correct
18_SqueezeNet.py
started
2026-05-05T01:19:20Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel mean / median / std
22.10 / — / 0.02 μs
ref mean / median / std
28.20 / — / 1.18 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
1.00x
energyNVML (pynvml)
ratio (ref / kernel)
1.15x
SOL (speed-of-light)heuristic_from_speedup
roofline / occupancyheuristic
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class FireModule(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_channels, squeeze_channels, expand1x1_channels, expand3x3_channels):
"""
:param in_channels: Number of input channels
:param squeeze_channels: Number of output channels for the squeeze layer
:param expand1x1_channels: Number of output channels for the 1x1 expand layer
:param expand3x3_channels: Number of output channels for the 3x3 expand layer
"""
super(FireModule, self).__init__()
self.squeeze = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, squeeze_channels, kernel_size=1)
self.squeeze_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.expand1x1 = nn.Conv2d(squeeze_channels, expand1x1_channels, kernel_size=1)
self.expand1x1_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.expand3x3 = nn.Conv2d(squeeze_channels, expand3x3_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
self.expand3x3_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
def forward(self, x):
"""
:param x: Input tensor, shape (batch_size, in_channels, height, width)
:return: Output tensor, shape (batch_size, expand1x1_channels + expand3x3_channels, height, width)
"""
x = self.squeeze_activation(self.squeeze(x))
return torch.cat([
self.expand1x1_activation(self.expand1x1(x)),
self.expand3x3_activation(self.expand3x3(x))
], 1)
class Model(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_classes=1000):
"""
:param num_classes: Number of output classes
"""
super(Model, self).__init__()
self.features = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(3, 96, kernel_size=7, stride=2),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),
FireModule(96, 16, 64, 64),
FireModule(128, 16, 64, 64),
FireModule(128, 32, 128, 128),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),
FireModule(256, 32, 128, 128),
FireModule(256, 48, 192, 192),
FireModule(384, 48, 192, 192),
FireModule(384, 64, 256, 256),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),
FireModule(512, 64, 256, 256),
)
self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
nn.Dropout(p=0.0),
nn.Conv2d(512, num_classes, kernel_size=1),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
)
def forward(self, x):
"""
:param x: Input tensor, shape (batch_size, 3, height, width)
:return: Output tensor, shape (batch_size, num_classes)
"""
x = self.features(x)
x = self.classifier(x)
return torch.flatten(x, 1)
# Test code
batch_size = 64
input_channels = 3
height = 512
width = 512
num_classes = 1000
def get_inputs():
return [torch.rand(batch_size, input_channels, height, width)]
def get_init_inputs():
return [num_classes]turn 0 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 98.1s turn · 98.1s LLM · 8,224 chars (click to expand)
turn 098.1s turn · 98.1s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Analyzing PyTorch performance**
I'm thinking about the default setting in PyTorch's CUDA backend for TF32 operations, especially regarding convolutions. The tolerance level seems acceptable, around 1e-4. When summing 512 terms with random weights, I should ensure to use floating-point numbers. If evaluating the model, I wonder about the dropout performance and kernel behavior. It looks like a custom naive approach could be less efficient than cuDNN but might save memory. I’ll focus on optimizing for when H*W is less than or equal to 225.
**Considering output precision**
I'm looking at how the reference uses fp32 precision while PyTorch's convolution defaults might use TF32. I notice that outputs can differ, especially if we're using a channels_last format, but there might be an acceptable tolerance for that. I should include an extension to satisfy the requirements. Also, I’m thinking about using a custom adaptive average and flattening method. The final classifier's output will be in the shape of [N, K, 15, 15], followed by the adaptive average.
**Exploring backend options**
I'm trying to figure out how to change the global torch.backends but it's not allowing it. Maybe there's a way to use NCHW format to align with specific algorithms I'm working with. It's interesting how these backend settings can affect performance and compatibility, so I guess I need to explore whether sticking with NCHW will give me the adjustments I need. I'll keep looking into this for the right approach!
