if (end > N) end = N;

    float s = 0.0f;
    float ss = 0.0f;
    const float* xb = x + ((long long)b) * N;
    for (int i = start + threadIdx.x; i < end; i += blockDim.x) {
        float v = xb[i];
        s += v;
        ss = fmaf(v, v, ss);
    }
    s = block_reduce_sum(s);
    ss = block_reduce_sum(ss);
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
        int idx = (b * CHUNKS + chunk) * 2;
        partial[idx] = s;
        partial[idx + 1] = ss;
    }
}

__global__ void finalize_kernel(const float* __restrict__ partial,
                                float* __restrict__ stats,
                                int B, int N, float eps) {
    int b = blockIdx.x;
    float s = 0.0f;
    float ss = 0.0f;
    for (int c = threadIdx.x; c < CHUNKS; c += blockDim.x) {
        int idx = (b * CHUNKS + c) * 2;
        s += partial[idx];
        ss += partial[idx + 1];
    }
    s = block_reduce_sum(s);
    ss = block_reduce_sum(ss);
    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
        float invN = 1.0f / (float)N;
        float mean = s * invN;
        float var = ss * invN - mean * mean;
        if (var < 0.0f) var = 0.0f;
        stats[b * 2] = mean;
        stats[b * 2 + 1] = rsqrtf(var + eps);
    }
}

__global__ void apply_ln_gelu_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,
                                     const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                                     const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                     const float* __restrict__ stats,
                                     float* __restrict__ out,
                                     long long total, int N) {
    long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    const float inv_sqrt2 = 0.70710678118654752440f;
    for (; idx < total; idx += stride) {
        int b = (int)(idx / N);
        int n = (int)(idx - (long long)b * N);
        float z = (x[idx] - stats[b * 2]) * stats[b * 2 + 1];
        z = z * gamma[n] + beta[n];
        float g = 0.5f * z * (1.0f + erff(z * inv_sqrt2));
        out[idx] = g;
    }
}

__global__ void add_kernel(const float* __restrict__ y,
                           const float* __restrict__ r,
                           float* __restrict__ out,
                           long long total) {
    long long idx = (long long)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    long long stride = (long long)blockDim.x * gridDim.x;
    for (; idx < total; idx += stride) out[idx] = y[idx] + r[idx];
}

torch::Tensor ln_gelu_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor gamma, torch::Tensor beta, double eps) {
    const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(x));
    x = x.contiguous();
    gamma = gamma.contiguous();
    beta = beta.contiguous();
    auto out = torch::empty_like(x);
    int B = (int)x.size(0);
    int N = (int)(x.numel() / B);
    auto partial = torch::empty({B, CHUNKS, 2}, x.options());
    auto stats = torch::empty({B, 2}, x.options());
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    dim3 grid1(CHUNKS, B);
    partial_reduce_kernel<<<grid1, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), partial.data_ptr<float>(), B, N);
    finalize_kernel<<<B, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(partial.data_ptr<float>(), stats.data_ptr<float>(), B, N, (float)eps);
    long long total = x.numel();
    int blocks = (int)((total + THREADS - 1) / THREADS);
    if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
    apply_ln_gelu_kernel<<<blocks, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(x.data_ptr<float>(), gamma.data_ptr<float>(), beta.data_ptr<float>(), stats.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, N);
    return out;
}

torch::Tensor add_forward(torch::Tensor y, torch::Tensor residual) {
    const at::cuda::OptionalCUDAGuard device_guard(device_of(y));
    y = y.contiguous();
    residual = residual.contiguous();
    auto out = torch::empty_like(y);
    long long total = y.numel();
    int blocks = (int)((total + THREADS - 1) / THREADS);
    if (blocks > 65535) blocks = 65535;
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    add_kernel<<<blocks, THREADS, 0, stream>>>(y.data_ptr<float>(), residual.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total);
    return out;
}
'''

_ext = load_inline(
    name='prenorm_gelu_ext_v1',
    cpp_sources=[_cpp_src],
    cuda_sources=[_cuda_src],
    functions=['ln_gelu_forward', 'add_forward'],
    extra_cflags=['-O3'],
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3'],
    verbose=False,
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels, seq_len, kernel_size, dilation):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm([channels, seq_len])
        self.activation = nn.GELU()
        self.conv = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, padding=dilation, dilation=dilation)

    def forward(self, x):
        residual = x
        x = _ext.ln_gelu_forward(x, self.norm.weight, self.norm.bias, float(self.norm.eps))
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = _ext.add_forward(x, residual)
        return x