gpt-5.5-priority · popcorn · l123_single_gpt
correct 1_Conv1d_Depthwise.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
1 / 1
tool calls
1
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
popcorn
runtime
0.37 μs
ref runtime
1.28 μs
speedup
3.42x
started
2026-05-05T00:01:58Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
0.37 μs
ref runtime
1.28 μs
speedup
3.42x
kernel mean / median / std
0.37 / — / 0.16 μs
ref mean / median / std
1.28 / — / 0.03 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
1024.01 MB
ref peak
1024.01 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
12
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
12.00x
total cuda time
30 μs
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.897
dram util %
89.7%
compute util %
14.5%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
3005.40 GB/s
dram util %
89.7%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
85.8%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
14.5%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
50.7%
ld sectors / req
11.22
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
23
smem / block
1024 B
block size
256
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
2850.8%
short_scoreboard
154.3%
mio_throttle
41.3%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Performs a depthwise 1D convolution where each input channel is convolved with its own filter.
    Fundamental primitive in Hyena, Mamba, and genomic sequence models (Enformer, HyenaDNA).

    Args:
        channels (int): Number of input/output channels.
        kernel_size (int): Size of the convolution kernel.
        stride (int, optional): Stride of the convolution. Defaults to 1.
        padding (int, optional): Padding applied to the input. Defaults to 0.
        bias (bool, optional): If True, adds a learnable bias. Defaults to False.
    """
    def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.conv1d(x)

batch_size = 32
channels = 512
kernel_size = 3
seq_len = 8192
stride = 1
padding = 1