**Considering model structure and compilation**
I'm looking at a classifier with Sequential, Dropout, Conv, and ReLU layers combined with AdaptiveAvgPool. It seems like the `num_classes` attribute might not be necessary.
There's this C++ function in the cuda_source that has the same signature. I think using load_inline will automatically generate bindings from the declaration in the CPP code. As for the compilation, I need to ensure that `x.size(0)` returns an int64_t, then cast it accordingly. Everything seems to be falling into place!
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel
{
"kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\ntorch::Tensor relu_avg_flat(torch::Tensor x);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n\n__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void relu_avg_flat_kernel(\n const float* __restrict__ x,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int total, int C, int H, int W,\n long long sN, long long sC, long long sH, long long sW)\n{\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int n = idx / C;\n int c = idx - n * C;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n long long base = (long long)n * sN + (long long)c * sC;\n\n // AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1)) following ReLU. For this network H,W are small\n // (15x15 for the benchmark), so one CUDA thread per output class gives\n // coalesced channel-wise loads for channels-last tensors and avoids two\n // separate PyTorch pointwise/reduction launches.\n for (int h = 0; h < H; ++h) {\n long long row = base + (long long)h * sH;\n #pragma unroll 1\n for (int w = 0; w < W; ++w) {\n float v = x[row + (long long)w * sW];\n sum += v > 0.0f ? v : 0.0f;\n }\n }\n out[idx] = sum / (float)(H * W);\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor relu_avg_flat(torch::Tensor x) {\n const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n int N = (int)x.size(0);\n int C = (int)x.size(1);\n int H = (int)x.size(2);\n int W = (int)x.size(3);\n auto out = torch::empty({N, C}, x.options());\n int total = N * C;\n const int threads = 256;\n int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;\n relu_avg_flat_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, H, W,\n (long long)x.stride(0), (long long)x.stride(1),\n (long long)x.stride(2), (long long)x.stride(3));\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"squeezenet_relu_avg_flat_ext_v1\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"relu_avg_flat\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n with_cuda=True,\n verbose=False,\n)\n\n\nclass FireModule(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, squeeze_channels, expand1x1_channels, expand3x3_channels):\n super(FireModule, self).__init__()\n self.squeeze = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, squeeze_channels, kernel_size=1)\n self.squeeze_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)\n self.expand1x1 = nn.Conv2d(squeeze_channels, expand1x1_channels, kernel_size=1)\n self.expand1x1_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)\n self.expand3x3 = nn.Conv2d(squeeze_channels, expand3x3_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1)\n self.expand3x3_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n x = self.squeeze_activation(self.squeeze(x))\n return torch.cat([\n self.expand1x1_activation(self.expand1x1(x)),\n self.expand3x3_activation(self.expand3x3(x))\n ], 1)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, num_classes=1000):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.features = nn.Sequential(\n nn.Conv2d(3, 96, kernel_size=7, stride=2),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),\n FireModule(96, 16, 64, 64),\n FireModule(128, 16, 64, 64),\n FireModule(128, 32, 128, 128),\n nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),\n FireModule(256, 32, 128, 128),\n FireModule(256, 48, 192, 192),\n FireModule(384, 48, 192, 192),\n FireModule(384, 64, 256, 256),\n nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),\n FireModule(512, 64, 256, 256),\n )\n self.classifier = nn.Sequential(\n nn.Dropout(p=0.0),\n nn.Conv2d(512, num_classes, kernel_size=1),\n nn.ReLU(inplace=True),\n nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))\n )\n # Keep the same parameter structure as the reference while storing 4D\n # tensors in NHWC-friendly layout. cuDNN is substantially faster for\n # this convolution-heavy network in channels_last format; state_dict\n # loading preserves these destination strides.\n self.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n x = x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last)\n x = self.features(x)\n # Dropout has p=0.0. Fuse the following ReLU and adaptive average pool\n # into a single custom CUDA kernel returning the required flattened shape.\n x = self.classifier[1](x)\n return _ext.relu_avg_flat(x)\n"
}
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel
submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed.
