gpt-5.5-priority · original · l123_single_gpt
correct 65_Conv2d_AvgPool_Sigmoid_Sum.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
1 / 1
tool calls
1
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
13.50 μs
ref runtime
12.10 μs
speedup
0.90x
started
2026-05-05T02:36:34Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
13.50 μs
ref runtime
12.10 μs
speedup
0.90x
kernel mean / median / std
13.50 / — / 0.02 μs
ref mean / median / std
12.10 / — / 0.34 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.22
mean abs error
0.06
max rel error
7.72e-07
mean rel error
1.95e-07
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
608.11 MB
ref peak
5450.19 MB
kernel / ref
0.11x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
2
ref launches
11
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
5.50x
total cuda time
26 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
2900.98
ref mJ / run
1449.62
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.50x
avg power
215.17 W
ref avg power
119.88 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.154
dram util %
1.5%
compute util %
15.4%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
50.63 GB/s
dram util %
1.5%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
49.3%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
15.4%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
159.9%
ld sectors / req
34.50
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
94
smem / block
2176 B
block size
512
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
2460.9%
short_scoreboard
184.2%
mio_throttle
5.4%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    This model performs a convolution, average pooling, applies sigmoid, and sums the result.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, pool_kernel_size):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.avg_pool = nn.AvgPool2d(pool_kernel_size)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = self.avg_pool(x)
        x = torch.sigmoid(x)
        x = torch.sum(x, dim=[1,2,3]) # Sum over all spatial dimensions
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_channels = 8
out_channels = 64
height, width = 384, 384
kernel_size = 3
pool_kernel_size = 4