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(popcorn_pri.jitter_int(batch_size), channels, popcorn_pri.jitter_int(seq_len))]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [channels, kernel_size, stride, padding]
turn 0 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 52.9s turn · 52.9s LLM · 8,412 chars (click to expand)
turn 052.9s turn · 52.9s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Considering CUDA wrapper implementation** I'm thinking about how to include the torch extension and implement a wrapper in C++. I must consider if the CUDA source needs to contain a host wrapper. I also need to check if `load_inline` can compile functions strictly from the C++ sources. It seems important to have a functions list that automatically binds any functions that exist in those sources. There are quite a few details I need to keep in mind! **Defining inputs and outputs** I'm defining some inputs: xm1=x[t-1], x0=x[t], up to x4=x[t+4]. Then, I’ll calculate the outputs: o0, o1, o2, and o3 based on the weighted sums of these inputs. I notice for the last time step t=L-4, x4 ends up being zero, so it affects the calculations, particularly for o3 using x[L]. Also, for the first time step t=0, I see that xm1 is zero too. **Evaluating tensor management** I'm considering how to manage tensors in forward calls, particularly looking at whether they are contiguous. It seems checking this condition is inexpensive, but I wonder about the overhead of creating an empty tensor. Maybe I can pre-register a buffer, like an empty bias, during initialization. If the model moves to CUDA, I need to ensure the buffer handles that correctly without causing state_dict issues. There's also concern about moving data after instantiation, especially regarding the bias parameter in convolution operations.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor dwconv1d_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int64_t stride, int64_t padding);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n__global__ void dwconv1d_k3s1p1_vec4_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int rows, int C, int L, int has_bias)\n{\n int vecs_per_row = L >> 2;\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t total = (int64_t)rows * vecs_per_row;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int row = (int)(idx / vecs_per_row);\n int vec = (int)(idx - (int64_t)row * vecs_per_row);\n int t = vec << 2;\n int c = row % C;\n int base = row * L + t;\n\n float w0 = w[c * 3 + 0];\n float w1 = w[c * 3 + 1];\n float w2 = w[c * 3 + 2];\n float bv = has_bias ? bias[c] : 0.0f;\n\n const float* xp = x + base;\n float xm1 = (t == 0) ? 0.0f : xp[-1];\n float x0 = xp[0];\n float x1 = xp[1];\n float x2 = xp[2];\n float x3 = xp[3];\n float x4 = (t + 4 >= L) ? 0.0f : xp[4];\n\n float o0 = fmaf(w2, x1, fmaf(w1, x0, w0 * xm1)) + bv;\n float o1 = fmaf(w2, x2, fmaf(w1, x1, w0 * x0)) + bv;\n float o2 = fmaf(w2, x3, fmaf(w1, x2, w0 * x1)) + bv;\n float o3 = fmaf(w2, x4, fmaf(w1, x3, w0 * x2)) + bv;\n\n *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y + base) = make_float4(o0, o1, o2, o3);\n}\n\n__global__ void dwconv1d_generic_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ w,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ y,\n int B, int C, int L, int K, int Lout, int stride, int padding, int has_bias)\n{\n int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int64_t total = (int64_t)B * C * Lout;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int t = (int)(idx % Lout);\n int tmp = (int)(idx / Lout);\n int c = tmp % C;\n int b = tmp / C;\n\n float acc = has_bias ? bias[c] : 0.0f;\n int in0 = t * stride - padding;\n const float* xrow = x + ((int64_t)b * C + c) * L;\n const float* wrow = w + (int64_t)c * K;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int k = 0; k < 16; ++k) {\n if (k >= K) break;\n int in_t = in0 + k;\n if ((unsigned)in_t < (unsigned)L) {\n acc = fmaf(wrow[k], xrow[in_t], acc);\n }\n }\n for (int k = 16; k < K; ++k) {\n int in_t = in0 + k;\n if ((unsigned)in_t < (unsigned)L) {\n acc = fmaf(wrow[k], xrow[in_t], acc);\n }\n }\n y[idx] = acc;\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor dwconv1d_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int64_t stride64, int64_t padding64) {\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), \"x must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.is_cuda(), \"weight must be CUDA\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"only fp32 supported\");\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, \"only fp32 supported\");\n TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), \"x must be contiguous\");\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.is_contiguous(), \"weight must be contiguous\");\n\n int B = (int)x.size(0);\n int C = (int)x.size(1);\n int L = (int)x.size(2);\n int K = (int)weight.size(2);\n int stride = (int)stride64;\n int padding = (int)padding64;\n int Lout = (L + 2 * padding - K) / stride + 1;\n auto y = torch::empty({B, C, Lout}, x.options());\n int has_bias = (bias.numel() != 0) ? 1 : 0;\n\n const int threads = 256;\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n if (K == 3 && stride == 1 && padding == 1 && Lout == L && ((L & 3) == 0)) {\n int rows = B * C;\n int64_t total_vec = (int64_t)rows * (L >> 2);\n int blocks = (int)((total_vec + threads - 1) / threads);\n dwconv1d_k3s1p1_vec4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), rows, C, L, has_bias);\n } else {\n int64_t total = (int64_t)B * C * Lout;\n int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);\n dwconv1d_generic_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, L, K, Lout, stride, padding, has_bias);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_dwconv1d_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"dwconv1d_depthwise_k3_ext\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"dwconv1d_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)\n self._stride_val = stride\n self._padding_val = padding\n self.register_buffer(\"_empty_bias\", torch.empty(0), persistent=False)\n\n def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:\n if not x.is_contiguous():\n x = x.contiguous()\n b = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias\n return _dwconv1d_ext.dwconv1d_forward(x, self.conv1d.weight, b, int(self._stride_val), int(self._padding_val))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 0.37 μs Runtime stats: mean=0.37μs median=?μs std=0.16μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 1024.01 MB peak (ref: 1024.01 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 12, fusion ratio: 12.0) SOL score: 0.8971
final submitted kernel (155 lines, 5,497 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>

torch::Tensor dwconv1d_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int64_t stride, int64_t padding);
"""

_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void dwconv1d_k3s1p1_vec4_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ x,
    const float* __restrict__ w,
    const float* __restrict__ bias,
    float* __restrict__ y,
    int rows, int C, int L, int has_bias)
{
    int vecs_per_row = L >> 2;
    int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int64_t total = (int64_t)rows * vecs_per_row;
    if (idx >= total) return;

    int row = (int)(idx / vecs_per_row);
    int vec = (int)(idx - (int64_t)row * vecs_per_row);
    int t = vec << 2;
    int c = row % C;
    int base = row * L + t;

    float w0 = w[c * 3 + 0];
    float w1 = w[c * 3 + 1];
    float w2 = w[c * 3 + 2];
    float bv = has_bias ? bias[c] : 0.0f;

    const float* xp = x + base;
    float xm1 = (t == 0) ? 0.0f : xp[-1];
    float x0 = xp[0];
    float x1 = xp[1];
    float x2 = xp[2];
    float x3 = xp[3];
    float x4 = (t + 4 >= L) ? 0.0f : xp[4];

    float o0 = fmaf(w2, x1, fmaf(w1, x0, w0 * xm1)) + bv;
    float o1 = fmaf(w2, x2, fmaf(w1, x1, w0 * x0)) + bv;
    float o2 = fmaf(w2, x3, fmaf(w1, x2, w0 * x1)) + bv;
    float o3 = fmaf(w2, x4, fmaf(w1, x3, w0 * x2)) + bv;