Kernel runtime: 22.10 μs
Runtime stats: mean=22.10μs median=?μs std=0.02μs
Numerical precision: max_abs_err=6.30e-07 mean_abs_err=4.72e-08 max_rel_err=8.10e-01
Memory: 3043.03 MB peak (ref: 2851.03 MB, ratio: 1.0673x)
Kernel launches: 252 (ref: 253, fusion ratio: 1.004)
Energy: 13998.12 mJ/run (ref: 16041.0 mJ, ratio: 1.1459x)
SOL score: 0.1276
final submitted kernel (131 lines, 4,789 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline
_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
torch::Tensor relu_avg_flat(torch::Tensor x);
"""
_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void relu_avg_flat_kernel(
const float* __restrict__ x,
float* __restrict__ out,
int total, int C, int H, int W,
long long sN, long long sC, long long sH, long long sW)
{
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (idx >= total) return;
int n = idx / C;
int c = idx - n * C;
float sum = 0.0f;
long long base = (long long)n * sN + (long long)c * sC;
// AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1)) following ReLU. For this network H,W are small
// (15x15 for the benchmark), so one CUDA thread per output class gives
// coalesced channel-wise loads for channels-last tensors and avoids two
// separate PyTorch pointwise/reduction launches.
for (int h = 0; h < H; ++h) {
long long row = base + (long long)h * sH;
#pragma unroll 1
for (int w = 0; w < W; ++w) {
float v = x[row + (long long)w * sW];
sum += v > 0.0f ? v : 0.0f;
}
}
out[idx] = sum / (float)(H * W);
}
torch::Tensor relu_avg_flat(torch::Tensor x) {
const c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());
int N = (int)x.size(0);
int C = (int)x.size(1);
int H = (int)x.size(2);
int W = (int)x.size(3);
auto out = torch::empty({N, C}, x.options());
int total = N * C;
const int threads = 256;
int blocks = (total + threads - 1) / threads;
relu_avg_flat_kernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
x.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(), total, C, H, W,
(long long)x.stride(0), (long long)x.stride(1),
(long long)x.stride(2), (long long)x.stride(3));
C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();
return out;
}
"""
_ext = load_inline(
name="squeezenet_relu_avg_flat_ext_v1",
cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
functions=["relu_avg_flat"],
extra_cflags=["-O3"],
extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3"],
with_cuda=True,
verbose=False,
)
class FireModule(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_channels, squeeze_channels, expand1x1_channels, expand3x3_channels):
super(FireModule, self).__init__()
self.squeeze = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, squeeze_channels, kernel_size=1)
self.squeeze_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.expand1x1 = nn.Conv2d(squeeze_channels, expand1x1_channels, kernel_size=1)
self.expand1x1_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.expand3x3 = nn.Conv2d(squeeze_channels, expand3x3_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
self.expand3x3_activation = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.squeeze_activation(self.squeeze(x))
return torch.cat([
self.expand1x1_activation(self.expand1x1(x)),
self.expand3x3_activation(self.expand3x3(x))
], 1)
class ModelNew(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_classes=1000):
super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
self.features = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(3, 96, kernel_size=7, stride=2),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),
FireModule(96, 16, 64, 64),
FireModule(128, 16, 64, 64),
FireModule(128, 32, 128, 128),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),
FireModule(256, 32, 128, 128),
FireModule(256, 48, 192, 192),
FireModule(384, 48, 192, 192),
FireModule(384, 64, 256, 256),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, ceil_mode=True),
FireModule(512, 64, 256, 256),
)
self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
nn.Dropout(p=0.0),
nn.Conv2d(512, num_classes, kernel_size=1),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
)
# Keep the same parameter structure as the reference while storing 4D
# tensors in NHWC-friendly layout. cuDNN is substantially faster for
# this convolution-heavy network in channels_last format; state_dict
# loading preserves these destination strides.
self.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)
def forward(self, x):
x = x.contiguous(memory_format=torch.channels_last)
x = self.features(x)
# Dropout has p=0.0. Fuse the following ReLU and adaptive average pool
# into a single custom CUDA kernel returning the required flattened shape.
x = self.classifier[1](x)
return _ext.relu_avg_flat(x)