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_channels, height, width)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, pool_kernel_size]
turn 0 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 93.6s turn · 93.6s LLM · 7,665 chars (click to expand)
turn 093.6s turn · 93.6s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Exploring kernel optimization** I'm thinking about delving deeper into kernel optimization. There seems to be so much potential for improving performance, and it could really make a difference in how efficiently systems run. I'm curious about the specific techniques or methods that can be used for optimization and how they might apply to different scenarios. It's definitely a topic worth more exploration for me, so I should gather more information and insights to better understand it!
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#define FULL_MASK 0xffffffffu\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_sum(float v) {\n v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 16);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 8);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 4);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 2);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 1);\n return v;\n}\n\n// Build transposed effective 6x6 filters: effT[(c*36+r*6+s)*64 + oc]\n// for avgpool4(conv3(x)). This makes per-warp weight loads coalesced over oc.\n__global__ void make_eff_kernel(const float* __restrict__ w, float* __restrict__ effT) {\n int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int total = 64 * 8 * 36;\n if (idx >= total) return;\n\n int oc = idx & 63; // fastest varying: output channel\n int q = idx >> 6;\n int s = q % 6;\n int r = (q / 6) % 6;\n int c = q / 36;\n\n float acc = 0.0f;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int ky = 0; ky < 3; ++ky) {\n int dy = r - ky;\n if ((unsigned)dy < 4u) {\n #pragma unroll\n for (int kx = 0; kx < 3; ++kx) {\n int dx = s - kx;\n if ((unsigned)dx < 4u) {\n acc += w[(((oc * 8 + c) * 3 + ky) * 3 + kx)];\n }\n }\n }\n }\n effT[idx] = acc * 0.0625f;\n}\n\n// One block handles several spatial pooled locations for one batch item.\n// Each pair of warps computes all 64 output channels for one spatial location:\n// lanes are output channels, and lane 0 broadcasts each input value. This avoids\n// reloading the same input patch 64 times and keeps effT loads coalesced.\n__global__ void fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,\n const float* __restrict__ effT,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n float* __restrict__ out,\n int H, int W, int PH, int PW,\n int spatial, int blocks_per_n) {\n int n = blockIdx.y;\n int bx = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int lane = tid & 31;\n int warp = tid >> 5; // 0..7 for 256 threads\n int pair = warp >> 1; // 0..3 spatial locations per iteration\n int half = warp & 1; // 0: oc 0..31, 1: oc 32..63\n int oc = (half << 5) + lane;\n\n const float* xN = x + ((long long)n * 8 * H * W);\n float local = 0.0f;\n\n for (int pos = bx * 4 + pair; pos < spatial; pos += blocks_per_n * 4) {\n int ph = pos / PW;\n int pw = pos - ph * PW;\n int base_h = ph << 2;\n int base_w = pw << 2;\n\n float acc = bias[oc];\n int q = 0;\n #pragma unroll\n for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {\n const float* xC = xN + ((long long)c * H * W);\n #pragma unroll\n for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r) {\n const float* row = xC + ((base_h + r) * W + base_w);\n #pragma unroll\n for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s, ++q) {\n float xv = 0.0f;\n if (lane == 0) xv = __ldg(row + s);\n xv = __shfl_sync(FULL_MASK, xv, 0);\n float wt = __ldg(effT + q * 64 + oc);\n acc = fmaf(wt, xv, acc);\n }\n }\n }\n\n float sig = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-acc));\n float ws = warp_sum(sig);\n if (lane == 0) local += ws;\n }\n\n __shared__ float smem[8];\n float wsum = warp_sum(local);\n if (lane == 0) smem[warp] = wsum;\n __syncthreads();\n\n if (warp == 0) {\n float v = (lane < 8) ? smem[lane] : 0.0f;\n v = warp_sum(v);\n if (lane == 0) atomicAdd(out + n, v);\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias) {\n const int N = (int)x.size(0);\n const int H = (int)x.size(2);\n const int W = (int)x.size(3);\n // Specialized to Conv2d(kernel=3,stride=1,padding=0) then AvgPool2d(kernel=stride=4)\n const int PH = ((H - 2) - 4) / 4 + 1;\n const int PW = ((W - 2) - 4) / 4 + 1;\n const int spatial = PH * PW;\n\n auto out = torch::empty({N}, x.options());\n auto effT = torch::empty({8 * 36 * 64}, x.options());\n\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n make_eff_kernel<<<(64 * 8 * 36 + 255) / 256, 256, 0, stream>>>(\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), effT.data_ptr<float>());\n\n cudaMemsetAsync(out.data_ptr<float>(), 0, (size_t)N * sizeof(float), stream);\n\n const int threads = 256;\n const int blocks_per_n = 256;\n dim3 grid(blocks_per_n, N, 1);\n fused_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, stream>>>(\n x.data_ptr<float>(), effT.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(),\n H, W, PH, PW, spatial, blocks_per_n);\n\n return out;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"fused_conv_avgpool_sigmoid_sum_ext_v1\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"fused_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, pool_kernel_size):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)\n self.avg_pool = nn.AvgPool2d(pool_kernel_size)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 13.50 μs Runtime stats: mean=13.50μs median=?μs std=0.02μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=2.19e-01 mean_abs_err=5.52e-02 max_rel_err=7.72e-07 Memory: 608.11 MB peak (ref: 5450.19 MB, ratio: 0.1116x) Kernel launches: 2 (ref: 11, fusion ratio: 5.5) Energy: 2900.98 mJ/run (ref: 1449.62 mJ, ratio: 0.4997x) SOL score: 0.154
final submitted kernel (171 lines, 5,685 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline


_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>

torch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias);
"""

_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

#define FULL_MASK 0xffffffffu

__inline__ __device__ float warp_sum(float v) {
    v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 16);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 8);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 4);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 2);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(FULL_MASK, v, 1);
    return v;
}

// Build transposed effective 6x6 filters: effT[(c*36+r*6+s)*64 + oc]
// for avgpool4(conv3(x)).  This makes per-warp weight loads coalesced over oc.
__global__ void make_eff_kernel(const float* __restrict__ w, float* __restrict__ effT) {
    int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int total = 64 * 8 * 36;
    if (idx >= total) return;

    int oc = idx & 63;           // fastest varying: output channel
    int q = idx >> 6;
    int s = q % 6;
    int r = (q / 6) % 6;
    int c = q / 36;

    float acc = 0.0f;
    #pragma unroll
    for (int ky = 0; ky < 3; ++ky) {
        int dy = r - ky;
        if ((unsigned)dy < 4u) {
            #pragma unroll
            for (int kx = 0; kx < 3; ++kx) {
                int dx = s - kx;
                if ((unsigned)dx < 4u) {
                    acc += w[(((oc * 8 + c) * 3 + ky) * 3 + kx)];
                }
            }
        }
    }
    effT[idx] = acc * 0.0625f;
}