    *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(y + base) = make_float4(o0, o1, o2, o3);
}

__global__ void dwconv1d_generic_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ x,
    const float* __restrict__ w,
    const float* __restrict__ bias,
    float* __restrict__ y,
    int B, int C, int L, int K, int Lout, int stride, int padding, int has_bias)
{
    int64_t idx = (int64_t)blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int64_t total = (int64_t)B * C * Lout;
    if (idx >= total) return;

    int t = (int)(idx % Lout);
    int tmp = (int)(idx / Lout);
    int c = tmp % C;
    int b = tmp / C;

    float acc = has_bias ? bias[c] : 0.0f;
    int in0 = t * stride - padding;
    const float* xrow = x + ((int64_t)b * C + c) * L;
    const float* wrow = w + (int64_t)c * K;
    #pragma unroll
    for (int k = 0; k < 16; ++k) {
        if (k >= K) break;
        int in_t = in0 + k;
        if ((unsigned)in_t < (unsigned)L) {
            acc = fmaf(wrow[k], xrow[in_t], acc);
        }
    }
    for (int k = 16; k < K; ++k) {
        int in_t = in0 + k;
        if ((unsigned)in_t < (unsigned)L) {
            acc = fmaf(wrow[k], xrow[in_t], acc);
        }
    }
    y[idx] = acc;
}

torch::Tensor dwconv1d_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, int64_t stride64, int64_t padding64) {
    TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), "x must be CUDA");
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.is_cuda(), "weight must be CUDA");
    TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, "only fp32 supported");
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.scalar_type() == torch::kFloat32, "only fp32 supported");
    TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), "x must be contiguous");
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.is_contiguous(), "weight must be contiguous");

    int B = (int)x.size(0);
    int C = (int)x.size(1);
    int L = (int)x.size(2);
    int K = (int)weight.size(2);
    int stride = (int)stride64;
    int padding = (int)padding64;
    int Lout = (L + 2 * padding - K) / stride + 1;
    auto y = torch::empty({B, C, Lout}, x.options());
    int has_bias = (bias.numel() != 0) ? 1 : 0;

    const int threads = 256;
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();

    if (K == 3 && stride == 1 && padding == 1 && Lout == L && ((L & 3) == 0)) {
        int rows = B * C;
        int64_t total_vec = (int64_t)rows * (L >> 2);
        int blocks = (int)((total_vec + threads - 1) / threads);
        dwconv1d_k3s1p1_vec4_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
            x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,
            y.data_ptr<float>(), rows, C, L, has_bias);
    } else {
        int64_t total = (int64_t)B * C * Lout;
        int blocks = (int)((total + threads - 1) / threads);
        dwconv1d_generic_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(
            x.data_ptr<float>(), weight.data_ptr<float>(), has_bias ? bias.data_ptr<float>() : nullptr,
            y.data_ptr<float>(), B, C, L, K, Lout, stride, padding, has_bias);
    }
    return y;
}
"""

_dwconv1d_ext = load_inline(
    name="dwconv1d_depthwise_k3_ext",
    cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
    cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
    functions=["dwconv1d_forward"],
    extra_cflags=["-O3"],
    extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3"],
    verbose=False,
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels: int, kernel_size: int, stride: int = 1, padding: int = 0, bias: bool = False):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv1d = nn.Conv1d(channels, channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=channels, bias=bias)
        self._stride_val = stride
        self._padding_val = padding
        self.register_buffer("_empty_bias", torch.empty(0), persistent=False)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        if not x.is_contiguous():
            x = x.contiguous()
        b = self.conv1d.bias if self.conv1d.bias is not None else self._empty_bias
        return _dwconv1d_ext.dwconv1d_forward(x, self.conv1d.weight, b, int(self._stride_val), int(self._padding_val))