grok-4.3 · original · grok_smoke_mt_gpt
correct 1_Square_matrix_multiplication_.py
model
grok-4.3
turns / max
5 / 15
tool calls
5
tokens (total)
20245
wall clock
450.8s
truncated
no
backend
cuda fp32
variant
original
runtime
15.40 μs
ref runtime
2.66 μs
speedup
0.17x
started
2026-05-10T23:28:09Z
timingkernelbench.timing
kernel runtime
15.40 μs
ref runtime
2.66 μs
speedup
0.17x
kernel mean / median / std
15.40 / — / 0.01 μs
ref mean / median / std
2.66 / — / 0.00 μs
numerical precisioneval_kernel_against_ref
max abs error
0.00
mean abs error
0.00
max rel error
0.00
mean rel error
0.00
gpu memoryextended_metrics.measure_memory
kernel peak
224.00 MB
ref peak
224.00 MB
kernel / ref
1.00x
kernel launches / fusiontorch.profiler
kernel launches
4
ref launches
2
fusion ratio (ref / kernel)
0.50x
total cuda time
202 μs
energyNVML (pynvml)
kernel mJ / run
6366.22
ref mJ / run
1188.72
ratio (ref / kernel)
0.19x
avg power
412.96 W
ref avg power
447.30 W
SOL (speed-of-light)nsight_hardware_counters
SOL score (0–1)
0.796
dram util %
79.6%
compute util %
18.3%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe
FP32
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
roofline / occupancynsight_hardware_counters
dram bandwidth
2667.94 GB/s
dram util %
79.6%
fp32 tflops
—
fp32 util %
—
fp16 tflops
—
occupancy %
183.8%
bottleneck
memory-bound
dominant pipe %
18.3%
arithmetic intensity
—
ridge point
20.00
L1 hit %
—
L2 hit %
138.2%
ld sectors / req
4.00
st sectors / req
—
regs / thread
48
smem / block
10240 B
block size
1152
peak bw
3350.00 GB/s
peak fp32 tflops
67.00
peak fp16 tflops
1979.00
warp stalls (top 5)nsight
mio_throttle
6560.9%
short_scoreboard
3462.3%
long_scoreboard
697.8%
reference PyTorch source (the prompt the agent sees)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Simple model that performs a single square matrix multiplication (C = A * B)
    """
    def __init__(self):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
    
    def forward(self, A: torch.Tensor, B: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Performs the matrix multiplication.

        Args:
            A (torch.Tensor): Input matrix A of shape (N, N).
            B (torch.Tensor): Input matrix B of shape (N, N).

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output matrix C of shape (N, N).
        """
        return torch.matmul(A, B)

N = 2048 * 2

def get_inputs():
    A = torch.rand(N, N)
    B = torch.rand(N, N)
    return [A, B]

