gpt-5.5-priority · original · l123_single_gpt
correct 62_Matmul_GroupNorm_LeakyReLU_Sum.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
1 / 1
tool calls
1
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
2.80 μs
ref runtime
3.09 μs
speedup
1.10x
started
2026-05-05T02:16:25Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
2.80 μs
ref runtime
3.09 μs
speedup
1.10x
kernel mean / median / std
2.80 / — / 0.00 μs
ref mean / median / std
3.09 / — / 0.02 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
1.91e-06
mean abs error
3.09e-08
max rel error
101.00
mean rel error
2.59e-06
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
609.19 MB
ref peak
645.19 MB
kernel / ref
0.94x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
4
ref launches
18
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
4.50x
total cuda time
2893 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
241.68
ref mJ / run
483.20
ratio (ref / kernel)
2.00x
avg power
86.48 W
ref avg power
156.65 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.988
dram util %
22.5%
compute util %
98.8%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
754.53 GB/s
dram util %
22.5%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
107.5%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
98.8%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
148.6%
ld sectors / req
6.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
281
smem / block
35328 B
block size
384
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
2333.7%
short_scoreboard
516.4%
mio_throttle
7.5%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    A model that performs a matrix multiplication, group normalization, leaky ReLU activation, and element-wise sum.
    """
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_groups, eps=1e-5, negative_slope=0.01):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.fc = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.gn = nn.GroupNorm(num_groups=num_groups, num_channels=hidden_size, eps=eps)
        self.leaky_relu = nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=negative_slope)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Performs the forward pass of the model.

        Args:
            x: Input tensor of shape (batch_size, input_size).

        Returns:
            Output tensor of shape (batch_size, hidden_size).
        """
        x = self.fc(x)
        x = self.gn(x)
        x = self.leaky_relu(x)
        x = x + x
        return x