// One block handles several spatial pooled locations for one batch item.
// Each pair of warps computes all 64 output channels for one spatial location:
// lanes are output channels, and lane 0 broadcasts each input value.  This avoids
// reloading the same input patch 64 times and keeps effT loads coalesced.
__global__ void fused_kernel(const float* __restrict__ x,
                             const float* __restrict__ effT,
                             const float* __restrict__ bias,
                             float* __restrict__ out,
                             int H, int W, int PH, int PW,
                             int spatial, int blocks_per_n) {
    int n = blockIdx.y;
    int bx = blockIdx.x;
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    int lane = tid & 31;
    int warp = tid >> 5;          // 0..7 for 256 threads
    int pair = warp >> 1;         // 0..3 spatial locations per iteration
    int half = warp & 1;          // 0: oc 0..31, 1: oc 32..63
    int oc = (half << 5) + lane;

    const float* xN = x + ((long long)n * 8 * H * W);
    float local = 0.0f;

    for (int pos = bx * 4 + pair; pos < spatial; pos += blocks_per_n * 4) {
        int ph = pos / PW;
        int pw = pos - ph * PW;
        int base_h = ph << 2;
        int base_w = pw << 2;

        float acc = bias[oc];
        int q = 0;
        #pragma unroll
        for (int c = 0; c < 8; ++c) {
            const float* xC = xN + ((long long)c * H * W);
            #pragma unroll
            for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r) {
                const float* row = xC + ((base_h + r) * W + base_w);
                #pragma unroll
                for (int s = 0; s < 6; ++s, ++q) {
                    float xv = 0.0f;
                    if (lane == 0) xv = __ldg(row + s);
                    xv = __shfl_sync(FULL_MASK, xv, 0);
                    float wt = __ldg(effT + q * 64 + oc);
                    acc = fmaf(wt, xv, acc);
                }
            }
        }

        float sig = 1.0f / (1.0f + __expf(-acc));
        float ws = warp_sum(sig);
        if (lane == 0) local += ws;
    }

    __shared__ float smem[8];
    float wsum = warp_sum(local);
    if (lane == 0) smem[warp] = wsum;
    __syncthreads();

    if (warp == 0) {
        float v = (lane < 8) ? smem[lane] : 0.0f;
        v = warp_sum(v);
        if (lane == 0) atomicAdd(out + n, v);
    }
}

torch::Tensor fused_forward(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias) {
    const int N = (int)x.size(0);
    const int H = (int)x.size(2);
    const int W = (int)x.size(3);
    // Specialized to Conv2d(kernel=3,stride=1,padding=0) then AvgPool2d(kernel=stride=4)
    const int PH = ((H - 2) - 4) / 4 + 1;
    const int PW = ((W - 2) - 4) / 4 + 1;
    const int spatial = PH * PW;

    auto out = torch::empty({N}, x.options());
    auto effT = torch::empty({8 * 36 * 64}, x.options());

    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();
    make_eff_kernel<<<(64 * 8 * 36 + 255) / 256, 256, 0, stream>>>(
        weight.data_ptr<float>(), effT.data_ptr<float>());

    cudaMemsetAsync(out.data_ptr<float>(), 0, (size_t)N * sizeof(float), stream);

    const int threads = 256;
    const int blocks_per_n = 256;
    dim3 grid(blocks_per_n, N, 1);
    fused_kernel<<<grid, threads, 0, stream>>>(
        x.data_ptr<float>(), effT.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), out.data_ptr<float>(),
        H, W, PH, PW, spatial, blocks_per_n);

    return out;
}
"""

_ext = load_inline(
    name="fused_conv_avgpool_sigmoid_sum_ext_v1",
    cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
    cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
    functions=["fused_forward"],
    extra_cflags=["-O3"],
    extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3", "--use_fast_math"],
    verbose=False,
)


class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, pool_kernel_size):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size)
        self.avg_pool = nn.AvgPool2d(pool_kernel_size)

    def forward(self, x):
        return _ext.fused_forward(x, self.conv.weight, self.conv.bias)