gpt-5.5-priority · original · l123_single_gpt
correct 59_Matmul_Swish_Scaling.py
model
gpt-5.5-priority
turns / max
1 / 1
tool calls
1
tokens (total)
0
wall clock
—
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
5.28 μs
ref runtime
5.31 μs
speedup
1.01x
started
2026-05-05T02:12:50Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
5.28 μs
ref runtime
5.31 μs
speedup
1.01x
kernel mean / median / std
5.28 / — / 0.01 μs
ref mean / median / std
5.31 / — / 0.01 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
4.77e-07
mean abs error
4.93e-09
max rel error
3.48e-07
mean rel error
1.74e-08
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
8257.25 MB
ref peak
8289.25 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
1
ref launches
8
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
8.00x
total cuda time
22 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
2238.46
ref mJ / run
1533.18
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.68x
avg power
423.72 W
ref avg power
289.20 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.922
dram util %
59.2%
compute util %
92.2%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
1984.89 GB/s
dram util %
59.3%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
87.6%
bottleneck
compute-bound
dominant pipe %
92.2%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
123.2%
ld sectors / req
8.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
270
smem / block
35840 B
block size
384
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
long_scoreboard
2616.9%
short_scoreboard
502.6%
mio_throttle
278.9%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a matrix multiplication, applies Swish activation, and scales the result.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scaling_factor):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.matmul = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.matmul(x)
        x = x * torch.sigmoid(x)  # Swish activation
        x = x * self.scaling_factor
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_features = 32768
out_features = 32768
scaling_factor = 2.0

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.rand(batch_size, in_features)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features, scaling_factor]
turn 0 · FINAL · 1 tool call(s) · 64.5s turn · 64.5s LLM · 6,285 chars (click to expand)
turn 064.5s turn · 64.5s LLM · 0.0s tools · FINAL
reasoning
**Considering compile cache conflicts** I'm pondering what happens with compile cache name conflicts across submissions. Maybe a unique name like "linear_swish_ext_v1" could work. I'm also thinking about potential hidden tests concerning input and output features, with the constructor being the same, but likely fixed. I've confirmed our GEMM is general with M, K, N, and it's float32 only. There are concerns about using cuBLAS directly with custom CUDA kernels, but I might improve performance by using cublasSgemm with beta, assuming bias is null. Using CUDA graph? No, maybe not.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\n_cpp_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n\ntorch::Tensor linear_swish_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scaling);\n\"\"\"\n\n_cuda_src = r\"\"\"\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>\n#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n#include <cublas_v2.h>\n\n#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x \" must be a CUDA tensor\")\n#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x \" must be contiguous\")\n#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x \" must be float32\")\n\n__global__ void bias_swish_scale_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,\n const float* __restrict__ bias,\n int M, int N, float scale) {\n int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;\n int row = blockIdx.y;\n if (row < M && col < N) {\n int idx = row * N + col;\n float v = y[idx] + bias[col];\n float s = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-v));\n y[idx] = (v * s) * scale;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor linear_swish_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scaling) {\n CHECK_CUDA(x);\n CHECK_CUDA(weight);\n CHECK_CUDA(bias);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(weight);\n CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(bias);\n CHECK_FLOAT(x);\n CHECK_FLOAT(weight);\n CHECK_FLOAT(bias);\n\n TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2, \"x must be 2D\");\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.dim() == 2, \"weight must be 2D\");\n\n const int64_t M64 = x.size(0);\n const int64_t K64 = x.size(1);\n const int64_t N64 = weight.size(0);\n TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == K64, \"incompatible weight shape\");\n TORCH_CHECK(bias.numel() == N64, \"incompatible bias shape\");\n TORCH_CHECK(M64 <= INT_MAX && N64 <= INT_MAX && K64 <= INT_MAX, \"dimensions too large\");\n\n const int M = (int)M64;\n const int N = (int)N64;\n const int K = (int)K64;\n\n c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());\n auto y = torch::empty({M64, N64}, x.options());\n\n cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();\n cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());\n // Keep full fp32 SGEMM semantics for fp32-precision correctness.\n cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);\n\n const float alpha = 1.0f;\n const float beta = 0.0f;\n\n // Row-major Y[M,N] is interpreted as column-major C[N,M].\n // Computes C = W * X^T, i.e. Y = X * W^T.\n cublasStatus_t st = cublasSgemm(handle,\n CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,\n N, M, K,\n &alpha,\n weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n x.data_ptr<float>(), K,\n &beta,\n y.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n TORCH_CHECK(st == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, \"cublasSgemm failed\");\n\n dim3 block(256);\n dim3 grid((N + block.x - 1) / block.x, M);\n bias_swish_scale_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(\n y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)scaling);\n C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();\n return y;\n}\n\"\"\"\n\n_ext = load_inline(\n name=\"linear_swish_cublas_fused_ext\",\n cpp_sources=_cpp_src,\n cuda_sources=_cuda_src,\n functions=[\"linear_swish_cuda\"],\n with_cuda=True,\n extra_cflags=[\"-O3\"],\n extra_cuda_cflags=[\"-O3\", \"--use_fast_math\"],\n extra_ldflags=[\"-lcublas\"],\n verbose=False,\n)\n\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"\n Linear layer followed by Swish activation and scalar scaling, with the\n GEMM launched through cuBLAS and the bias/activation/scale fused in one\n CUDA kernel.\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scaling_factor):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.matmul = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)\n self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor\n\n def forward(self, x):\n return _ext.linear_swish_cuda(x, self.matmul.weight, self.matmul.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (5 / 5) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 5.28 μs Runtime stats: mean=5.28μs median=?μs std=0.01μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=4.77e-07 mean_abs_err=4.93e-09 max_rel_err=3.48e-07 Memory: 8257.25 MB peak (ref: 8289.25 MB, ratio: 0.9961x) Kernel launches: 1 (ref: 8, fusion ratio: 8.0) Energy: 2238.46 mJ/run (ref: 1533.18 mJ, ratio: 0.6849x) SOL score: 0.9222
final submitted kernel (118 lines, 4,148 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