def get_init_inputs():
    return []  # No special initialization inputs needed
turn 06.2s turn · 6.2s LLM · 0.0s tools · tokens in=1,960 · out=6 · total=2,209
reasoning
The task is to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model that does matrix multiplication with a custom CUDA kernel. The model is simple: just torch.matmul(A, B) for two N x N matrices where N...
call → get_gpu_specs
callget_gpu_specs {}
result ← get_gpu_specs (ok)
okget_gpu_specs GPU specs for NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3: total memory (runtime): 79.1 GB spec entry: H100 GPU Architecture: Hopper GPU Memory: 80GB Memory Bandwidth: 3.35 TB/s FP64 TFLOPS: 34 FP64 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 67 FP32 TFLOPS: 67 TF32 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 989 with sparsity BFLOAT16 Tensore Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP16 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 1979 with sparsity FP8 Tensor Core TFLOPS: 3958 with sparsity INT8 Tensor Core TOPS: 3958 with sparsity Register File Size: 64K 32-bit registers per SM Maximum number of registers per thread: 255 Maximum number of thread blocks per SM: 32 Shared memory capacity per SM: 228 KB Maximum shared memory per thread block: 227 KB
turn 191.2s turn · 18.7s LLM · 72.5s tools · tokens in=2,442 · out=624 · total=3,230
reasoning
It's an H100, with high bandwidth and TFLOPS.
call → compile_kernel
callcompile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#define TILE_SIZE 16\n\n__global__ void matmul_kernel(const float* A, const float* B, float* C, int N) {\n __shared__ float As[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n __shared__ float Bs[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n\n int row = blockIdx.y * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y;\n int col = blockIdx.x * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n\n for (int t = 0; t < (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; ++t) {\n if (row < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x < N) {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = A[row * N + t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x];\n } else {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n if (col < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y < N) {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = B[(t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y) * N + col];\n } else {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int k = 0; k < TILE_SIZE; ++k) {\n sum += As[threadIdx.y][k] * Bs[k][threadIdx.x];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (row < N && col < N) {\n C[row * N + col] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B) {\n int N = A.size(0);\n auto C = torch::zeros({N, N}, A.options());\n dim3 block(TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE);\n dim3 grid((N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE);\n matmul_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(A.data_ptr<float>(), B.data_ptr<float>(), C.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='custom_matmul',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['matmul_cuda'],\n verbose=True,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.module = module\n \n def forward(self, A, B):\n return self.module.matmul_cuda(A, B)\n" }
result ← compile_kernel (ok)
okcompile_kernel compile_kernel PASSED: kernel compiled without errors.
turn 279.8s turn · 6.7s LLM · 73.1s tools · tokens in=3,247 · out=625 · total=3,879
reasoning
Compiled successfully. Now check correctness.
call → run_correctness
callrun_correctness { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#define TILE_SIZE 16\n\n__global__ void matmul_kernel(const float* A, const float* B, float* C, int N) {\n __shared__ float As[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n __shared__ float Bs[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n\n int row = blockIdx.y * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y;\n int col = blockIdx.x * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n\n for (int t = 0; t < (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; ++t) {\n if (row < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x < N) {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = A[row * N + t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x];\n } else {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n if (col < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y < N) {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = B[(t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y) * N + col];\n } else {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int k = 0; k < TILE_SIZE; ++k) {\n sum += As[threadIdx.y][k] * Bs[k][threadIdx.x];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (row < N && col < N) {\n C[row * N + col] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B) {\n int N = A.size(0);\n auto C = torch::zeros({N, N}, A.options());\n dim3 block(TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE);\n dim3 grid((N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE);\n matmul_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(A.data_ptr<float>(), B.data_ptr<float>(), C.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='custom_matmul',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['matmul_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.module = module\n \n def forward(self, A, B):\n return self.module.matmul_cuda(A, B)\n" }
result ← run_correctness (ok)
okrun_correctness run_correctness PASSED: (3 / 3) trials all matched the reference. Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00
turn 399.3s turn · 9.6s LLM · 89.7s tools · tokens in=3,939 · out=624 · total=4,707
reasoning
Correct, but is it faster? With TILE=16, for N=4096, it's probably much slower than cuBLAS.
call → profile_kernel
callprofile_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#define TILE_SIZE 32\n\n__global__ void matmul_kernel(const float* A, const float* B, float* C, int N) {\n __shared__ float As[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n __shared__ float Bs[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n\n int row = blockIdx.y * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y;\n int col = blockIdx.x * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n\n for (int t = 0; t < (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; ++t) {\n if (row < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x < N) {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = A[row * N + t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x];\n } else {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n if (col < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y < N) {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = B[(t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y) * N + col];\n } else {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int k = 0; k < TILE_SIZE; ++k) {\n sum += As[threadIdx.y][k] * Bs[k][threadIdx.x];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (row < N && col < N) {\n C[row * N + col] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B) {\n int N = A.size(0);\n auto C = torch::zeros({N, N}, A.options());\n dim3 block(TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE);\n dim3 grid((N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE);\n matmul_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(A.data_ptr<float>(), B.data_ptr<float>(), C.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='custom_matmul',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['matmul_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.module = module\n \n def forward(self, A, B):\n return self.module.matmul_cuda(A, B)\n" }
result ← profile_kernel (ok)
okprofile_kernel profile_kernel PASSED: profiling complete. === Kernel Profile Summary === --- Kernel Breakdown (by GPU time) --- #1: aten::zeros 8483.0μs (34%) calls=1 #2: aten::zero_ 7919.0μs (32%) calls=1 #3: aten::fill_ 7893.0μs (32%) calls=1 #4: aten::empty 501.0μs (2%) calls=1 --- Timing --- GPU time: 15393.31 μs --- Memory Bandwidth --- DRAM BW: 2655.2/3350 GB/s (79.3%) read=548.3 write=2106.9 GB/s Hit rates: L2=137.8% --- Compute Throughput --- Dominant pipe: FP32 util=18.3% Pipe util: FMA=18.3%, Tensor=0.8% --- Roofline Analysis --- Ridge point (FP32): 20.00 FLOPs/byte Classification: MEMORY-BOUND --- Occupancy --- Achieved: 183.9% Eligible warps/cycle: 3.17 Launch: regs/thread=48, smem/blk=10240B, block=1152, grid=32768 --- Memory Access Quality --- Global ld coalescing: 4.00 sectors/req (4.0x wasted BW) --- Warp Stall Reasons (% of issue cycles) --- mio_throttle 6588.2% #################### short_scoreboard 3475.0% #################### long_scoreboard 697.8% #################### --- Optimization Hints --- -> 6588% stalls: memory-instruction throttle. Too many outstanding memory ops; batch loads, reduce address divergence. -> Global load coalescing=4.0x (ideal=1.0) -> 4x wasted DRAM BW. Make per-warp accesses contiguous.
turn 4174.3s turn · 13.8s LLM · 160.5s tools · tokens in=5,151 · out=624 · total=6,220 · FINAL
reasoning
This shows the kernel itself isn't even profiled properly because of zeros overhead? The matmul kernel is not listed in breakdown, probably because it's slow or something. Wait, GPU time 15ms but most...I need to replace the forward computation of a PyTorch model with a custom CUDA kernel. The model takes the same inputs as the original, implements forward with the same signature, and outputs a matrix multiplication result of shape (N, N), where N is 2048*2.
call → submit_kernel
callsubmit_kernel { "kernel_code": "import torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline\n\ncuda_source = '''\n#include <torch/extension.h>\n#include <cuda_runtime.h>\n\n#define TILE_SIZE 32\n\n__global__ void matmul_kernel(const float* A, const float* B, float* C, int N) {\n __shared__ float As[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n __shared__ float Bs[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];\n\n int row = blockIdx.y * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y;\n int col = blockIdx.x * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x;\n\n float sum = 0.0f;\n\n for (int t = 0; t < (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; ++t) {\n if (row < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x < N) {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = A[row * N + t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x];\n } else {\n As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n if (col < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y < N) {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = B[(t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y) * N + col];\n } else {\n Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;\n }\n __syncthreads();\n\n for (int k = 0; k < TILE_SIZE; ++k) {\n sum += As[threadIdx.y][k] * Bs[k][threadIdx.x];\n }\n __syncthreads();\n }\n\n if (row < N && col < N) {\n C[row * N + col] = sum;\n }\n}\n\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B) {\n int N = A.size(0);\n auto C = torch::zeros({N, N}, A.options());\n dim3 block(TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE);\n dim3 grid((N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE);\n matmul_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(A.data_ptr<float>(), B.data_ptr<float>(), C.data_ptr<float>(), N);\n return C;\n}\n'''\n\ncpp_source = '''\ntorch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B);\n'''\n\nmodule = load_inline(\n name='custom_matmul',\n cpp_sources=[cpp_source],\n cuda_sources=[cuda_source],\n functions=['matmul_cuda'],\n verbose=False,\n extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']\n)\n\nclass ModelNew(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self):\n super(ModelNew, self).__init__()\n self.module = module\n \n def forward(self, A, B):\n return self.module.matmul_cuda(A, B)\n" }
result ← submit_kernel (ok)
oksubmit_kernel submit_kernel PASSED: (3 / 3) correctness trials all passed. Kernel runtime: 15.40 μs Runtime stats: mean=15.40μs median=?μs std=0.01μs Numerical precision: max_abs_err=0.00e+00 mean_abs_err=0.00e+00 max_rel_err=0.00e+00 Memory: 224.0 MB peak (ref: 224.0 MB, ratio: 1.0x) Kernel launches: 4 (ref: 2, fusion ratio: 0.5) Energy: 6366.22 mJ/run (ref: 1188.72 mJ, ratio: 0.1867x) SOL score: 0.7964
final submitted kernel (74 lines, 2,086 chars) — full source, untruncated
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