batch_size = 1024
input_size = 8192
hidden_size = 8192
num_groups = 512

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, input_size)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [input_size, hidden_size, num_groups]
turn 0 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 75.9s turn · 75.9s LLM · 11,493 chars (click to expand)
turn 075.9s turn · 75.9s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Exploring CUDA extension setup** I need to figure out if I can put the C++ wrapper in the `cuda_sources` for the CUDA extension. The idea is to use `load_inline` with `cpp_sources`, potentially leaving it empty, while ensuring `cuda_sources` includes the function `torch::Tensor post_forward(...)`. I wonder if the auto-binding will pick up the functions found, as it's typically the case that parameters generate bindings in `main.cpp` with the necessary declarations. Let's see if this setup works smoothly! **Evaluating warp configurations** I'm considering if it's better to use one warp per group with a size of 16. The thought of having half of the warp load contiguous seems appealing for efficiency. However, with 512 samples per group, that could lead to having a lot of warps. I guess I need to weigh the benefits of reduced warp load against the potential complexity of managing so many warps. Let's see what the best balance is! **Optimizing block processing** I'm exploring an optimization that involves using 8 warps per block, which gives me 65536 blocks. By coalescing data, I can improve performance. Each warp handles one group, loading data contiguously to achieve coalescing. For example, with 256 threads per block, each warp processes 64 groups in a loop. I’m considering group sizes not fixed at 16, and potentially allowing up to 1024. Additionally, I'm devising a kernel that implements warp reductions effectively. This strategy could enhance parallel processing further! **Considering kernel implementation** I'm thinking about the group size for my kernel implementation. It seems like handling sizes greater than 32 could be tricky, so maybe I should fall back to a simpler method. If I can implement one kernel for sizes up to 32, that’s good. Otherwise, a single-threaded kernel would work for larger sizes. It might be sensible to have two kernels: a warp version for smaller sizes and a serial one for larger. I also want to incorporate parameters and adjustments, like using leaky activation. Lastly, I'll include warp reduction using synchronization methods. **Evaluating bias implementation** I’m pondering whether we can modify post assumptions with a pre-bias. What if we implement a parameter like `add_bias`? It seems simpler with host functions—maybe two? If using `F.linear`, it's unclear if that adds bias in the GEMM epilogue or a separate kernel. For larger matrices, PyTorch might call `addmm`, initializing bias before the GEMM step, but broadcasting the bias vector may not be trivial. Tracking these details seems crucial for performance evaluation! **Comparing algorithms for performance** I'm wondering if the matrix multiplication (mm) algorithm is slightly slower than `addmm`, but they seem likely to be similar in speed. If I reference `F.linear` with bias plus group normalization, my modified matrix multiplication without bias should be faster. That seems promising! I could consider using `cublasLt` with an extended setup. However, incorporating a fused epilogue and group normalization doesn't seem feasible—definitely something to keep in mind as I refine the approach. **Finalizing GroupNorm computation** I'm working on the GroupNorm function and considering how to compute the mean and variance, possibly using float values for fp32. I realize I need to handle the negative_slope properly in my calculations. If z equals 0, I'll need to ensure the leaky function returns 0 as well, so I should use the >= operator. Looks like I'm almost ready to finalize my submission!
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor post_forward(torch::Tensor y,\n torch::Tensor lin_bias,\n torch::Tensor gn_weight,\n torch::Tensor gn_bias,\n double eps,\n double negative_slope,\n int64_t num_groups);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <cuda.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n\n__inline__ __device__ float warp_sum(float v) {\n unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;\n v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 16);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 8);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 4);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 2);\n v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 1);\n return v;\n}\n\n// Optimized path for the benchmark shape: group size is 16. One warp computes\n// one group, giving contiguous/coalesced accesses within each group.\n__global__ void groupnorm_warp_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ lin_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n int N, int C, int G, int group_size,\n float eps, float neg_slope) {\n int n = blockIdx.x;\n int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;\n int warp = threadIdx.x >> 5;\n int warps_per_block = blockDim.x >> 5;\n\n int row_base = n * C;\n float inv_m = 1.0f / (float)group_size;\n\n for (int g = warp; g < G; g += warps_per_block) {\n int c0 = g * group_size;\n float v = 0.0f;\n if (lane < group_size) {\n int c = c0 + lane;\n v = y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c];\n }\n\n float s = warp_sum(v);\n float mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffffu, s, 0) * inv_m;\n\n float d = (lane < group_size) ? (v - mean) : 0.0f;\n float ss = warp_sum(d * d);\n float var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffffu, ss, 0) * inv_m;\n float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);\n\n if (lane < group_size) {\n int c = c0 + lane;\n float z = d * inv_std;\n z = z * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n z = (z >= 0.0f) ? z : z * neg_slope;\n y[row_base + c] = z + z;\n }\n }\n}\n\n// Generic fallback for unusual constructor arguments with large groups.\n__global__ void groupnorm_serial_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ lin_bias,\n const float* __restrict__ gamma,\n const float* __restrict__ beta,\n int N, int C, int G, int group_size,\n float eps, float neg_slope) {\n int n = blockIdx.x;\n int tid = threadIdx.x;\n int row_base = n * C;\n float inv_m = 1.0f / (float)group_size;\n\n for (int g = tid; g < G; g += blockDim.x) {\n int c0 = g * group_size;\n float sum = 0.0f;\n for (int i = 0; i < group_size; ++i) {\n int c = c0 + i;\n sum += y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c];\n }\n float mean = sum * inv_m;\n float ss = 0.0f;\n for (int i = 0; i < group_size; ++i) {\n int c = c0 + i;\n float d = (y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c]) - mean;\n ss += d * d;\n }\n float inv_std = rsqrtf(ss * inv_m + eps);\n for (int i = 0; i < group_size; ++i) {\n int c = c0 + i;\n float z = ((y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c]) - mean) * inv_std;\n z = z * gamma[c] + beta[c];\n z = (z >= 0.0f) ? z : z * neg_slope;\n y[row_base + c] = z + z;\n }\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor post_forward(torch::Tensor y,\n torch::Tensor lin_bias,\n torch::Tensor gn_weight,\n torch::Tensor gn_bias,\n double eps,\n double negative_slope,\n int64_t num_groups) {\n TORCH_CHECK(y.is_cuda(), \"y must be a CUDA tensor\");\n TORCH_CHECK(y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, \"only float32 is supported\");\n TORCH_CHECK(y.is_contiguous(), \"y must be contiguous\");\n\n int N = (int)y.size(0);\n int C = (int)y.size(1);\n int G = (int)num_groups;\n int group_size = C / G;\n\n float* yp = y.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* bp = lin_bias.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* gp = gn_weight.data_ptr<float>();\n const float* betap = gn_bias.data_ptr<float>();\n cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();\n\n const int threads = 256;\n if (group_size <= 32) {\n groupnorm_warp_kernel<<<N, threads, 0, stream>>>(yp, bp, gp, betap, N, C, G, group_size,\n (float)eps, (float)negative_slope);\n } else {\n groupnorm_serial_kernel<<<N, threads, 0, stream>>>(yp, bp, gp, betap, N, C, G, group_size,\n (float)eps, (float)negative_slope);\n }\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"modelnew_linear_gn_lrelu_ext\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"post_forward\"],\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n with_cuda=True,\n verbose=False,\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Matrix multiplication followed by fused GroupNorm + LeakyReLU + elementwise sum.\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_groups, eps=1e-5, negative_slope=0.01):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.fc = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)\n self.gn = nn.GroupNorm(num_groups=num_groups, num_channels=hidden_size, eps=eps)\n self.leaky_relu = nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=negative_slope)\n\n def forward(self, x):\n # GEMM only; the linear bias is consumed inside the fused CUDA post-kernel.\n y = torch.mm(x, self.fc.weight.t())\n return _ext.post_forward(y, self.fc.bias, self.gn.weight, self.gn.bias,\n float(self.gn.eps), float(self.leaky_relu.negative_slope),\n int(self.gn.num_groups))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 2.80 μs Runtime stats: mean=2.80μs median=?μs std=0.00μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=1.91e-06 mean_abs_err=3.09e-08 max_rel_err=1.01e+02 Memory: 609.19 MB peak (ref: 645.19 MB, ratio: 0.9442x) Kernel launches: 4 (ref: 18, fusion ratio: 4.5) Energy: 241.68 mJ/run (ref: 483.2 mJ, ratio: 1.9993x) SOL score: 0.9877
final submitted kernel (176 lines, 6,378 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline


_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>

torch::Tensor post_forward(torch::Tensor y,
                           torch::Tensor lin_bias,
                           torch::Tensor gn_weight,
                           torch::Tensor gn_bias,
                           double eps,
                           double negative_slope,
                           int64_t num_groups);
"""

_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <stdint.h>

__inline__ __device__ float warp_sum(float v) {
    unsigned mask = 0xffffffffu;
    v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 16);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 8);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 4);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 2);
    v += __shfl_down_sync(mask, v, 1);
    return v;
}

// Optimized path for the benchmark shape: group size is 16.  One warp computes
// one group, giving contiguous/coalesced accesses within each group.
__global__ void groupnorm_warp_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,
                                      const float* __restrict__ lin_bias,
                                      const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                                      const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                      int N, int C, int G, int group_size,
                                      float eps, float neg_slope) {
    int n = blockIdx.x;
    int lane = threadIdx.x & 31;
    int warp = threadIdx.x >> 5;
    int warps_per_block = blockDim.x >> 5;

    int row_base = n * C;
    float inv_m = 1.0f / (float)group_size;

    for (int g = warp; g < G; g += warps_per_block) {
        int c0 = g * group_size;
        float v = 0.0f;
        if (lane < group_size) {
            int c = c0 + lane;
            v = y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c];
        }

        float s = warp_sum(v);
        float mean = __shfl_sync(0xffffffffu, s, 0) * inv_m;

        float d = (lane < group_size) ? (v - mean) : 0.0f;
        float ss = warp_sum(d * d);
        float var = __shfl_sync(0xffffffffu, ss, 0) * inv_m;
        float inv_std = rsqrtf(var + eps);

        if (lane < group_size) {
            int c = c0 + lane;
            float z = d * inv_std;
            z = z * gamma[c] + beta[c];
            z = (z >= 0.0f) ? z : z * neg_slope;
            y[row_base + c] = z + z;
        }
    }
}