_cpp_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>

torch::Tensor linear_swish_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scaling);
"""

_cuda_src = r"""
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cublas_v2.h>

#define CHECK_CUDA(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x " must be a CUDA tensor")
#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x " must be contiguous")
#define CHECK_FLOAT(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.scalar_type() == at::kFloat, #x " must be float32")

__global__ void bias_swish_scale_kernel(float* __restrict__ y,
                                        const float* __restrict__ bias,
                                        int M, int N, float scale) {
    int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    int row = blockIdx.y;
    if (row < M && col < N) {
        int idx = row * N + col;
        float v = y[idx] + bias[col];
        float s = 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-v));
        y[idx] = (v * s) * scale;
    }
}

torch::Tensor linear_swish_cuda(torch::Tensor x, torch::Tensor weight, torch::Tensor bias, double scaling) {
    CHECK_CUDA(x);
    CHECK_CUDA(weight);
    CHECK_CUDA(bias);
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x);
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(weight);
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(bias);
    CHECK_FLOAT(x);
    CHECK_FLOAT(weight);
    CHECK_FLOAT(bias);

    TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2, "x must be 2D");
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.dim() == 2, "weight must be 2D");

    const int64_t M64 = x.size(0);
    const int64_t K64 = x.size(1);
    const int64_t N64 = weight.size(0);
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.size(1) == K64, "incompatible weight shape");
    TORCH_CHECK(bias.numel() == N64, "incompatible bias shape");
    TORCH_CHECK(M64 <= INT_MAX && N64 <= INT_MAX && K64 <= INT_MAX, "dimensions too large");

    const int M = (int)M64;
    const int N = (int)N64;
    const int K = (int)K64;

    c10::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard(x.device());
    auto y = torch::empty({M64, N64}, x.options());

    cublasHandle_t handle = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDABlasHandle();
    cublasSetStream(handle, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream());
    // Keep full fp32 SGEMM semantics for fp32-precision correctness.
    cublasSetMathMode(handle, CUBLAS_DEFAULT_MATH);

    const float alpha = 1.0f;
    const float beta = 0.0f;

    // Row-major Y[M,N] is interpreted as column-major C[N,M].
    // Computes C = W * X^T, i.e. Y = X * W^T.
    cublasStatus_t st = cublasSgemm(handle,
                                    CUBLAS_OP_T, CUBLAS_OP_N,
                                    N, M, K,
                                    &alpha,
                                    weight.data_ptr<float>(), K,
                                    x.data_ptr<float>(), K,
                                    &beta,
                                    y.data_ptr<float>(), N);
    TORCH_CHECK(st == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS, "cublasSgemm failed");

    dim3 block(256);
    dim3 grid((N + block.x - 1) / block.x, M);
    bias_swish_scale_kernel<<<grid, block, 0, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream()>>>(
        y.data_ptr<float>(), bias.data_ptr<float>(), M, N, (float)scaling);
    C10_CUDA_KERNEL_LAUNCH_CHECK();
    return y;
}
"""

_ext = load_inline(
    name="linear_swish_cublas_fused_ext",
    cpp_sources=_cpp_src,
    cuda_sources=_cuda_src,
    functions=["linear_swish_cuda"],
    with_cuda=True,
    extra_cflags=["-O3"],
    extra_cuda_cflags=["-O3", "--use_fast_math"],
    extra_ldflags=["-lcublas"],
    verbose=False,
)


class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    """
    Linear layer followed by Swish activation and scalar scaling, with the
    GEMM launched through cuBLAS and the bias/activation/scale fused in one
    CUDA kernel.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, scaling_factor):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.matmul = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.scaling_factor = scaling_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        return _ext.linear_swish_cuda(x, self.matmul.weight, self.matmul.bias, float(self.scaling_factor))