cuda_source = '''
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

#define TILE_SIZE 32

__global__ void matmul_kernel(const float* A, const float* B, float* C, int N) {
    __shared__ float As[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];
    __shared__ float Bs[TILE_SIZE][TILE_SIZE];

    int row = blockIdx.y * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y;
    int col = blockIdx.x * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x;

    float sum = 0.0f;

    for (int t = 0; t < (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE; ++t) {
        if (row < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x < N) {
            As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = A[row * N + t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.x];
        } else {
            As[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;
        }
        if (col < N && t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y < N) {
            Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = B[(t * TILE_SIZE + threadIdx.y) * N + col];
        } else {
            Bs[threadIdx.y][threadIdx.x] = 0.0f;
        }
        __syncthreads();

        for (int k = 0; k < TILE_SIZE; ++k) {
            sum += As[threadIdx.y][k] * Bs[k][threadIdx.x];
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    if (row < N && col < N) {
        C[row * N + col] = sum;
    }
}

torch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B) {
    int N = A.size(0);
    auto C = torch::zeros({N, N}, A.options());
    dim3 block(TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE);
    dim3 grid((N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE, (N + TILE_SIZE - 1) / TILE_SIZE);
    matmul_kernel<<<grid, block>>>(A.data_ptr<float>(), B.data_ptr<float>(), C.data_ptr<float>(), N);
    return C;
}
'''

cpp_source = '''
torch::Tensor matmul_cuda(torch::Tensor A, torch::Tensor B);
'''

module = load_inline(
    name='custom_matmul',
    cpp_sources=[cpp_source],
    cuda_sources=[cuda_source],
    functions=['matmul_cuda'],
    verbose=False,
    extra_cuda_cflags=['-O3']
)

class ModelNew(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(ModelNew, self).__init__()
        self.module = module
    
    def forward(self, A, B):
        return self.module.matmul_cuda(A, B)