// Generic fallback for unusual constructor arguments with large groups.
__global__ void groupnorm_serial_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,
                                        const float* __restrict__ lin_bias,
                                        const float* __restrict__ gamma,
                                        const float* __restrict__ beta,
                                        int N, int C, int G, int group_size,
                                        float eps, float neg_slope) {
    int n = blockIdx.x;
    int tid = threadIdx.x;
    int row_base = n * C;
    float inv_m = 1.0f / (float)group_size;

    for (int g = tid; g < G; g += blockDim.x) {
        int c0 = g * group_size;
        float sum = 0.0f;
        for (int i = 0; i < group_size; ++i) {
            int c = c0 + i;
            sum += y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c];
        }
        float mean = sum * inv_m;
        float ss = 0.0f;
        for (int i = 0; i < group_size; ++i) {
            int c = c0 + i;
            float d = (y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c]) - mean;
            ss += d * d;
        }
        float inv_std = rsqrtf(ss * inv_m + eps);
        for (int i = 0; i < group_size; ++i) {
            int c = c0 + i;
            float z = ((y[row_base + c] + lin_bias[c]) - mean) * inv_std;
            z = z * gamma[c] + beta[c];
            z = (z >= 0.0f) ? z : z * neg_slope;
            y[row_base + c] = z + z;
        }
    }
}

torch::Tensor post_forward(torch::Tensor y,
                           torch::Tensor lin_bias,
                           torch::Tensor gn_weight,
                           torch::Tensor gn_bias,
                           double eps,
                           double negative_slope,
                           int64_t num_groups) {
    TORCH_CHECK(y.is_cuda(), "y must be a CUDA tensor");
    TORCH_CHECK(y.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, "only float32 is supported");
    TORCH_CHECK(y.is_contiguous(), "y must be contiguous");

    int N = (int)y.size(0);
    int C = (int)y.size(1);
    int G = (int)num_groups;
    int group_size = C / G;

    float* yp = y.data_ptr<float>();
    const float* bp = lin_bias.data_ptr<float>();
    const float* gp = gn_weight.data_ptr<float>();
    const float* betap = gn_bias.data_ptr<float>();
    cudaStream_t stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream();

    const int threads = 256;
    if (group_size <= 32) {
        groupnorm_warp_kernel<<<N, threads, 0, stream>>>(yp, bp, gp, betap, N, C, G, group_size,
                                                        (float)eps, (float)negative_slope);
    } else {
        groupnorm_serial_kernel<<<N, threads, 0, stream>>>(yp, bp, gp, betap, N, C, G, group_size,
                                                          (float)eps, (float)negative_slope);
    }
    return y;
}
"""

_ext = load_inline(
    name="modelnew_linear_gn_lrelu_ext",
    cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
    cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
    functions=["post_forward"],
    extra_cflags=["-O3"],
    extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3"],
    with_cuda=True,
    verbose=False,
)


class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    """
    Matrix multiplication followed by fused GroupNorm + LeakyReLU + elementwise sum.
    """
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_groups, eps=1e-5, negative_slope=0.01):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.fc = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.gn = nn.GroupNorm(num_groups=num_groups, num_channels=hidden_size, eps=eps)
        self.leaky_relu = nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=negative_slope)

    def forward(self, x):
        # GEMM only; the linear bias is consumed inside the fused CUDA post-kernel.
        y = torch.mm(x, self.fc.weight.t())
        return _ext.post_forward(y, self.fc.bias, self.gn.weight, self.gn.bias,
                                 float(self.gn.eps), float(self.leaky_relu.negative_slope),
                                 int(self.gn.num_groups))